Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *Kạrɨ

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 old 2 old woman or man 3 to become old

Russian meaning: 1 старый 2 старуха, старик 3 стареть

Old Turkic: qarɨ 1, qarɨ- 3 (OUygh.)

Karakhanid: qarɨ (MK, KB) 1, qarɨ- (MK, KB) 3

Turkish: karɨ, kart 1

Tatar: qarɨ, qart 1

Middle Turkic: qarɨ (MA, Abush.) 1, qarɨ- (MA, Abush.) 3

Uzbek: qari 1, qari- 3

Uighur: qeri 1,2, qeri- 3

Azerbaidzhan: Garɨ, Gart 2,1

Turkmen: Garrɨ 1, Garra- 3

Khakassian: kirǝ 1, kirǝ- 3

Shor: qarɨ 1, qarɨ- 3

Oyrat: qarɨ 1, qarɨ- 3

Yakut: kɨrɨj- 3

Dolgan: kɨrɨj- 3

Tuva: qɨrɨ- 3

Tofalar: qɨrɨ- 3

Kirghiz: qarɨ, qart 1, qarɨ- 3, qart 3

Kazakh: qarɨ ~ qɛri, qart 1

Noghai: qart 1

Bashkir: qarɨ, qart 1

Gagauz: qarɨ 1,2 (also 'woman')

Karakalpak: qarɨ, ɣarrɨ 1

Kumyk: qart 1

Comments: EDT 644, TMN 3, 440, ЭСТЯ 5, 311-312, 314-316, Лексика 84-85, Stachowski 169, 170.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *kĕ̀ru ( ~ *k`-)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: old, worn out

Russian meaning: старуха

Turkic: *Kạrɨ

Mongolian: *kari-, *kar-si-

Japanese: *kùtà-

Comments: Cf. also Turk. *Kurt-ga 'old woman' (see ЭСТЯ 6, 168-169).

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *kari-, *kar-si-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to weaken, become old

Russian meaning: слабеть, стареть

Written Mongolian: qari- (МХТТТ)

Khalkha: xari-, xarši-

Buriat: xaraši-

Kalmuck: xäŕ- (КРС)

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kùtà-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to be tired, worn out

Russian meaning: уставать, изнашиваться

Tokyo: kutabiré-

Kyoto: kútábíré-

Kagoshima: kùtàbìrè-

Comments: JLTT 717. Cf. also redupl. kuta-kuta (ni) 'tired, worn out (adv.)'; with a different (emphatic?) accent: MJ kutabari 'a person who is too old (sl.)', mod. Tokyo kutabàr- 'to live too long (sl.)', Kyoto kútábár-, Kagoshima kutabár- id.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *gwVrV

Meaning: old

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *ǵera-

Altaic: *kèru ( ~ *k`-)

Kartvelian: Georg. gvar- 'wachsen, gedeihen'

Dravidian: *kīṛ-

References: ОСНЯ 1, 297-298; МССНЯ 367; ND 664 *gar[ʡ]i 'old' (only Turk.+SH), 670 *garhU 'to be(come) big, grow' (Kartv. + SH + dub. IE); 948 *kiŕHa 'old' (IE + Drav.). Sic...

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *g'era-, *g'rā-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: grown-up, old; to mature, to grow old

Hittite: karu (Adv.) 'früher', karuili- 'früherer, ehemalig, uralt' (Tischler 526 f)

Tokharian: A, B kwär- ~ kur- (PT *kwär-) 'age, grow old' (Adams 236); B śrāñ (pl.) 'old (of people)?' (644)

Old Indian: járati `to make old or decrepit, cause to grow old', jīryati, jūryati `to grow old, become decrepit', ptc. jīrṇá-, jūrṇá-; jaraṇá- `old, decayed'; jarás- f., jarā́ f. `decay, old age'; jā́ra- `becoming old'

Avestan: azarǝṣant- `nicht alternd', azarǝma- `nicht abnehmend', zairina- `aufreibend, erschlaffend', zarǝta- `altersschwach'; zaurvan- m. `Greisenalter, Altersschwäche', zaurura- `altersschwach, gebrechlich'

Armenian: cer `alt, Greiss'

Old Greek: gérōn, -ontos m. `Greis', géras, -aos/-ōs n. `Ehre, Ehrengabe, Belohnung', gerai̯ó- `alt'; gē̂ras, -aos/-ōs n. `Alter'; gēráskō, inf. gēránai̯, aor. egḗrǟ, inf. gēránai̯/-ā̂nai̯, ptc. gērā́s; egḗrasa; att. grâu̯-s, gen. grǟós, ep., ion. hom. grǟǘ-s, grǟ̂u-s f. `alte Frau'

Slavic: *zьrēti; *zorī́tī; -*zorъ

Germanic: *kir-Vl-a- m., *kar-il-a- m.

Russ. meaning: взрослый, старый; взрослеть, стареть

References: WP I 599 f

Vasmer's dictionary :

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *kirVla-z, *karila-z

Meaning: man

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Norse: karl m. `Mann, alter Mann; Untertan'

Norwegian: kall, kar

Old Swedish: Run. karilR

Swedish: karl `Mann, Kerl'

Danish: karl `Mann, Kerl'

Old English: ceorl `freier Mann der niegrigsten Klasse, hemann'

English: churl `Bauer, Tölpel'

Old Frisian: tzerl, tzirl `ondergeschikt persoon'

Middle Dutch: kērel, kerl, caerl `vrij man, die niet tot de ridderstand behoort'

Dutch: kerel m.

Middle Low German: kē̆rl(e) `freier, gewöhnlicher Mann, kräftiger Mann'

Old High German: karl (8.Jh.) `(Ehe)mann, Gelibter, treuer Mann'

Middle High German: kërl(e), karl(e) st./wk. m. 'mann, ehemann, geliebter'

German: Kerl m.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *kīẓ-

Meaning : old

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *kīẓ-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *kīẓ-

Meaning : old

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : kiẓam, kiẓaṭu

Tamil meaning : old age; aged person, animal, or thing (contemptuous)

Tamil derivates : kiẓamai, kiẓavu old age; kiẓavan_, kiẓavōn_ old man; fem. kiẓavi; kiẓatan_ old fellow (used in contempt); fem. kiẓaṭi

Malayalam : kiẓavan

Malayalam meaning : old man

Malayalam derivates : fem. kiẓavi, kiẓatti

Kannada : keẓava, keẓiva

Kannada meaning : old man

Tulu : kīrụ

Tulu meaning : ancient, old

Number in DED : 1579

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVRV

Meaning : old

Eurasiatic : *gwVrV

Afroasiatic : *gVrʕ- 'old' (Cush., Chad. + Berb. *gVr- 'be bigger, older')

Sino-Caucasian : *xq̇(w)VrV

African (misc.) : Bantu *-kúdù 'old'; Ijo kUrai 'year'. (?) San. ḳarē 'full grown person'.

Reference : ОСНЯ 1, 297-298; ND 664 (SH - Turk.), 670 (SH - Kartv.).

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *xq̇(w)VrV́

Meaning: old, ripe

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=ĭrq̇wĂ

Sino-Tibetan: *grĭ

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=ĭrq̇wĂ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to ripen

Proto-Nakh: *-iʔ-

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=iq̇-

Proto-Tsezian: *=iq̇-

Proto-Lak: =ija-

Proto-Dargwa: *=iq̇ur-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔi(r)q̇ʷV

Proto-West Caucasian: *ṭǝʁʷa- ( ~ -Gʷ-)

Notes: The PWC form must be analysed as consisting of the old class marker *d- + the root, with subsequent metathesis of glottalisation (*ṭǝʁʷa- < *d-ǝq̇ʷa-). The EC-WC comparison seems quite plausible phonetically and semantically.

    In EC the root interacts actively with *=arq̇Vr 'to reach' and *=ǝ̆q̇wVn 'to be enough, sufficient', but there seems to be a good reason for keeping all these three roots apart.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *-iʔ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to ripen; to grow

Chechen: q-iʔ-

Ingush: q-e

Comments: The root is homonymous with *q-iʔ- 'to have time' (q.v.) - as a result of contamination.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=iq̇-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to ripen 2 ripe

Avar: ʕe- 1

Andian language: =iq̇u= 2 (Leksika)

Akhvakh: =iq̇- 1 (Ratl.)

Tindi: =ill- 1, =illu= 2

Karata: =eʔ- 1

Godoberi: =iʔa= 2

Comments: Cf. also Akhv. Tseg. =iʔ-, Tlan. =iq̇-, Kar. Tok. =iʕ- id. The Tindi form with -ll- probably reflects a suffixed variant *=iq̇-Vl- > *=iʔl- > =ill-. In Avar the root is homonymous with ʕe- 'to be enough, sufficient' - which is a secondary merger (see *=ǝ̆q̇wVn 'to be enough'). The root *=iq̇- 'to ripen' should be also distinguished from *=iq̇- (/*=aq̇-) 'to reach' (see *=arq̇Vr), although their reflexes in Av.-And. are very similar and they certainly had influenced each other.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *=iq̇-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to grow

Bezhta: =iq̇- (Tlad.)

Comments: Attested only in Bezht., but having probable external parallels.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: =ija-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to ripen

Lak form: =ija-n

Comments: G. pr. =i=nu. The root is homonymous with =ija- 'to reach' (PEC *=arq̇Vr), as a result of phonetic merger (cf. the same phenomenon in PN).

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *=iq̇ur-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: ripe

Akusha: =iq̇ur-il (Kait.)

Comments: Cf. also Tsud. biḳur-se (an MSU recording, probably with a misspelling instead *biq̇ur-se). It is very probable that Ak. b=urq̇a 'old' also belongs here (with Ablaut).

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʔi(r)q̇ʷV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to ripen 2 to be ripe 3 ripe

Tabasaran: q-u=q̇- 1

Rutul: h-i=q̇a- 2

Kryz: s-u=q̇- 1

Archi: o=q̇i- 1

Udi: ap:i /p:-ap:i 3

Comment: Cf. also Ud. ap:e-sun 'to become ripe, boiled', p:ap:-sun (Vart. bap:-sun) 'to be in time', Vart. b-ap:i ( = Nidzh. p:ap:i) 'ripe'. The Udi forms clearly point to PL labialised *q̇ʷ and distinguish this root clearly from PL *ʔirq̇är 'to come, reach' (Ud. ej-sun / e-sun). Medial -r- regularly gets lost in verbal roots of all the languages that have preserved PL *ʔi(r)q̇ʷV.

    An old derivate from this root (with reduction of the initial syllable) may be Tab. q̇abi (Düb. q̇awi) 'old' (cf. an analogous development in Dargwa).

    See Хайдаков 1973, 141.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *ṭǝʁʷa- ( ~ -Gʷ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to ripen

Adyghe: ṭǝʁʷa-n

Kabardian: ṭǝʁʷa-n

Ubykh: ṭǝʁʷá-

Comments: PAK *ṭǝʁʷa-.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *grĭ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: old, large

Chinese: 耆 *grij old; 祁 *grij great, large.

Tibetan: bgre (p. bgres) to grow old.

Burmese: krih be old; be big

Comments: Sh. 50; Luce 10. Cf. also Nung *j-ri 'big'.

Chinese characters :

Character: 耆

Modern (Beijing) reading: qí

Preclassic Old Chinese: grij

Classic Old Chinese: grij

Western Han Chinese: grjǝj

Eastern Han Chinese: grǝj

Early Postclassic Chinese: gij

Middle Postclassic Chinese: gij

Late Postclassic Chinese: gi

Middle Chinese: gi

English meaning : old, aged

Comments: For *g- cf. Xiamen, Fuzhou ki² (Chaozhou khi² is secondary).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Karlgren code: 0552 l

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