Tungus etymology : List with all references

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *ǯesē

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: custom

Russian meaning: привычка, обычай

Evenki: ǯesē

Comments: ТМС 1, 286. Attested only in Evk., but having probable external parallels.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ǯi̯oso

Meaning: shape

Russian meaning: форма

Turkic: *josun

Mongolian: *ǯisü

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯese

Japanese: *dǝsi

Comments: A difficult word. On Turk. *josun and Mong. josun see above; Mong. *ǯisü thus seems a better historical match for Turk. *josun. There still remain, however, phonetic problems: in Mong. one would rather expect *ǯüs- or *ǯös-, not *ǯis- (possibly we are dealing with a vocalic metathesis *ǯisü- < *ǯüsi-?); and Evk. ǯesē - although hardly a Mong. loanword because of semantic difference - is also not quite regular (one would expect *ǯis-).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *josun

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: manner, custom, method

Russian meaning: способ, обычай, метод

Karakhanid: josun (KB)

Tatar: josuq

Middle Turkic: josun (Abush., Pav. C.)

Uzbek: jɔ̨sin

Uighur: josun

Azerbaidzhan: josun (dial.)

Oyrat: jozaq, jozoq, jozor

Tuva: čo`zu (dial.)

Kirghiz: ǯošun

Kazakh: žosɨn, žosaq (dial.)

Comments: ЭСТЯ 4, 31-32. Also reflected is a form *josuk, *josak. Clauson (EDT 975) and Doerfer (TMN 1, 555-557) follow Ramstedt KW 219 and regard the Turkic forms as borrowed < Mong., which is somewhat dubious because of the peculiar phonology of Mong. josun (words with *jo- are extremely rare in Mong.). PT *josuk (*josak) also strengthens the thesis about the Turkic origin of Mong. josun; Doerfer's hypothesis that Tat. josuq, Oyr. jozaq etc. reflect a contamination of *jasak and *josun is not very plausible (*jasak has usually a quite different meaning 'impost, tax' etc.), and there is also a completely unexplained (as a Mongolism) form Oyr., Tel. jozor. All this makes us rather think of Turk. *josun > Mong. *josun > Manchu joso, Evk. joso etc. (ТМС 1, 347).

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *ǯisü

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: colour, shape

Russian meaning: масть; вид, внешность

Written Mongolian: ǯisü(n) (L 1064)

Middle Mongolian: ǯisu(n) (SH)

Khalkha: ʒüs(en)

Buriat: zühe(n)

Kalmuck: züsṇ

Ordos: ǯüsü

Dagur: ǯus (Тод. Даг. 145), ǯuse (MD 180)

Monguor: ǯusǝ

Comments: KW 484, MGCD 469. Mong. > Yak., Dolg. ǯühün (see Kaɫ. MEJ 48, Stachowski 91).

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *dǝsi

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: reason, means

Russian meaning: причина, средство

Old Japanese: josi, josuka

Middle Japanese: jósí, josuka

Tokyo: yóshi, yosuga

Kyoto: yóshì

Kagoshima: yoshí

Comments: JLTT 577, 578. Accent correspondences are irregular.