Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *sē

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: year, age

Russian meaning: год, возраст

Spoken Manchu: sē (2725)

Literary Manchu: se

Jurchen: sejŋ-ŋer (82)

Ulcha: sē

Nanai: sē

Oroch: sē

Udighe: se

Comments: ТМС 2, 133.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *zēra

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: light; moon, moon cycle (year)

Russian meaning: свет, светлый; луна

Turkic: *jar-

Mongolian: *sara

Tungus-Manchu: *sē

Korean: *sǝ̄r / *săr

Japanese: *sátúkúi

Comments: Lee 1958, 116 (Kor.-TM), АПиПЯЯ 294. Mong. jara- 'to shine, glimmer', which is usually compared with the PT form (see KW 216, Владимирцов 317, VEWT 189) is an obvious loanword from Turkic. Illich-Svitych (ОСНЯ 1, ХV) regards Mong. sara as a prosodic variant of sira- 'yellow', which is hardly the case. Jpn. tone seems to contradict TM length, but the root is only attested in compounds and may be itself a contraction (see below), so the tone may well have been displaced. If the Jpn. word is indeed to be analysed as *sa- 'early spring' (+ *tukui 'month', 'moon'), then its original meaning must have been '(beginning of a new) moon cycle, season' - cf. the meaning 'season' in Kor. and TM, and especially 'beginning of the year' in Kor. (note that TM *sē biaga has also the meaning 'first month of the year' > Manchu se-bija, Jurch. sei-bi(a)ha, see the discussion in Lee 1958). The form *sa itself has to be explained as reflecting a suffixed *zēr(a)-gV or *zēr(a)-ŋV - cf. Jurch. sejŋe-r and Mong. *sara-ɣu-l.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *jar-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to shine 2 to dawn 3 light 4 candle

Russian meaning: 1 светить 2 рассветать 3 свет 4 свеча

Old Turkic: jaru- 1, jaruq 3 (Orkh., OUygh.)

Karakhanid: jaru- 1, jaruq 3 (MK)

Turkish: jarɨk 3 (dial.)

Tatar: jarɨq 3 (dial.)

Middle Turkic: jarɨ- (AH), jaru- (Abush.) 1, jaruq 3 (Бор. Бад., Abush.)

Uzbek: jɔri- 1, jɔruɣ 3

Uighur: joru- 1, joruq 3

Turkmen: jarɨq 3 (dial.)

Khakassian: čarɨ- 1, čarɨx 3

Shor: čar-, čarɨ- 1

Oyrat: jar-, d́arɨ- 1, d́arɨq 3

Chuvash: śor-da 4

Yakut: sarā- 2 (but also sɨrdā-)

Dolgan: hɨrdā- 2

Tuva: čɨrɨ- 1, čarɨq 3

Kirghiz: ǯar-, ǯarɨ- 1, ǯarɨq 3

Kazakh: žarɨq 3

Noghai: jarɨq 3

Bashkir: jarɨq 3 (dial.)

Balkar: ǯarɨq 3

Karaim: jarɨ- 1, jarɨq, jarɨx 3

Karakalpak: žarɨq 3

Salar: jarux 3

Kumyk: jarɨq 3

Comments: EDT 956, 962, 963, ЭСТЯ 4, 134-135, VEWT 189 (there are hardly reasons to consider the Chuv. word a borrowing), Федотов 2, 145, Stachowski 119. Turk. (Bulg.?) > Hung. gyertya 'candle', see Gombocz 1912.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *sara

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: moon

Russian meaning: луна

Written Mongolian: sara(n) (L 674)

Middle Mongolian: sara (HY 1, SH), ṣarā, saran (IM), sara (MA)

Khalkha: sar

Buriat: hara

Kalmuck: sarǝ

Ordos: sara(n)

Dongxian: sara

Baoan: sare, sera

Dagur: sarūl 'moon', sar 'month' (Тод. Даг. 162), sare 'month', sareule 'moon' (MD 206)

Shary-Yoghur: sara

Monguor: sara (SM 326)

Comments: KW 313, MGCD 593.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *sǝ̄r / *sằr

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: year, age

Russian meaning: год, возраст

Modern Korean: sal; sǝ̄l 'beginning of the year'

Middle Korean: sǝ̄r / săr

Comments: Nam 290, 300, KED 896, 950.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *sátúkúi

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: fifth month of the moon calendar

Russian meaning: пятый месяц лунного календаря

Old Japanese: satuki

Middle Japanese: satuki

Tokyo: sàtsuki

Kyoto: sátsúkí

Kagoshima: satsúki

Comments: sa- is treated as a bound noun 'early (spring)' in JLTT 515.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *HVzwVrV

Meaning: star, luminary

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *Haster-

Altaic: *zēra

Dravidian: *sār-i ?

References: [Dolg.'s etymology in 2441 *[ṭ]Uŕi 'moon, star' is a complete mess!]. ND 2679 *źahrV 'to shine, be bright, light', 2701 *ẑeh[a]Ra 'moon' - with a whole lot of confusion.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *(a)ster- <PIH *H->

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: star

Hittite: haster- c. 'Stern' (Tischler 204ff); astira- c. 'Stern?' (Tischler 86)

Tokharian: A śre (pl. śreñ), B śćirye (PT *śćäriye) 'star' (Adams 640)

Old Indian: pl. nom. str̥ṇas, tāras, gen. str̥ṇām, instr. stŕ̥bhiṣ m. `star'; tarā f. Stern }

Avestan: acc. stā̆rǝm, gen. stārō, pl. staras-ča, stārō, acc. strǝ̄us, gen. strǝ̄n, dat. stǝrǝbyō 'Stern'

Armenian: astɫ, gen. asteɫ `Stern, Gestirn'

Old Greek: astḗr, -éros, pl. ástra `Stern'; asteropǟ́ f. `Blitz', steropǟ́, astrapǟ́ `id.'

Germanic: *stir-n-a- m., *stir-n-ōn- f., -an- m.; *stirr-ōn- f., -an- m.

Latin: stēlla f. `Stern'

Celtic: Bret sterenn, Corn sterenn (pl. steyr), Cymr seren `Stern'

Russ. meaning: звезда

References: WP II 635 f

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *stirna-z, *stirnōn, -ēn; *stirrōn, -ēn

Meaning: star

IE etymology: IE etymology

Gothic: stɛrnō f. (n) `star', CrimGot *stern `stella'

Old Norse: stjarna f. `Stern'

Norwegian: stjerna

Swedish: stjärna

Danish: stjerne

Old English: steorra, -an m. `star'

English: star

Old Frisian: stēra

Old Saxon: sterro

Middle Dutch: sterre, starre, sterne, steerne f., m.

Dutch: ster, star f., dial. steern

Middle Low German: stērne m., f., stērn m.; sterre

Old High German: sterno (8.Jh.); { stern }; sterro (8.Jh.)

Middle High German: stërne, stërre wk. m., stërn st. m. 'stern'

German: Stern m.

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 1891

Root: stē̆r-2

English meaning: star

German meaning: `Stern'

Derivatives: Kollektiv ster-ā, Gen. str-ās, dehnstufig stēr-ā `Gestirn, Stern', ster-nā ds.; daneben tērā, teros-, terǝs ds.

Material: Ai. Instr. Pl. stŕ̥bhiḥ, Nom. Pl. tāraḥ m. `Sterne', tarā f. `Stern', av. Akk. Sg. stā̆rǝm, Gen. stārō, Pl. Nom. staras-ča, stārō, Akk. strǝ̄uš, Gen. strǝ̄m, Dat. stǝrǝbyō `Stern'; arm. astɫ, Gen.asteɫ `Stern, Gestirn'; gr. ἀστήρ, -έρος `Stern', kollekt. ἄστρα `jünger' ἄστρον `Stern, Gestirn' (daraus lat. astrum), wozu wohl mit (ὠπ-)ὀπ-: (ἀ)στεροπή, ἀστραπή `Blitz, Wetterleuchten', στέροψ `flimmernd', (ἀ)στράπτω `blitzen, funkeln', ἀστεροπητής, ἀστεροπαι̃ος `Blitzeschleuderer(Zeus)'; ohne anl. s- (wie ai. tāraḥ, tarā) τερέων Gen. Pl., mit metr. Dehnung τείρεα, τείρεσιν `Gestirne'; lat. stēlla `Stern' (*stēr-[o]lā, Deminutiv); bret. sterenn, corn. sterenn (Pl. steyr), cymr.seren `Stern' (Pl. ser), mir. ser `Stern' (ZfcPh. 19, 200); dazu dehnstufig gall. GN Dɦirona, Sirona; got. staírnō, ahd. sterno, anord. stjarna `Stern' und ahd. as. sterro, ags. steorra `Stern' (*sters- zum s-St. *steros?), afries. stēra `Stern' (oder stēre f.).

References: WP. II 635 f., WH. II 587 f., Scherer Gestirnnamen 18 ff., Frisk Gr. Et. Wb. 170 f.

Pages: 1027-1028

PIE database: PIE database

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *sār-i

Meaning : time, turn

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *sār-i (*c-)

Proto-Telugu : *sār-i

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *sār-i

Meaning : time, turn

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : cāri

Tamil meaning : time, turn

Malayalam : sāri

Malayalam meaning : time, turn

Kannada : sāri, sāre

Kannada meaning : time, turn

Tulu : sāri, sarti

Tulu meaning : time, turn

Number in DED : 2464

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *sār-i

Meaning : time, turn, repetition, occasion

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : sāri

Number in DED : 2464

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : HVCRV

Meaning : star, shine

Eurasiatic : *HVźVrV

Afroasiatic : *ĉahar- 'moon'; + *zVhr- 'shine' (Sem., Berb.)

Sino-Caucasian : *ʒwhắrī

Reference : ND 2679.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *ĉahar-

Meaning: star, moon

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *ŝahr- 'new moon'

Western Chadic: *ĉaHar- 'star'

Central Chadic: *-ŝVr-/ *hwurŝ- ,? met. < *ĉ[a]hur-

Semitic etymology :

Number: 906

Proto-Semitic: *ŝahr-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'new moon'

Aramaic: sahar-

Mandaic Aramaic: sira

Arabic: šahr-

Geʕez (Ethiopian): ŝahr

Jibbali: ŝehǝr

Soqotri: ŝeher

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *ĉaHar-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'star'

Ankwe=Goemai: sum-šar [Fp}

Guruntum: saar [Sm]

Tule: ŝāŝûr [Sm]

Zakshi: čā̀zur [Sm]

Boot: ŝaàr [Sm ]

Guus: tyā-ŝer [Sm]

Kulere: sísíri [JgR]̣

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *-ŝVr- / *hwurŝ- ,? met. < *ĉ[a]hur-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: star

Mbara: mi-ẑèr [TrMba]

Mofu-Gudur: wurẑa [BaMof]

Gisiga: wurẑa [Luk]

Gudu: ̀

Fali Jilvu: xùraŝu-mùk[Kr]

Fali Muchella: xùraŝiyà [Kr]

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ʒwhắrī

Meaning: star, shine

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ʒ_whărī / *ʒ_wăhrī (~ -ē)

Sino-Tibetan: *cer (~-iǝ-)

Basque: *i=sar̄

Comments and references : NSC 64 *ʒwArHV.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ʒ_whărī / *ʒ_wăhrī (~ -ē)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: star

Proto-Nakh: *ṭɦari (~-ā-,-ē-,-e)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *c̣:ʷarhi

Proto-Tsezian: *cʷã

Proto-Lak: c̣u-ku

Proto-Dargwa: *zuri

Proto-West Caucasian: *c̣ʷa (/*cʷa)

Notes: One of the most widely spread common NC roots. Despite some variation of the place of the laryngeal, correspondences are basically regular.

    See Trubetzkoy 1930, 275, Abdokov 1983, 103.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ṭɦari (~-ā-,-ē-,-e)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: star

Batsbi: ṭʕejrĭ

Comments: The root is preserved only in Bacbi, but is no doubt archaic.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *c̣:ʷarhi

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: star

Avar: c̣:ʷa

Chadakolob: c̣ʷa

Andian language: c̣:a

Akhvakh: c̣:ʷari

Chamalal: ṣā

Tindi: c:aru

Karata: c̣:ʷaj

Botlikh: c̣:aj

Bagvalal: c̣:ʷara

Godoberi: c:aji

Comments: Av. paradigm B (c̣:ʷají-l/c̣:ʷa-dú-l, c̣:ʷa-bí).Cf. also Cham. Gad. c̣:ā.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *cʷã

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: star

Tsezi: ca

Ginukh: cʷa

Khvarshi: ca

Inkhokvari: cã

Bezhta: cã

Gunzib: ca

Comments: PTsKh *cʷã; PGB *cã.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: c̣u-ku

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: star

Lak form: c̣uku

Comments: 3d class. The root is c̣u(r)-, as is clearly seen from the plural form c̣ur-t:i. The final -ku may be regarded either as an old diminutive suffix, or as a result of contamination with the PEC root *c̣_wɨko 'brilliance, spark' q.v.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *zuri

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: star

Akusha: urʔi

Chiragh: zure

Comments: Cf. also Ur., Kad. urʔi, Sirg., Kait., Tsud. zuri, Kub. dī/diʔi.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *c̣ʷa (/*cʷa)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 star 2 sky

Abkhaz: á-ječ̣̌a 1

Abaza: jač̣ʷa 1

Adyghe: wā-ša 2

Kabardian: wā-fa 2

Ubykh: c̣wa(n)ḳ́ 1

Comments: PAT *ja-c̣ʷa; Ub. c̣ʷa(n)-ḳ́ with the old singulative suffix *-ḳǝ (q.v.). Vogt lists also the variant jacʷa (with secondary loss of glottalisation). In PAK the roots 'star' and 'sky' (*zʷA q.v.) had "changed places": *-sʷa (going back to *cʷa with loss of glottalization like in Ub.) meant originally 'star', but lost this meaning in the compound *wa-sʷá (where *wa- means 'sky' by itself, see *wa).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *cer (~-iǝ-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: shine, sunshine

Tibetan: ãcher to shine, to glitter; zer, gzer 'ray'

Burmese: ćańʔ glaze; glitter.

Kachin: ǯan¹ the sun.

Lepcha: čir to sparkle, to radiate, to shine, to glitter, to gleam, to glisten; ǯár-ră ǯár-ră flashy, showy, splendid, sparkling, magnificent; ǯir-ră ǯir-ră, ǯŭr-ră ǯŭr-ră shining, glittering, dazzling, sparkling

Comments: BG: Garo sāl, Dimasa sain; Namsangia sān; Moshang -śār sun; Bahing tśyar to shine. Sh. 436; Ben. 47. Here obviously Kham sorō, PG *sar(a) 'star', Karen *cha.3L 'star'.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *i=sar̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: star

Bizkaian: izar

Gipuzkoan: izar

High Navarrese: izar

Low Navarrese: izar

Salazarese: izar

Lapurdian: izar

Baztanese: izar

Aezkoan: izar

Zuberoan: izar

Roncalese: izar

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