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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *muna-i
Meaning: centre, essence
Russian meaning: сущность, суть
Old Japanese: mune
Middle Japanese: múné, mùnè
Tokyo: muné
Kyoto: múnè
Kagoshima: múne
Comments: JLTT 488. The oblique stem is muna- (e.g. in muna-ti, muna-wake etc.) Original accent is not quite clear: modern dialects reflect *múnà-i (homophonous with *múnà-i "breast"), but MJ fixes a variation between múné and mùnè. japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,
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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *ńi̯ūnŋe
Meaning: direction, sign
Russian meaning: направление, указание
Comments: An interesting common Altaic root, with quite plausible phonetic and semantic correspondences; however, some contaminations with *nuŋu 'chief, master' were possible. altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *jȫn
Meaning: 1 side, direction 2 to be directed towards, head towards 3 reason, method, cause 4 regular, easy 5 cheap 6 origin
Russian meaning: 1 сторона, направление 2 направляться, поворачиваться 3 причина, способ, отношение 4 простой, правильный 5 дешевый 6 происхождение
Old Turkic: jon 3 (OUygh.)
Turkish: jön 1, 3, jünel- 2
Tatar: jün 3, 5, jünäl- 2
Uzbek: jọnal- 2, ǯọn 4 ( < Kypch. or Mong.)
Uighur: jönɛl- 2
Azerbaidzhan: jön 1
Turkmen: jȫnel- 2
Kirghiz: ǯön 1, 4, 6, ǯönö- 2
Kazakh: žön 1
Noghai: jöne- 2
Bashkir: jün 3, 4, jünɛlɛ- 2
Balkar: ǯöne- 2
Karaim: jöne- 2
Karakalpak: žön 1
Comments: VEWT 208, EDT 941, ЭСТЯ 4, 232-234. Tat. > Chuv. jünǝ 'cheap' (Федотов 1, 204-205). turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *ǯöŋ
Meaning: omen, sign; natural course of things
Russian meaning: знамение, знак; естественный ход вещей
Written Mongolian: ǯöŋ (L 1075) Khalkha: ʒön
Kalmuck: zöŋ
Ordos: ǯöŋ 'manière d`être propre; manière d`être constante'
monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-hal,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *ńuŋ-
Meaning: 1 to direct, give directions 2 direction, instruction 3 instructor, director, master 4 council, advice
Russian meaning: 1 указывать, направлять 2 указание, направление 3 начальник, хозяин 4 совет
Evenki: nuŋnī-, ńuŋnī- 1, nuŋnīɣē, ńuŋnīɣē 2, ńuŋe 3
Even: ńūn- 1, ńūnъn 2, ńuŋun 3, ńuŋse-ɣъn 4
Negidal: nuŋni- 1, ńuŋu 4
Orok: nuŋe, ńuŋe 3
Comments: ТМС 1, 612. Depalatalized *n- in some of the forms may be due to contamination with PTM *nuŋ- < PA *nuŋu q. v. tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-ork,tunget-reference,
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