Tungus etymology : List with all references

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *kur-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 churn-staff 2 to wrinkle, shrink 3 to roll, rotate 4 to wrap round, tie round

Russian meaning: 1 мутовка 2 мяться, комкаться 3 вращаться, вертеться 4 обвернуть, спутать

Evenki: kurā- 4

Even: koroldāwna 1, qorị- 2

Literary Manchu: χorgi-, χurgi- 3

Comments: ТМС 1, 416, 417, 435, 471. Man. χurgiku 'whirlpool' > Dag. xurgi id. (Тод. Даг. 180).

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ki̯ṓr[i]

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to roll, churn

Russian meaning: крутить, помешивать

Turkic: *Kiār-

Mongolian: *kor- / *kör-

Tungus-Manchu: *kur-

Japanese: *kurum-

Comments: EAS 147, Poppe 107, Ozawa 204. An expressive root with not quite secure vocalic correspondences. Cf. also notes to *k`úlo.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *Kiār-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to mix

Russian meaning: смешивать

Karakhanid: qar- (MK Oghuz)

Turkish: kar-

Middle Turkic: qar- (Abush.)

Uzbek: qɔr-

Turkmen: Gār-

Chuvash: jor-, jur-

Karakalpak: qarɨ-

Comments: ЭСТЯ 5, 285, EDT 642-643, Ашм. IV, 351-352, Федотов 2, 490-491.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *kor- / *kör-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to roll, rotate 2 to bend, become twisted 3 to wrinkle, become curved 4 to whirl (of water, wind)

Russian meaning: 1 крутить, вращать 2 гнуть, изгибаться 3 морщиться, искривляться 4 вертеться, кружиться (о воде, ветре)

Written Mongolian: körböl-, körbüge- 1 (L 490: körbe-, körbü-, körbi-), qorbaji-, qorbuji- 2 (L 988: qorbuji-, qurbuji-), qorčaji- 3 (L 965), qorulǯa- 4

Middle Mongolian: korbe- (SH) 1, kurbe- 'to wallow' (MA)

Khalkha: xorvoj- 3, xörvö- 'to turn over, to upset'; xorlo 'circle-shaped object'

Buriat: xoršogor 'wrinkled, creasy', xüril- 4

Kalmuck: xorwā 'crooked' (КРС)

Dagur: kurbi-, xurbi-, xurbu- (Тод. Даг. 180)

Shary-Yoghur: körwö-; korlo 'wheel'

Monguor: xurbā-; korlo, gulōr 'wheel'

Comments: MGCD 375, 399. Mong. > Evk. kurbu- etc., see Doerfer MT 61, Rozycki 146.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kurum-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to wrap

Russian meaning: заворачивать

Middle Japanese: kurume-

Tokyo: kurúm-

Kyoto: kúrúm-

Kagoshima: kurúm-

Comments: JLTT 717. Accent unclear.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *KUrV

Meaning: to turn round

Indo-European: *k'werǝp-

Altaic: *ki̯ṓr[i] (cf. also *ki̯úŕu)

Dravidian: *koṛ- (also SDr *kuruḷ- 'to curl')

Eskimo-Aleut: *akra-ɣ- (*aqra-ʁ-) ?

References: ND 1187 *ḳüRpV 'to turn (round, toward)' (+ Arab. and dub. Eg.).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *k'werǝp-

Meaning: to turn

Old Indian: śū́rpa- n. m. `a winnowing basket or fan'

Old Greek: karpó-s `Handwurzel'

Germanic: *xwírf-a-/*xwirb-á- vb., *xwarb-ia- vb., *xwarb-ṓ-; *xwarb-á- m.; *xwirb-íl-a- m.; *xur[f]-ō- vb.

Celtic: MIr corr `Wasserloch', corrach `unbeständig'

Russ. meaning: вертеть(ся)

References: WP I 472 f

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *xwírfan-/*xwirbán- vb., caus. *xwarbian-, iter. xwarbṓn-; *xwarbá-z; *xwirbíla-z; *xur[f]ōn- vb.

Meaning: to turn, to wind

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: *hʷɛrban st. `live, walk'; *hʷarbōn wk. `walk about'; *ga-hʷairb-s (a) `amenable'

Old Norse: hverfa st. `sich wenden; gehen, fahren'; hverfr; hvirfil-l m. `Wirbel, Ring; Scheitel'; hvarf `das Verschwinden'; hverfa wk. `wenden, kehren'; horfa wk. `sich wenden zu; sehen, blicken'; hvarfa f. `Weidenring'; hvarfa wk. `umherstreifen, wandern'

Norwegian: kverva vb. tr., itr.; kvirvel; horva vb.; kverva f.

Old Swedish: hvärva vb.

Swedish: värva `(an)werben'; virvel; dial. hvärva tr.; virvel

Old Danish: hverve tr.; horfe, horve vb.

Danish: hvirvel

Old English: hweorfan `sich kehren, wenden, reisen, sich ändern'; hwearf m. `Austausch, Wechsel'; caus. hwierfan; hwearfian; hwyrfel

Old Frisian: hwerva `zich draaien, zich wenden, toewallen, handel drijven'

Old Saxon: hwervan `sich drehen, zurückkehren, wandeln'; hwarf `Kreis, Menschenmenge'; caus. hwerbian; harvon

Middle Dutch: werven (warf), warven, waerven `draaeien; zijn best doen voor iets; onstaan, toenemen', tr. `verweren; bewerkrn; doen, handelen; veroorzaken; aanwerven; winnen, verdienen'; wervel m.

Dutch: werven; wervel

Middle Low German: werven, warven `sich drehen, tätig sein, betreiben, ausrichten, vollführen'; wervel

Old High German: (h)werban st. (9.Jh.) `sich drehen, wenden, umkehren, einhergehen, sich bemühen'; { wirvil }, (h)wirbil `Kreisel, drehbares Gerät, Wirbelwind'; werbil `Wirbel'; warb `Wendung, Umdrehung, kreissförmiger Kampfplatz; caus. (h)werben; (h)warbōn

Middle High German: wërben, wërven st. intr. `sich (in einer kreislinie, um eine achse) bewegen, drehen; sich umtun, bemühen, tätig sein'; refl. 'seinen weg nehmen (vin den flüssigkeitwn im körper); geschehen', tr. 'in bewegung setzen; (durch einen boten) berufen, einladen, bestellen'; wirbel st. m. `wirbel, scheitel; wendeltreppe; kreisförmige Bewegung von Wasser und Luft'; warp (-b-), warf st. m. 'drehung, wendung'

German: werben; Wirbel m.

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 1073

Root: ku̯erp-, auch kuerb-

English meaning: to turn, wind

German meaning: `sich drehen'

Material: Gr. καρπός `Handwurzel' (Drehpunkt der Hand), καρπάλιμος `behende, schnell' (Bildung wie εἰδάλιμος; Schwund des u̯ durch Diss. gegen den ausl. Labial); daneben mit ausl. Media κύρβις `drehbarer Pfeiler mit Gesetztafeln';

tiefstufig wohl mir. carr f., cymr. par m. `Speer' (Stokes ZceltPh. 1, 172; vgl. etwa tela vibrāre, fulmina torquēre);

got. ƕaírban `περιπατει̃ν' (ƕeilaƕaírbs `wetterwendisch', gaƕaírbs `gehorsam'), anord. hverfa `sich drehen, kehren, verschwinden', ags. hweorfan `sich wenden, reisen, sich ändern', as. hwerƀan `sich drehen, zurückkehren wandeln', ahd. hwerban, hwerfan `sich wenden, zurückkehren, (um etwas herum) tätig sein'; trans. `in Bewegung setzen, betreiben', nhd. werben (vgl. z. Bed. lat. ambīre), got. usw. ƕarbōn `wandeln', woneben tiefstufig anord. horfa `sich wenden, denken, gehören' (*hwurƀōn), Kaus. anord. hverfa, as. hwerƀian, ags. hwierfan, ahd. werban `wandeln', anord. hverfr `schnell', hvirfill, ahd. wirvil, wirbil `Wirbel' (und ahd. werbil aus *hwarbila- ds.), as. hwarf `Kreis, Menschenmenge', ahd. warb `Wendung, Umdrehung kreisförmiger Kampfplatz', ags. hwearf m. `Austausch, Wechsel', anord hwarf `das Verschwinden';

toch. A kārp- `herabsteigen', В kā̆rp- `sich wenden nach, gehen'.

References: WP. I 472 f.

Pages: 631

PIE database: PIE database

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *koẓ-

Meaning : tube, pipe; hole, pit

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *koẓ-[al]-

Proto-Telugu : *koṛ-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kuṛ-ub-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *koṛ-, *koṛ-āɣ-

Brahui : xurr-um

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *koẓ-[al]-

Meaning : tube; to curl

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : kuẓal

Tamil meaning : any tube-shaped thing, flute, pipe, tubularity, curling hair, woman's hair dressed by coiling and tying up behind in a roll

Tamil derivates : (kuẓalv-, kuẓan_r_-) to curl (intr.); kuẓar_ci curling (as of a woman's hair); kuẓai, kuẓāy tube, pipe; kuẓi pit, hole, hollow, cavity, depression, excavation, pond, well; (-v-, -nt-) to be hollowed out (as a hole, pit, cavity), sink hollow; (-pp-, -tt-) to form pits, hollows, cavities, sink, excavate, inscribe, engrave; kuẓici pot, hub of a wheel; kuẓiŋ-kai palm of the hand; kuẓippu forming pits, a hollow, depression; kuẓivu hollowness; kuẓumpu pit

Malayalam : kuẓal

Malayalam meaning : tube, flute, women's hair tied in a knot

Malayalam derivates : kuẓali woman with fine hair; kuẓa what is hollow, eye of a needle, aperture in the head of an axe or hoe, bone in forearm or foreleg; kuẓi hollow, hole, excavation, pit, grave; kuẓiyuka to become hollow, deepened; kuẓikka to dig a hole, dig out

Kannada : koẓal

Kannada meaning : flute, fife

Kannada derivates : koẓavi, koẓave, koẓāyi, koẓivi tube, blow-pipe (esp. used to blow fires with), tubular stalk; kuẓi, guẓi, kuṇi, guṇi hollow, hole, pit, grave; kuẓi to make a hole, dig; kuṇike a hollow, cavity; (K2) kuḷumpe a hollow place where water accumulates; (Bark.) gumme a deep pond; (Gul.) gumma depth; kōvi tube, flute, gun (< Te.)

Kodagu : koḷa

Kodagu meaning : flute

Tulu : koḷavè, kolavè, kolāyi

Tulu meaning : a hollow tube

Tulu derivates : guri, guḷi hole, pit; (B-K) nelakkuri, nelakkuḷi mortar for pounding rice; kurepini, kurepuni to bore, scrape, excavate, drill; korepini, korepuni to bore; koḷalụ fife; koḷambè a drain; gurumbè anything hollow; gurmpè, gurmbè pond, pool, puddle; gurụmpe puddle, temporary reservoir in a dry field; (B-K) gurumpu a low-lying place where water accumulates; gurkè, (B-K) kurikke, kuḷike, gurike, gurke a close-mouthed big copper vessel used to heat water for bathing, etc.

Proto-Nilgiri : *koṛǝl (?)

Number in DED : 1818

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *koṛǝl (?)

Meaning : tube, Kota clarinet, tune of clarinet, curl

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : korl, koḷāy

Toda : kwēɫ̣

Additional forms : Also Kota koḷ clarinet; goṛḷ hollow between two sloping hills

Notes : The derivative *koṛ-āj > Kota koḷāy is of PSDR origin. A complex case overall (PN *-ṛ- in a rare context; Toda -wē-, in particular, is an extremely rare reflex); it is unclear whether Kota korl and koḷ are dialectal variants or one of them (or both?) is a borrowing.

Number in DED : 1818

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *koṛ-

Meaning : tube, hole

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : kōlu

Dialectal forms (1) : krōlu (B)

Inscriptional Telugu : kṛocu "to dig"

Additional forms : Also krōvi tube, flute; goyyi, (B also) groyyi pit; (B) groyyu to be formed into a hole or pit; groccu, (K also) kroccu to dig; (Inscr.) kṛōce, kṛocce be engraved; kukki pit, hollow; (VPK) goppu digging out weeds

Number in DED : 1818

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *kuṛ-ub-

Meaning : pit

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Parji : kuṛub (pl. kuṛbul)

Ollari Gadba : kuṛup "a well"

Poya Gadba : kuṛub "hole in the ground, pit"

Number in DED : 1818

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *koṛ-, *koṛ-aɣ-

Meaning : hole, pit

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *koṛ-

Konda : kuṛŋi- (-t-)

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *kṛɔj

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kṛā-ɣu

Notes : The second component, seen in PPM and PK, is unclear: the usual suffix is simple *-ɣ-. Cf. such forms as Tamil kuṛ-āy. Konda -u- unclear; maybe due to back articulation of preceding/following velars.

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *koṛ-

Meaning : ditch, hole

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Gommu Gondi : koṛi "ditch, hole, grave"

Muria Gondi : koṛpanj (pl. koṛpahk) "pit to trap animals"

Maria Gondi : koṛi "ditch, hole, grave"

Number in DED : 1818

Number in CVOTGD : 933, 941

Konda etymology :

Konda : kuṛŋi- (-t-)

Meaning: to be hollowed out, (floor) to form pits

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Additional forms : Also Konda kuṛk- (-t-) to hollow out, make pits

Number in DED : 1818

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *kṛɔj

Meaning : pit, hole, ditch

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : kṛoy

Manda : kṛay

Number in DED : 1818

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *kṛā-ɣu

Meaning : pit, hole

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : kṛāu (pl. kṛānga) "pit, hole, cave"

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : graiyū (pl. grānga) "hole"

Kuwi (Schulze) : glāyu "a well"

Sunkarametta Kuwi : gṛāyu "hole, pit"

Parja Kuwi : gṛāyu "hole, pit"

Additional forms : Also Kui krōḍu (pl. krōṭka) quiver, tube; krūpa pool, spring, place for washing clothes

Notes : In Kuwi an unexplained voicening.

Number in DED : 1818

Brahui etymology :

Brahui : xurrum

Meaning : grainpit

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Number in DED : 1818

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *akra-ɣ- (*aqra-ʁ-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: wheel, to roll, round

Russian meaning: колесо, крутить, круглый

Proto-Yupik: *ak(r)a-ɣ-, *ak(r)a-m-kǝ- (-m-ɫu-), *aq(r)a-ʁ-

Proto-Inupik: *akra-ɣ- (-lu-), *aqraʁ-

Comments: Cf. *akma-Lu- 'round' as well as *aqra- ~ *aRqa- 'ball'.

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 36

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *ak(r)a-ɣ-, *ak(r)a-m-kǝ- (-m-ɫu-), *aq(r)a-ʁ-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: wheel 1, round 2, to roll 3

Russian Meaning: колесо 1, круглый 2, крутиться, вращаться 3

Chaplino: akámkǝxtaq (ʁǝt) 2, 'ring'

Naukan: akáɣrak 1, akámɫuʁōq 'small ring', akámkǝxtáq 2, akákuq 3

Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: akaɣ- 3, akaɣŋa- 2

Central Alaskan Yupik: akaɣ- 3, akalʁia 1, 2

Nunivak (Peripheral): aqaχtoχ* 'to roll along'

Norton Sound (Peripheral): akaxtaq 'dough'

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 10

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *akra-ɣ- (-lu-), *ạqraʁ-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: to roll, to turn round or over 1, wheel, tyre 2, wheeled vehicle 3

Russian meaning: крутиться 1, колесо, шина 2, колесный транспорт 3

Seward Peninsula Inupik: akšak- 1, 'to knead dough'

SPI Dialects: Imaq akšaq 'ball', W aqsʁaqtoq*, KI aqsʁattoq* 'to roll along'

North Alaskan Inupik: akšak- 1, 'to slide like caribou killed on slope', akšaliɣaq 2

NAI Dialects: B aqsʁaqtoq*, Ingl aqʁaqtoq* 'to roll along', Qaw akšalak- 1, akšaktuaq 3, PH aɣralɣun 3

Western Canadian Inupik: aksak- 1, aksak 'sth. round', aksaluɣaq 2

WCI Dialects: Cop axxaluaq 2 [Pryde]

Eastern Canadian Inupik: atsa(k)- 1, atsakāq 'ball of snow made by rolling', atsajuaq 2, atsalua- 'to turn wheel'

Greenlandic Inupik: agssagpâ* 'to roll along' [Jen.], aššakaʁ- 'to turn over, to roll over', aššakā- 1, aššakāšuq 2, aššaɫɫaɣ- 'to turn over, around, on side'

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 10