Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *nà(n)tùki

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: brain, marrow

Russian meaning: мозг, костный мозг

Old Japanese: nadukji

Middle Japanese: nàdùki

Comments: JLTT 494.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *nĭ̀ra

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: spine

Russian meaning: позвоночник

Turkic: *jɨr

Mongolian: *niruɣu

Tungus-Manchu: *niri-

Japanese: *nà(n)tùki

Comments: EAS 76-77, KW 281, Poppe 39, 116, Колесникова 1972а, 88-89, Дыбо 306. Despite Doerfer MT 114, evidently not a loan in TM from Mong. The comparison with Turkic is possible if we suppose a usual semantic development 'North' < 'back'.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *jɨr-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: left, North

Russian meaning: левый, Север

Old Turkic: jɨr-ɣaru (Orkh.), ir-, jir- (OUygh.)

Comments: VEWT 201, EDT 954, 959, 973.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *niruɣu

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: spine, vertebra, marrow

Russian meaning: позвоночник, позвонки, костный мозг

Written Mongolian: niruɣu(n) (L 585)

Middle Mongolian: niru'u(n), niri'un (SH), nirisun 'spine' (HY 47), nīrɣon (IM), nīrɣūn (Lig.VMI), nirun (MA)

Khalkha: nurū

Buriat: ńurga(n), ńurū

Kalmuck: nurɣǝn

Ordos: nurū 'back, spine'

Dongxian: nurun

Dagur: nirō (Тод. Даг. 158)

Shary-Yoghur: nurūn

Monguor: nuru (SM 291), nurǝ

Comments: KW 281, MGCD 519, TMN 1, 530.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *niri-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: spine, spine vertebra

Russian meaning: позвоночник, хребет, позвонки

Evenki: niri

Even: ńịrị

Negidal: nịjịkta

Ulcha: ńịrịqta

Orok: ńịrịkta

Nanai: ńịrịqta

Oroch: ńīkta

Udighe: ńīkta

Solon: nērde

Comments: ТМС 1, 639-640.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *nVrV-

Meaning: sinew, cartilage

Altaic: *nìra

Uralic: *ńe̮rkV (*ńōrkV)

Dravidian: *nara-mb-

Eskimo-Aleut: *ńiʁ(u)-lu

References: ND 1623 *ńaX(i)rU(-KE) 'cartilage' ( + Sem.?).

Uralic etymology :

Number: 630

Proto: *ńe̮rkV (*ńōrkV)

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: cartilage

German meaning: Knorpel

Saam (Lapp): mjuorges -r'ga (N) 'gristle', njuorakis (L) 'Knorpel'

Mari (Cheremis): nörɣǝ (KB), nörɣö (U B)

Khanty (Ostyak): ńarǝk (Vj.), ńorǝ (DN), ńar (O) 'Knorpel; Jahreszuwachs an den Astenden des Baumes' ( > Mansi So. ńɔ̄r 'Knorpel')

Mansi (Vogul): ńērkē̮ (TJ), ńē̮rǝj (M), ńērǝɣ (P), ńārǝɣ (So.) 'Knorpel'

Hungarian: nyír, nyíl (dial.) 'Fleisch unter dem Pferdenhuf; Hufgabel' ?

Nenets (Yurak): ńerʔ (O) 'Knorpel'

Enets (Yen): nyʔ (nyr-)

Nganasan (Tawgi): nir

Selkup: ńē̮r (TaU)

Sammalahti's version: FU *n'i6rki6

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *naramb-

Meaning : nerve, vein

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *naramb-

Proto-Telugu : *naram-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *naram

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *naram

Proto-North Dravidian : *nā̆r- (?)

Notes : NDR possibly borrowings from IA.

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *naramb-

Meaning : nerve, vein

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : narampu

Tamil meaning : nerve, tendon, sinew, blood-vessel

Malayalam : ñarampu, narampu

Malayalam meaning : sinew, tendon, nerve, pulse

Malayalam derivates : (Tiyya) ñeravu vein

Kannada : nara, naravu

Kannada meaning : sinew, tendon, nerve, vein, artery

Tulu : nara

Tulu meaning : vein, nerve, tendon

Tulu derivates : narambu sinew, nerve, tendon

Proto-Nilgiri : *narǝb

Number in DED : 2903

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *narǝb

Meaning : muscle

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : narb "muscle, sinew"

Toda : narb "muscle, vein"

Number in DED : 2903

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *naram-

Meaning : vein, artery, nerve, tendon

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : naramu

Number in DED : 2903

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *naram

Meaning : vein

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kinwat Kolami : naram

Parji : nerub (pl. nerbul)

Poya Gadba : narub (pl. narbul)

Number in DED : 2903

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *naram

Meaning : vein, nerve

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *nar-[am]

Konda : naram

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *narmb-u

Notes : Bisyllabic root.

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *nar-[am]

Meaning : vein, nerve

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Seoni Gondi : naral (pl. -ku)

Koya Gondi : naram (pl. narask)

Number in DED : 2903

Number in CVOTGD : 1928

Konda etymology :

Konda : naram

Meaning: vein (BB)

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Number in DED : 2903

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *narmb-u

Meaning : nerve, sinew

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : ḍrāmbu "tendon, sinew"

Kuwi (Schulze) : naromi "nerve"

Kuwi (Israel) : naromi "nerve"

Notes : In Kui *narmb- > *nramb- > ḍramb-, while in Kuwi *narmb- > *naromb-, etc.

Number in DED : 2903

North Dravidian etymology :

Proto-North-Dravidian : *nā̆r-

Meaning : pulse; veins

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kurukh : narī "pulse"

Malto : nāru "the veins"

Number in DED : 2903

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *ńiʁ(u)-lu

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: upper part of backbone, carcass, rib of boat

Russian meaning: верхняя часть позвоночника, каркас, дуги каркаса судна

Proto-Yupik: *iʁu-lu-

Proto-Inupik: *nIʁlu-(ʁ-), *niulǝ-

Comments: This stem is confused with *ńiʁu 'leg' in CED. According to the same source, NSU iʁuluq 'sour dock' also belongs here, but the latter probably goes back to *ńiʁru-lu-, having been borrowed from PKCh *nǝrɣǝ- ~ *nǝɣrǝ- 'sorrel' (presumably from a PKam source where a variant with *-ɣr- is attested).

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 235

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *iʁu-lu-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: rib of boat 1, upper bar of a carcass 2

Russian Meaning: шпангоут 1, верхние перекладины остова 2

Sirenik: iʁúlǝx 2

Chaplino: iʁú (t) 1, iʁúli 2, iʁulut 'roof bars'

Central Alaskan Yupik: iʁuluq 'vein on tobacco leaf'

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 235

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *nIʁlu-(ʁ-), *niulǝ-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: to break back near head 1, backbone of bird 2, first vertebra 3

Russian meaning: ломать позвоночник у шеи 1, позвоночник у птиц 2, первый шейный позвонок 3

Seward Peninsula Inupik: niʁluq- 'to break neck vertebra (of seal) and raise its head'

North Alaskan Inupik: niʁluq- 'to throw head back, to raise chin, to sever head at first vertebra'

Western Canadian Inupik: niuliq 3

WCI Dialects: Net niʁluqtit- 1 (fish)

Eastern Canadian Inupik: niuliq 3, niʁlu(C)- 'to raise head to listen, to cut across promentary', niʁluŋajuq 'animal on the alert'

Greenlandic Inupik: niʁɫuʁ-, niʁɫiʁ- 1, niʁɫut pl. 2, niuliq 3

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 231, 235

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Kamchatkan: *mejŋ(ʷ)ǝ-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning (Rus.): большой, много

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *meʒŋǝ-

Proto-Itelmen: *mejim/ŋ

Chukchee-Koryak etymology :

Proto-Chukchee-Koryak: *meʒŋǝ-

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): большой 1, расти 2, сильно 3

Chukchee: mɛ́j(ǝ)ŋ- 1, mɛjŋ-ɛ́t- 2, nǝ-mɛ́jŋ-(ʔ)ɛw 3

Koryak: mej(ǝ)ŋ- (I) 1, mejŋ-et- 2

Palan: mej(ǝ)ŋ- 1, mejŋ-et- 2, nǝ-meŋǝ-ha 3

Alutor: meŋǝ- 1, meŋ-at-* 2, nǝ-majǝŋ-ha 3

Comments: Пал. mejŋǝ-c̨hǝ-n 'начальник' (ЯПК 270).

Itelmen etymology :

Proto-Itelmen: *mejim/ŋ EA

Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology: Chukchee-Kamchatkan etymology

Meaning (Rus.): много

Itelmen: mejim

Itelmen meaning: много, вдоволь

West Itelmen: mẹj'ǝn-not-kaz 1, šǝn-mojǝn 2

West Itelmen meaning: conedere, satiari 1, gemma 2

West Itelmen meaning (Polish): zjadać, najeść sie, nasycić się 1, poczynający się rozwijać, pączek drzew 2

Number in Volodin 1976: 396

Comments: В зап. камч. буквально 'много съесть', сложение с *'nu- 'есть' (52).

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