Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *ín-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to go, leave

Russian meaning: уходить

Old Japanese: in-

Middle Japanese: ín-

Comments: JLTT 697.

Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ŋḗni

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to go (down, away)

Russian meaning: идти

Turkic: *ēn-

Mongolian: *neɣü-

Tungus-Manchu: *ŋene-

Korean: *nàń(ắ-)

Japanese: *ín-

Comments: АПиПЯЯ 18, 72, 292, Дыбо 13. Mong. *neɣü- < *ŋeŋü- < *ŋenü-.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *ēn-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to go down

Russian meaning: спускаться, идти вниз

Old Turkic: en- (Orkh., OUygh.)

Karakhanid: en- (MK)

Turkish: in-, dial. en-

Tatar: in-, iŋ-

Middle Turkic: en- (MA, IM, Pav. C.)

Azerbaidzhan: en-

Turkmen: īn-

Khakassian: in-

Shor: en-

Oyrat: en-

Halaj: ẹ̄̂n-

Chuvash: an-

Yakut: enie

Kazakh: en-, dial. eŋ-

Noghai: en-

Bashkir: in-

Gagauz: jin-

Karaim: en-

Karakalpak: en-

Kumyk: in-

Comments: VEWT 43, ЭСТЯ 1, 353-354, Егоров 26.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *neɣü-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to roam, migrate, nomadize

Russian meaning: странствовать, кочевать

Written Mongolian: negü- (L 569)

Middle Mongolian: ne'utke 'to change a place' (HY 40), ne'u-, nou'u- (SH), nū- (IM)

Khalkha: nǖ-

Buriat: nǖ-

Kalmuck: nǖ-

Ordos: nǖ-

Dagur: neu- (Тод. Даг. 157, MD 198)

Shary-Yoghur: nǖ-

Mogol: nɔu- (Weiers)

Comments: KW 282, MGCD 520. Mong. neɣü- > Man. neo-, see Poppe 1966, 192, Rozycki 162; Mong. neɣü-lge 'migration' > Evk. nulgī etc. (see ТМС 1, 609-610).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *ŋene-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to go, walk

Russian meaning: идти, ходить

Evenki: ŋene-

Even: ŋen-

Negidal: ŋene- / gene-

Spoken Manchu: genǝ- (1171)

Literary Manchu: genu- 'to go together'

Jurchen: ŋe-ne-xie (713)

Ulcha: ŋene-

Orok: ŋene-

Nanai: ene-

Oroch: ŋene-

Udighe: ŋene-

Solon: nene-

Comments: ТМС 1, 669-671.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *nàń(ắ)-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to go, move forward

Russian meaning: идти, двигаться вперед

Modern Korean: nāt- [nas-], naa-ka-

Middle Korean: nās- (nań-), nań-, nàńắ-

Comments: Nam 89, 99, 101, KED 292, 311.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ŋēni

Meaning: to enter, go

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *ŋḗni

Dravidian: *neŋ-

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *neŋ-

Meaning : to enter, insert

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *neŋ-

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *neŋ-

Meaning : to enter; to put in

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *nēŋ-

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *neŋ-

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *neh-

Notes : The causative form is *neŋ-s-, whence PK *neh-.

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *nēŋ-

Meaning : to enter

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Mandla Gondi (Williamson) : nengānā "to intrude"

Mandla Gondi (Phailbus) : nengānā

Muria Gondi : nēŋ-

Maria Gondi : nēŋg-

Seoni Gondi : nēŋ- "to enter, pierce"

Adilabad Gondi : nēŋ-, (SR) nēngānā

Additional forms : Also Gondi_A (SR) nēngusānā to thrusst, pierce; Gondi_Ph necahtānā to make to enter; nehtānā to shut in (cattle); Gondi_Mu nēh- to push in, thrust in

Number in DED : 3764

Number in CVOTGD : 2043

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *neŋ-

Meaning : to enter

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Manda : neŋg-

Number in DED : 3764

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *neh-

Meaning : to fill in, put in

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : nehpa (neht-) "to fill in, load up; n. act of filling in"

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : neh- "to put in"

Tekriya Kuwi : neh- "to put in"

Notes : Kui nehpa taken from DED 3682.

Number in DED : 3764

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : NVNV

Meaning : to go, come

Eurasiatic : *ŋēni (cf. also *ŋāńi)

Afroasiatic : *nan-

Sino-Caucasian : *=VʔwV́ŋ

Austric : *jVŋ ?

Amerind (misc.) : *nani 'come' (R 141) [+ A K] (for PST cf. perhaps rather *wan 'go' R 315 [+ A K]); some forms see under *nama 'road' (R 573); *niyani 'road' (R 575) [+ K]

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *nan-

Meaning: go, walk

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Berber: *nVn- 'go across'

Egyptian: nny 'go' (pyr)

Western Chadic: *nVn-'come'

Central Chadic: *nan-

Low East Cushitic: *nan- 'go round' 1, 'walk' 2

Berber etymology :

Proto-Berber: *nVn-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'go across'

Izayan: ennu

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: nny (pyr)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'go'

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *nan-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: come'

Kifri=Giwo: non- [St]

Notes: Cp. Geruma naya 'come' [CLR: 82] and Nfizim nii 'coming' [CLR: 82]

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *nan-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'go'

Masa: nàná [CLR: 163]

Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *nan-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'go round' 1, 'walk' 2

Oromo (Galla): naannaʷa 1

Arbore: nanni-ete 2

Notes: Reduplication?

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *=VʔwV́ŋ

Meaning: to go, travel

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *=VʔwVn

Sino-Tibetan: *ʔʷă (s-, -ŋ)

Yenisseian: *hejVŋ

Burushaski: *né-

Basque: *e-oHa-n

Comments and references : HGC 23, LDC 30, BCD 30.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *=VʔwVn

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to go

Proto-Nakh: *ʡo-

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *=VʔVn-

Proto-Tsezian: *=ǝ̃ʔ-

Proto-Lak: na-

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. One of the verbal roots with the basic laryngeal consonant. The vowels are rather hard to reconstruct in most of these roots (because of contractions). Cf. also HU: Hurr. un-, Urart. nun- 'to come' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 32).

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *ʡo-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: go

Batsbi: ʕo- (pres.)

Comments: An isolated Bacb. root (used only in the present tense), but probably archaic.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *=VʔVn-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to go

Akhvakh: =un-

Chamalal: =ūn-

Karata: =oʔan-

Comments: The root vowel is hard to establish because of contractions which had taken place in all languages.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *=ǝ̃ʔ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: come

Gunzib: nǝʔ-

Comments: Isolated in Gunz. (initial n- points to root nasalisation), but having probable parallels in Andian languages and elsewhere.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: na-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to go, walk (dur.)

Lak form: na-n

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ʔʷă (s-, -ŋ)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: go

Chinese: 于 *wa to go, go to, 往 *waŋʔ to go to.

Tibetan: ʔoŋ come, soŋ pf. and imp. of ãgro "to go".

Burmese: swah go, waŋ enter, go or come in.

Kachin: wa² return.

Lushai: KC *waŋ go (cf. also Lush. vāk, vaʔ go, walk).

Kiranti: *wòŋ

Comments: PG *wàŋ ~ *khòŋ enter; Chepang, Magari hwa to go; Newari wa to go; Dhimal waŋ enter; Bunan hwaŋs ~ hoaŋ come out. Sh. 64; Ben. 50, 105.

Chinese characters :

Character: 于

Modern (Beijing) reading: yú [yū, xū]

Preclassic Old Chinese: wa

Classic Old Chinese: wa

Western Han Chinese: wa

Eastern Han Chinese: wa

Early Postclassic Chinese: wo

Middle Postclassic Chinese: wo

Late Postclassic Chinese: wo

Middle Chinese: ɦü

Fanqie: 雲劬

Rhyme class: 虞 [魚]

English meaning : to go; be in, to; to enlarge

Russian meaning[s]: 1) предлог, вводящий косвенное дополнение, см. 於; 2) идти, отправляться; 3) древн. как?, каким образом?, вм. 何; 4) я; 5) большой; широкий; далекий; 6) Юй (фамилия); [xū̄] см. 吁

Shuowen gloss: 於也. 象氣之舒于. 從丂. 從一. 一者. 其氣平也. 凡于之屬皆從于.

Comments: Min dialects have not preserved the word, but the clearly related 往 *waŋʔ 'to go' has Min reflexes: Xiamen ɔŋ3, Chaozhou uaŋ3, Fuzhou uoŋ3, allowing to reconstruct *w- (not *wh-) [the reconstruction in RDFS p. 158 is incorrect - as well as the observation on the previous page that only OC *wh- can go back to ST *ʔʷ - the problem needs further investigation].

    Also used as an interjection (especially in the combination 于嗟 *wa-ciaj).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 7

Four-angle index: 3234

Karlgren code: 0097 a-g

Go-on: u

Kan-on: u

Japanese reading: u;aa;koko;ni;yori;yuku

Shijing occurrences: 2.1, 6.1, 7.2, 7.3, 9.2, 9.3, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 13.1, 13.2, 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 25.1, 25.2, 26.4, 28.1, 28.2, 28.3, 31.3, 31.5, 33.1, 33.2, 35.5, 39.1, 39.2, 39.3, 50.1, 50.2, 50.3, 51.2, 54.1, 54.4, 57.3, 58.1, 58.2, 58.5

Chinese Dialects :

Number: 26

Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology

Character: 于

MC description : 遇合三平虞云

ZIHUI: 0060 1005

Beijing: y 12

Jinan: y 12

Xi'an: y 12

Taiyuan: y 1

Hankou: y 12

Chengdu: y 12

Yangzhou: y 12

Suzhou: y 12

Wenzhou: ɦu 12

Changsha: y 12

Shuangfeng: y 12

Nanchang: y 31

Meixian: ji 12

Guangzhou: jy 12

Xiamen: u 12

Chaozhou: i 11

Fuzhou: y 11

Shanghai: y 32

Zhongyuan yinyun: iu 12

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *wòŋ

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: enter

Sunwar: ō-ca

Tulung: hu(ŋ)- (AS wamu)

Kaling: wonä (woŋɔ)

Dumi: oŋnɨ enter; cf. also hūnɨ 'come', wotnɨ 'bring inside'

Kulung: wɔ̄ma

Yamphu: oŋma 'come up, bring up' (cf. also waŋma 'to wander around')

Comments: Toba 89 *woŋ-.

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: oNnɨ

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: vi-3 uN-oN

Meaning: enter

Nepali: pasnu.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: wɔ:ma

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: vi-3 [1: wɔN- 2: wɔ:-]

Meaning: enter

Nepali: pasnu.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: oŋma I

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Stem: <oks- ; oŋ->

Grammar: v.intr. & v.tr.

Meaning: 1) to come up, to pop up, to be sent up, to be uprooted; oŋghäʔma (of trees and long things) to fall over, to be uprooted; 2) to bring up, to cause to go up, to lift up with a lever, e.g. the rice-husker; oŋdima to lift up and place on top; oŋnema to kill, to finish off by uprooting

Comments: saraŋ.beʔ ra:p.nuŋ oŋ.häks.u. (foot.LOC sei:e.SOC fell.INEF.о3) He seized him by his feet and threw him down.

Nepali: jarādheki jānu, ḍhalnu

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *hejVŋ

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to go

Ket: ējeŋ¹ / ɛjeŋ⁵

Yug: ejiŋ¹

Kottish: hejaŋ "to go" (cf. also ijaŋ "go away", praet. uijaŋ, imp. anu; асс. ujáha (Сл., Кл., М.) "ride on horse", pulán-ujáha (М., Сл.), pulan-ajáha (Кл.) "to walk" (puláŋ "feet")

Comments: ССЕ 231. Werner 1, 265-266 (where hejaŋ is compared to ējeŋ) - but 1, 472, where it is treated completely differently (see *gaj).

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *ne-

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: walk (go)

Yasin: né-

Hunza: ní-

Nagar: ní-

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *e=oHa-n

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to go

Bizkaian: joan, juan, fuan, fan

Gipuzkoan: joan, fan

High Navarrese: joan, goan, gan

Low Navarrese: juan

Salazarese: fan

Lapurdian: goan, gan

Baztanese: gan

Aezkoan: fan

Zuberoan: joan, juan, jun [žũn]

Roncalese: [xwan], fan, [šwan]

Comments: There are many localized developments of joan > [xwan] > [fan], etc. See Michelena (1961: 173). As pointed out by Jacobsen (1995) some northern dialects have forms with -h-: noha 'I am going', etc. Comparison with PNC *=iχ_wV 'to go, come, enter' is also possible.

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *jVŋ

Meaning: to go, walk

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: jVŋ / jVk

Austroasiatic meaning: go, walk

Miao-Yao parallels: Yao jaŋ.3 to walk

Proto-Thai: ja:ŋ.B to go, to step

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: jVŋ

Meaning: go, walk

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: ja:ŋ.B to go, to step

Proto-Palaungic: An *ja:[k] ̃ *jaŋ

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa:

Meaning: walk

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Angku: *jaŋ or *ja:[k]

Angku etymology :

Proto-Angku: *jaŋ or *ja:[k]

Meaning: walk

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Pangpin: jak.55 go, walk

Gantang: jiak.55 run

Mang'an: jak.55

References: WW-483, WW-484

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