Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *ǯi̯ṑŋè

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: dream, echo

Russian meaning: сновидение, эхо

Turkic: *jaŋ

Mongolian: *ǯeɣü-

Tungus-Manchu: *ǯōŋi-

Korean: *čá(ŋ)-

Japanese: *dìmài / *dùmài

Comments: Semantically a challenging etymology, with some mythological connotations; nevertheless phonetically impeccable and seems quite probable as a common Altaic root.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *jaŋ

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 echo 2 sound, resound 3 to sound, pronounce

Russian meaning: 1 эхо 2 подражание звукам, звучание 3 звучать

Old Turkic: jaŋqu 1 (OUygh.), jaŋra- (Orkh.) 3

Karakhanid: jaŋqu 1, jaŋra- 3 (MK)

Turkish: jankɨ 1

Tatar: jaŋɣɨra- 3

Middle Turkic: jaŋqu 1 (AH)

Uzbek: jaŋgra- 3

Turkmen: jaŋ 2, jaŋra- 3

Oyrat: d́aŋu 1, d́aŋɨr- 3

Yakut: saŋa 2

Dolgan: haŋa 2

Tuva: čaŋɣɨ 1

Kirghiz: ǯaŋɨr- 3

Noghai: jaŋɨra- 3

Bashkir: jaŋɣɨra- 3

Karakalpak: žaŋɣɨr- 3

Kumyk: janɣɨr- 3

Comments: EDT 949, 952, ЭСТЯ 4, 119, 122, 124, Stachowski 96. Turk. > WMong. jaŋ 'melody' (Щербак 1997, 164).

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *ǯeɣü-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 dream 2 to talk in one's sleep

Russian meaning: 1 сновидение 2 разговаривать во сне

Written Mongolian: ǯegüde(n), ǯegüdü(n) 1 (L 1043), ǯegüle- 2 (L 1044)

Middle Mongolian: ǯeu'udun (HY 35) 1, ǯūdäli- 'dream, pollution' 1 (IM)

Khalkha: ʒǖden 1, ʒǖle- 2

Buriat: zǖde(n) 1

Kalmuck: zǖdṇ (КРС)

Ordos: ǯǖde 1

Dongxian: ǯōǯin 1

Baoan: ǯoŋdoŋ, (Тод. Бн.) ǯudoŋ 1, ǯodele- 'to have a dream'

Dagur: ǯeud 1 (Тод. Даг. 143 ǯeude 1, ǯeule- 2), ǯeude 1, ǯeule 2 (MD 176)

Shary-Yoghur: ǯǖden 1

Monguor: ʒ́ūdin (SM 94), ǯūdǝn 1

Mogol: ǯöwdüla- (Ramstedt 1906) 'to dream'

Comments: MGCD 465.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *ǯōŋi-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to resound, echo; to imitate

Russian meaning: раздаваться (эху); подражать

Even: ǯōŋị-

Comments: ТМС 1, 265. Attested only in Evn., with possible external parallels.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *čá(ŋ)-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to sleep

Russian meaning: спать

Modern Korean: ča-, ča-si-, čumu-si-

Middle Korean: ča-, čá-sì-, ča'ăp-so-

Comments: Nam 411, KED 1374, 1380, 1497. The modern honorific čumu-si- is probably < *čaŋwu-si- ~ *čaŋup-si- = MKor. ča'ăp-so-.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *dìmài / *dùmài

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: dream

Russian meaning: сновидение

Old Japanese: ime, dial. jumi

Middle Japanese: ìmè, jume

Tokyo: yumé

Kyoto: yúmè

Kagoshima: yumé

Comments: JLTT 579.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ʒVm(ŋ)V

Meaning: to think, dream

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *ǯi̯ṑŋè; *ǯū̀mo 2633

Uralic: *śomV-rV 'Kummer, Trauer; ? traurig sein'

Kartvelian: *zm-

Dravidian: ?*zōmb-

References: ND 2692 *ž/źoMVnV 'think, remember, have a dream', 2693 *žom(V)RV 'dream' (?? + IE *onr-); hardly separatable.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 989

Proto: *śomV-rV

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: sorrow; be sad, sorry

German meaning: Kummer, Trauer; ? traurig sein

Mordovian: śumuŕd́e-, śumoŕd́e- 'sich grämen' ?

Udmurt (Votyak): (śuma- - Samm.)

Komi (Zyrian): (śumal- - Samm.)

Hungarian: szomorú 'traurig, betrübt', szomorít- 'betrüben, traurig machen' ?

Sammalahti's version: *s'oma/i- (mit Ud \s'uma-, Ko \s'umal-)

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *zm-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: мечтать, грезить

English meaning: to dream

Georgian: zm-an-; si-zm-ar- 'dream (n.)'

Megrel: zim-

Svan: zm-āl-

Laz: zm-

Laz meaning (Rus.): думать; e-zm-oǯ-e 'сон'

Laz meaning (Eng.): to think; e-zm-oǯ-e 'dream (n.)'

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 88, EWK 145-146.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *zōmb-

Meaning : drowsy, lazy, idle; swoon

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *zōmb-

Proto-Telugu : *zōm-

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *zōmb-

Meaning : idle, drowsy

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : cōmpu (cōmpi-)

Tamil meaning : to be idle, indolent, slothful, lethargic, apathetic, dull, droop, fade (as persons, plants), be spoiled, marred; n. sloth, idleness, inactivity, lethargy, dullness

Tamil derivates : cōmpal sloth, drowsiness, stupor; cōmpēr_i, cōmār_i sluggard, idler; cōmār_u (cōmār_i-) to be lazy, shirk; cōppu (cōppi-) to cause to droop, languish; cōpam fainting, swooning, languor, lassitude, fatigue, prostration, drowsiness, heaviness, indolence; cōpalam laziness, sluggishness

Kannada : jompisu, jōmpisu

Kannada meaning : to get intoxicated, bewildered, stupefied

Kannada derivates : jompu, jōmpu inebriation, stupor, suspension of sensibility, paralysation; jommu id.; sound used of the sensation of numbness of a limb kept long in one position (also jōmu); jōba, jōbadra a dull, lazy man; sōmāri sluggard, idler; sōmāritana sluggishness, laziness; soppisu to cause to slacken, languish, sink away; soppu to slacken, repress, check; n. slackness, weakness, languishing, sinking away

Tulu : sōmāri

Tulu meaning : lazy man, lazy, indolent

Proto-Nilgiri : *Sōmār-

Notes : All the forms with initial *s- seem to be Tamil borrowings: Tamil cōmpēr_i/cōmār_i is responsible for Kota cōmāry/cōmbēry, Kan. and Tulu sōmāri; Kannada soppu, soppisu < Tam. cōppu?

Number in DED : 2882

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *Sōmār-

Meaning : idle fellow

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : cōmāry, cōmbēry

Number in DED : 2882

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *zōm-

Meaning : swoon, fainting, faintness, torpidity

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : somma

Additional forms : Also sōma fatigue; [1] sōmari, [2] sōmāri an idle person, idler, sluggard; (B) jōmu torpidity, stupefaction or silliness with pride

Notes : Two roots?

Number in DED : 2882

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : CVMNV

Meaning : dream

Eurasiatic : *CVm(ŋ)V

Afroasiatic : WChad. *sām- 'sleep, dream', Ar. smr- 'pass the night'

Sino-Caucasian : *ɦ[ć]wínV

Austric : PAA *cɨǝm 'night'

Amerind (misc.) : *cVm- 'night' (under *ṭumak R 507); *cima 'sleep' (R 646) [+ A?]

Notes : Cf. CVMV

Reference : ND 2693.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ɦ[ć]wínV

Meaning: night; dream

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *ɦnić_wV̆

Sino-Tibetan: *chĕn

Yenisseian: *sV(ʔ)m-

Basque: *a=meć

Comments and references : Some confusion with *=Vws_Vn. HGC 21, NSC 64 *HćwInV, WFR 52, LDC 28, 29, BCD 16.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *ɦnic_́wV̆

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: night, evening

Proto-Tsezian: *niš:e

Proto-Lak: šana-

Proto-Lezghian: *ʡiš:ʷ

Proto-Khinalug: äč:u-

Proto-West Caucasian: *(pǝ-)ʒ́ʷǝ

Notes: Except the metathesis in Lak. (rather usual in the HRVCV structure; regularly *naša-, *našu would be expected), correspondences are regular. In PWC there is a sporadic labial prefix (as in many other cases, possibly reflecting class prefixation).

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: niš:e

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 night 2 at night, in the evening

Tsezi: neširu 1,2

Ginukh: neši 1

Khvarshi: nišo-ho (Radzhibov)

Inkhokvari: nišo-ho 2

Bezhta: niše 1

Gunzib: niše 1

Comments: PTsKh *niše (~-ɨ-), PGB *niše. Cf. also Gin. nesa (with s/š alternation) 'evening'.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: šana-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sleep

Lak form: šana-n

Comments: The word is derived (or vice versa) from šanu (3d class) 'sleep (n.).'

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *ʡiš:ʷ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: night

Lezghian: jif

Tabasaran: jiš̌

Agul: ʕüš

Rutul: wɨš / huš

Kryz: jif

Budukh: juǯenǯiǯ

Archi: iš

Udi: šü

Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Nüt. jüxʷ, Tab. Düb. již̌i, Ulz. jiš:̌, Ag. Bursh. iš:ʷ, Arch. adv. š:ʷi 'at night' ( = Ud. šü 'night'), Ud. üše adv. 'at night'. Bud. adv. juwu-z id. (the form juǯe-nǯiǯ is a result of early delabialisation and assimilation from *ʡiš:ʷe-). Oblique base *ʡiš:ʷa-, cf. Lezg. jife-/fe-, Tab. jiš̌a-, Rut. wɨši-). 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages.

    See Лексика 1971, 181; Гигинейшвили 1977, 94.

Khinalug etymology :

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *(pǝ-)ʒ́ʷǝ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 dusk 2 evening

Abaza: ala-bǝǯ 1

Adyghe: pč́ǝ-ħa 2

Kabardian: pśǝ-ħa-śħa 2

Ubykh: zʷa-psǝ́-ǯ́

Comments: The basic meaning of the root *(Pǝ-)ʒ́ʷǝ is "dusk, evening (or morning) dawn". In Abkh. it was lost, and in Abaz. stayed only within a compound with (a)la- 'light' (same as in la-šara 'light', historically = "eye").

    In PAK the root *pćV ( < *P-ʒ́ʷǝ with devoicing) is used in compounds *pćǝ-ħa 'evening' (listed above) and *pća-dǝ- 'morning, tomorrow' (Kab. pśa-dej 'tomorrow', pśa-dǝ-ǯǝz 'morning', Ad. pč́a-dǝž́ 'morning'). Finally, in Ub. the root -ǯ́ is also used only in compounds: zʷapsǝ́-ǯ́ 'evening' (with zʷapsǝ́ id.) and sʷǝ-ǯ́ '(morning) dawn' (with sʷǝ id.).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *chĕn

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: night, dark

Tibetan: mchan night.

Kachin: nsin³ darkness, (H) sin to be or become dark.

Kiranti: *sèn-

Comments: ? Here perhaps Wancho raŋ-šai, LB *cin 'cloud' ( < 'darkness'?).

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *sènV

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: night

Tulung: sintha, siŋtha

Kaling: sene

Limbu: sen

Dumi: sīna

Kulung: sēpa

Yamphu: senda

Comments: Toba 93 *si __-.

Limbu dictionary :

Entry: sɛndik

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: adv.

Meaning: at night, from midnight to dawn

Derivation: [sɛn night + -*dik period of day]

Comments: sɛndik phɛnʔɛ I'll come after midnight; cf. anchɛn, cf. biha:ndik, idik, lɛndik, ta:ndik, yunchik.

Dumi dictionary :

Entry: si:na

Kiränti etymology: Kiränti etymology

Grammar: adv.

Meaning: night, nighttime, at night

Nepali: rāt, rātrī

Comments: cf. bɨknɨ, nulɨ, so:mna; si:na-peʔe.

Kulung dictionary :

Entry: se:pa

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: night

Nepali: rāti.

Yamphu dictionary :

Entry: senda

Kiranti etymology: Kiranti etymology

Grammar: n.

Meaning: night

Comments: senda-senda late at night.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *sVm-

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dream

Kottish: šame

Comments: ССЕ 279. Werner 2, 436.

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *a=meć

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 dream 2 sleep

Bizkaian: ames 1

Gipuzkoan: amets 1

High Navarrese: amets 1

Low Navarrese: (arc) amens 2

Lapurdian: aments, amets 1

Zuberoan: ã́mẽts 1

Roncalese: amets 1

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