Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *gi̯òlo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to be unhappy, endure

Russian meaning: быть несчастным, терпеть

Turkic: *Kol-

Mongolian: *golu-

Tungus-Manchu: *gil-

Japanese: *kǝ̀rápá- (~-uo-)

Comments: KW 150.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *Kol-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to beg

Russian meaning: просить (милостыню), умолять

Old Turkic: qol- (Yen., OUygh.)

Karakhanid: qol- (MK)

Middle Turkic: qol- (Pav. C., Abush.), qol-či 'beggar'

Uzbek: qɔlčir 'Verleumder' (KW 183)

Sary-Yughur: qol-

Yakut: kulu 'give (imper.)'

Karaim: qol-

Comments: VEWT 277, EDT 616, ЭСТЯ 6, 36-37. Turk. > WMong. qolčir, KW xoĺčr 'verschwenderisch, leichtsinnig' (KW 183).

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *golu-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to be unhappy with smth., consider smth. bad

Russian meaning: презирать, не любить

Written Mongolian: ɣolu-, ɣol- (L 359)

Middle Mongolian: qolu- (HY 36)

Khalkha: golo-

Buriat: golo-

Kalmuck: ɣol-

Comments: KW 150.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *gil-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to be sore, ache (of heart, wounds) 2 to be sad, annoyed, indignant

Russian meaning: 1 ныть, болеть (о сердце, ране) 2 грустить, досадовать, негодовать

Evenki: gilka- 1

Even: gịlko- 1

Literary Manchu: gila-, giŋqa-, giŋGa-, gilaǯa-, gilača- 2

Ulcha: gil-, gē̂l- 1

Orok: gilči- 1

Nanai: Gịlkị̄- 1

Comments: ТМС 1, 151.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *kǝ̀rápá- (~-uo-)

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to endure

Russian meaning: терпеть, выносить

Middle Japanese: korafa-

Tokyo: koraé-

Kyoto: kòràè-

Kagoshima: kòràè-

Comments: JLTT 712.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *gilV

Meaning: painful state, grief

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *g'hal-

Altaic: *gi̯òlo

Uralic: ? *kolja

Kartvelian: *gl-

Dravidian: *gōḷ- 'grief' (+ *gil-i)

References: МССНЯ 331 (+337 Drav.-Kartv.), ОСНЯ 1, 229; ND 612 *giL[U] (or *giyoL[U]) 'illness, pain, distress' (Alt.-Kartv.-IE + Sem.); 625 *goḷ/ĺ[.]V 'to weep' (?). In Alt. cf. also PT *Kɨla-ɣu 'болезнь скота' (?).

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *g'hal-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: wound, damage

Hittite: kallar `ungünstig, unheilvoll' (Tischler 464)

Slavic: *zolъkъ > Ukr золо́к die schmerzhafteste Stelle einer Wunde, *nāzolā, *nāzolъ > русск. диал. назо́ла

Baltic: *ǯal-ā̂ f., *ǯal-b-ā̂ f., *ǯel-b-ā f.

Germanic: *gal-ō(n-) f., *gall-an- m.

Celtic: OIr galar 'illness, trouble'; Cymr galar 'sorrowful complaints'

Russ. meaning: рана, ущерб

References: WP I 540

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *ǯal-ā̂ f., *ǯal-b-ā̂ f., *ǯel-b-ā f.

Meaning: harm, damage

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: žalà 'Schaden, Leid, Verletzung, erbärmlicher Zustand', undens (= vandeñs) žalà `Wassersucht (водянка); ein im Wasser schwimmender Pilz'

Lettish: zàlba², zàlbe² `Schaden, Verletzung am Körper, Wunde, Narbe; Brandmal, Schmerz, Beule; Unrecht', zęlba `Schaden, Verletzung am Körper; Brandmal'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *galō(n), *gallēn

Meaning: harm; abscess

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Norse: galli m. `Fehler, Schaden'

Old Swedish: galle `Fehler, Schaden, Schmerz'

Danish: galle `Fehler, Schaden, Schmerz'

Old English: gealla, -an m. `gall, fretted place on the skin'

English: gall

Middle Dutch: gaele `Hautkrankheit'

Dutch: gal f. `gezwel bij paarden'

Middle Low German: gale `huiduitslag', galle `gal, gezwel'

Low German: galle `unfruchtbare Stelle im Acker'

Middle High German: galle wk. f. 'geschwulst über dem knie am hinterbeine des pferdes'

German: { Galle `Geschwulst, Fehler im Gestein, im Acker usw.' }

Pokorny's dictionary :

Number: 612

Root: ĝhal-, ĝhal-ar-

English meaning: flaw, defect

German meaning: `Schade, Gebrechen'

Material: Air. galar n. `Krankheit, Kummer', cymr. corn. galar `luctus, planctus';

    aisl. galli m. `Makel, Fehler, Schaden' (aber gealla m. `wundgeriebene Stelle beim Pferde', engl. gall ds., mnd. galle `beschädigte Stelle', mhd. galle `Geschwulst am Pferde, fehlerhafte Stelle im Gestein', nhd. galle `Geschwulst, Fehler im Gestein, im Acker usw.' sind mit Galle =Gall-apfel aus lat. galla entlehnt);

    lit. žalà `Schaden, Verletzung', žalìngas `bösartig, schädlich', lett. zalba, zolba `Schaden, Verletzung am Körper' (oder aus dem Russischen entlehnt? s. Endzelin KZ. 44, 66);

    vielleicht auch klruss. zolok `die schmerzhafteste Stelle einer Wunde', russ. nazóla `Gram, Kummer, Ärger'.

    Pedersen (Hitt. 46) vergleicht mit air. galar hitt. kal-la-ar (kallar) `schlecht'.

References: WP. I 540, WH. I 580.

Pages: 411

PIE database: PIE database

Uralic etymology :

Number: 343

Proto: *kolja

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: evil spirit

German meaning: böser Geist

Finnish: kolja 'Riese', koljo 'Koloß, unförmige Gestalt, Ungetüm'

Estonian: koll (gen. kolli) 'Popanz'

Saam (Lapp): kal'ja (L) 'hohe, gerade Kiefer mit astfreiem Schaft' ?

Udmurt (Votyak): ki̮ĺ (S), kǝ̑ĺ (K) 'schwere Krankheit; ein böser Geist, der schwere Krankheiten verbreitet', kị̑ĺ (G) 'Fieber, Typhus; Krankheitsgeist'

Komi (Zyrian): kuĺ (SP V) 'Wassergeist, Teufel' ( > Khanty Mj. kŏḷ, DN kŏl, O kŏĺ 'Teufel; Wassergeist', Mansi küĺ (KU), kuĺ (So.) 'Teufel, böser Geist')

Mansi (Vogul): k_ooĺnɔ̄̈jǝr (KM) 'unreiner Geist', kuĺnājǝr (P) 'Richter der Unterwelt; Teufel', χuĺ-ɔ̄tǝr (So.) 'Herrscher der Unterwelt'

Hungarian: hagy-máz (dial.) 'hitziges Fieber, wobei man immer phantasiert; Typhus; (altung.) Fallsucht'

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *gl-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: скорбить, оплакивать

English meaning: to weep, mourn

Georgian: gl-, glow-

Megrel: rg(w)-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 63 (*glo-), EWK 86. Иллич-Свитыч (МССHЯ 337) сравнивает с вопросом с драв. *gōḷ 'горе', но в (ОСНЯ 1, 229) - с ПИЕ *ǵhel- 'болезнь, ущерб' и ПТМ *gila- 'болеть, грустить' < ностр. *gilV.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *gōḷ-

Meaning : grief

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *gōḷ-/*gōẓ-

Proto-Telugu : *gōḍ-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *gōḷ-/*gōẓ-

Meaning : grief, lament

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kannada : gōḷ, gōẓ

Kannada meaning : sound of howling lamenting, wailing, or roaring

Kannada derivates : goḷō the sound produced in lamentation and weeping

Kodagu : gōḷɨ

Kodagu meaning : struggling, agony

Tulu : gōlu, gōḷu

Tulu meaning : grief, lamentation

Proto-Nilgiri : *gōḷ

Number in DED : 2252

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *gōḷ

Meaning : sorrow

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : gōḷ, gōḷm

Additional forms : Also Kota gōḷō excl. used in songs; gȯ̇̇ in- (id_-) to lament

Number in DED : 2252

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *gōḍ-

Meaning : grief, affliction, a long and sad story or account

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : gōḍu

Additional forms : Also gōla wailing, loud outcry, howl; gōlu loud noise or outcry; gōlugōlu onom. crying or lamentation

Number in DED : 2252

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVLV

Meaning : painful state, grief

Eurasiatic : *gilV

Afroasiatic : *gVlal-

Sino-Caucasian : *Gwāɫħó

Notes : In Alt. cf. also PT *Kɨla-ɣu 'болезнь скота' (?). In Sem. cf. also SSem. glw-.

Reference : МССНЯ 331 (+337 Drav.-Kartv.), ОСНЯ 1, 229, ND 612.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVlal-

Meaning: be weak

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Egyptian: gnn (AE) 'be weak'

East Chadic: *gyalal- 'weak' 1, 'old (person)' 2

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: gnn (AE)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'be weak'

Notes: Note -n- < *-l-

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *gyalal-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'weak' 1, 'old (person)' 2

Gabri: gelāle 1 [Lk: 88]

Mokilko: góólè 2 [JMkk]

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *Gwāɫħó

Meaning: bad, angry; anger, quarrel

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *Gwāɫħo ( ~ -ǝ)

Sino-Tibetan: *Gǝ̄wH (/*Gh-)

Yenisseian: *qǝ(ʔ)r- (χ-)

Burushaski: *ɣul

Basque: *bur(a)ho

Comments and references : WFR 49; somewhat different in HGC 34. The Sym word may in fact also reflect *χwĭɫʔV q.v.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *Gwāɫħo ( ~ -ǝ)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: gossip, rumour; offence, anger

Proto-Nakh: *qēl

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *ʁʷVlV

Proto-Lak: q:aI

Proto-Dargwa: *ʁʷaj ( ~ ʁ-)

Proto-Lezghian: *qIal(:)

Proto-Khinalug: qol

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *qēl

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 sentence, fate 2 custom 3 court, justice

Chechen: qel 1

Ingush: qel 1

Batsbi: qel 2,3

Comments: Obl. base *qēla- (Chech. qēla-, Ing. qelo). 4th class in all languages.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *ʁʷVlV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: gossip, rumour; abuse

Avar: ʁʷel

Comments: Av. paradigm B ~ C (gen. ʁʷalí-l).

Lak etymology :

Lak root: q:aI

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: gossip, rumour

Lak form: q:aI

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *ʁʷaj ( ~ ʁ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: rumour, news

Akusha: ʁaj

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *qIal(:)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: offence, anger

Lezghian: qel

Tabasaran: qIal

Agul: qIal

Rutul: qIal

Tsakhur: qIal (Mishl.)

Budukh: qele

Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Nüt. qIaIl. Obl. base *qIola- (Lezg. qile-, Tab. qIula-, Tsakh. /with vowel levelling/ qIalɨ-). 3d class in Rut. and Tsakh., 4th class in Bud.

Khinalug etymology :

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *Gǝ̄wH (/*Gh-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: scold, offend

Chinese: 詬 *kōʔ, *khōʔs revile, disgrace.

Tibetan: ãkhu-ba to offend, insult.

Burmese: khuʔ be angry.

Lushai: hau to scold, abuse.

Kiranti: *kúk

Comments: Coblin 98.

Chinese characters :

Character: 詬

Modern (Beijing) reading: gòu

Preclassic Old Chinese: kōʔ

Classic Old Chinese: kṓ

Western Han Chinese: kwā́

Eastern Han Chinese: kwā́

Early Postclassic Chinese: kṓw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kǝ̄̀w

Late Postclassic Chinese: kǝ̄̀w

Middle Chinese: kʌ́w

English meaning : revile, disgrace [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: стыдить; поносить, ругать

Comments: Also read *khōʔ-s (MC khл̀w, Pek. kòu) and *xōʔ-s (MC xл̀w, Pek. hòu) id.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 149

Four-angle index: 1137

Karlgren code: 0112 f

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *kúk

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: scold

Tulung: kuk- scold, be angry with (also knock, bruise, thresh)

Kaling: 'kunä ('kuktu) revile, hurt with words

Yamphu: kakma (?)

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: kakma I

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Stem: <kag- ; kak->

Grammar: v.intr.

Meaning: to fight, to quarrel.

Nepali: jhagaḍā garnu

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *qǝr- (χ-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: bad-tempered, angry

Yug: xʌrɨń⁵

Comments: ССЕ 259. Werner 2, 398 <*qǝʎǝn>.

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *ɣul

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: hate, enmity

Hunza: ɣul

Nagar: ɣul

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *bur(a)ho

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: curse, blasphemy

Bizkaian: birao, birago

Gipuzkoan: birao, (Andoain) birago, (Gabiria, Itziar) irao

High Navarrese: buro, burro

Low Navarrese: (Aldude) burho

Lapurdian: burho, buro

Zuberoan: burhau

Comments: Cf. the similar phonetic development of *buɫhar̄ 'breast, chest' < *burha-r̄ < *Gwălɦē. Cf. also ZBR bürhói 'brusque, rude'; ? (with -l- preserved) (ZBR-arc) bilha-ka ‘fight, struggle’, bilha-kaide ‘fight, discord’; ‘hatred, enmity, quarrel, argument’. The relationship of RNC irago, idago 'cry, clamor' and GIP irao is unclear - a different etymon contaminated with *bur(a)ho?

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