Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *t`umgi ( ~ -e)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: base of tree trunk or grass stalk

Russian meaning: основание ствола, стебель травы

Turkic: *Tömgek

Mongolian: *tüŋge

Korean: *tuŋ-

Comments: KW 415. Cf. OJ twoma 'mat made of grass (miscanthus)'?

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *Tömgek

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: stump

Russian meaning: пень

Tatar: tümgɛk

Uzbek: tọngak

Turkmen: töŋŋe

Khakassian: dial. tökbeš (Joki - Kyz.)

Oyrat: töŋöš

Chuvash: tǝm,tǝmeke

Yakut: töŋürgäs, tögürgäs

Dolgan: töŋürges

Tofalar: döhöš

Kazakh: diŋgek

Bashkir: t/düŋgäk, tümkäk

Balkar: töŋgek

Karaim: tüngek

Karakalpak: diŋgek

Kumyk: töngek

Comments: VEWT 493, ЭСТЯ 3, 279-281, Федотов 215, Stachowski 228.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *tüŋge

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: rough and long steppe grass

Russian meaning: грубая и длинная степная трава

Written Mongolian: tüŋge; (L 853: tüŋke 'overgrowth of feather grass')

Khalkha: tünge, tünx 'заросли чия' (БАМРС)

Kalmuck: tüŋgǝ

Comments: KW 415.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *tuŋ-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: base of tree trunk

Russian meaning: основание ствола

Modern Korean: tuŋčhi, (SKE) tuŋkhǝgi

Comments: KED 511.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *ṭumgV

Meaning: stump

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *t`umge

Uralic: *tiŋe (*tüŋe)

References: МССНЯ 344; ND 2387 *ṭüŋV 'butt, lower end of the trunk'.

Uralic etymology :

Number: 1067

Proto: *tiŋe (*tüŋe)

> Nostratic: > Nostratic

English meaning: end of trunk, thick end of tree

German meaning: Stammende, dickes Ende des Baumes

Finnish: tyvi (gen. tyven) 'Stammende, Baumstamm, dickes Ende', dial. tykö, tüö, tüä, tüke, tühö, tüjö 'nach, zu', tykönä 'bei, an, neben'

Estonian: tüvi (gen. tüve) 'unteres, dickes Ende (eines Stammes od. Stengels)', tüü 'dickeres Ende des Stammes od. Stengels, Stumpf, Stoppel'

Mordovian: t́ejs (M) 'in die Nähe, zu', t́ejsa (M) 'in der Nähe, neben, bei', t́em, t́eń, t́eńiń (E), t́ejeń (M) 'mir', t́et́, t́eńt́, t́eńet́ (E), t́et́, t́ejet́ (M) 'dir'

Mari (Cheremis): tǝŋ (KB), tüŋ (U B) 'Stammende, dickes Ende eines Baumes; Anfang, Grund'

Udmurt (Votyak): diŋ, diń (S K), di̮ń (G) 'unterer, dicker Teil des Baumstammes, der dicke Wurzelstamm mancher Pflanzen'

Komi (Zyrian): din (S), di̮n (P) 'dickes Ende (des Baumes)', dini̮n (S), dinø^.n (PO) 'bei, an'

Khanty (Ostyak): tő (acc. tövet) 'Stamm, Stock; Wurzel, Ansatz', (case suffix) -től, -tól 'von'

Nenets (Yurak): (ta-sīʔ 'abwärts', tanen 'von unten' - rejected by Redei)

Enets (Yen): (tabo, taima 'Baumstamm' - rejected by Redei)

Nganasan (Tawgi): (tofi 'Baumstamm' - rejected by Redei)

Selkup: (tab, tava 'Baumstamm' - rejected by Redei)

Kamass: (tavu 'Baumstamm'; theže 'hinunter' - rejected by Redei)

Sammalahti's version: *tüŋi

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : TVMKV

Meaning : stump, trunk

Eurasiatic : *ṭumgV

Sino-Caucasian : *dwɨ̆xq̇(w)V̄́

Austric : PAA *tɔŋ 'trunk', PAN *bataŋ id., *ataŋ 'crossbeam'

Notes : In ST cf. also *t(h)ŏŋ 'trunk, stem'. On the other hand cf. PAA *tɔ:ŋ 'handle', PAN *daŋanan 'handle, sword handle', *daŋkaq 'branch'.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *dwǝ̆xq̇(w)V̄́

Meaning: stump, trunk

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *dwɨ̆q̇(w)V̄

Sino-Tibetan: *tūŋ (~ d-)

Burushaski: *ḍáko

Basque: *tak-

Comments and references : NSC 63 *dwV(n)q̇V, LV B9, SMCE 136.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *dwɨ̆q̇(w)V̄

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: log, stump

Proto-Nakh: *duq̇V

Proto-Dargwa: *duḳ(i)

Proto-Lezghian: *t:uq̇- (~d,-o-,-Vq̇ʷ)

Proto-West Caucasian: *t:(ʷ)aq:a ( ~ -q̇-)

Notes: The comparison between EC and WC forms seems quite plausible both phonetically and semantically. Labialisation of *-q̇w- is suggested by PD *-ḳ- (but it may be secondary, due to progressive labialisation). There is also a possibility of a reflex in Lak.: cf. Lak. ut:u-s:a '(wooden) beam', which may go back to *q̇wɨ̆d(w)V with metathesis.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *duq̇V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: log, beam

Chechen: duq̇ū

Comments: Attested only in Chech., but having probable external parallels.

Dargwa etymology :

Proto-Dargwa: *duḳ(i)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: log, beam

Akusha: duḳi

Chiragh: duḳ

Comments: Cf. also Tsud. duḳ, Kad., Mek. duḳi.

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *t:uq̇- (~d,-o-,-Vq̇ʷ)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 pole, small beam 2 beam;stone for fastening roof

Tabasaran: duq̇an 1

Agul: duq̇ur 2

Comment: The root contains different suffixes (*-Vn in Tab., *-Vr in Ag.).

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *t:(ʷ)aq:a ( ~ -q̇-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: stump, block

Adyghe: tāq:a

Kabardian: dāq:a

Comments: PAK *t:aq:á.

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *tūŋ (~ d-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: pole, beam

Chinese: 棟 *tōŋs ridge-pole, ridge of roof.

Tibetan: gduŋ beam, piece of timber (cf. also sdoŋ trunk, stem; block, log; tree).

Burmese: tǝuŋ post, column.

Comments: Trung duŋ¹-ma¹ post.

Chinese characters :

Character: 棟

Modern (Beijing) reading: dòng

Preclassic Old Chinese: tōŋs

Classic Old Chinese: tōŋh

Western Han Chinese: tōŋh

Eastern Han Chinese: tōŋh

Early Postclassic Chinese: tṑŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: tṑŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: twṑŋ

Middle Chinese: tùŋ

English meaning : ridge-pole, ridge of roof

Russian meaning[s]: 1) поперечная балка, перекладина; 2) счетный суффикс зданий; 3) Дун (фамилия)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 5405

Karlgren code: 1174 f

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *ḍáko

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: 1 wooden post 2 walking stick 3 short stick

Yasin: ḍáku 2

Hunza: ḍáko 1, ḍóko 3

Nagar: ḍáko 1, ḍóko 3

Comments: Sh. ḍáko, T. 5520. [Sindhi ḍaku `stick', Panj. ḍakkā `straw', from unattested ḍakka- `stick']

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *tako, *taket

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 stake, post 2 circular piece of wood

Bizkaian: taket 1, tako 2

Gipuzkoan: taket 1

High Navarrese: taket 1

Comments: Aulestia & White cite taket 'stake, wedge, block, chock, stopper' (adj. 'stupid'); tako 'wedge, block, chock, stopper'. Spanish taco is of obscure origin, probably < Vasconic.

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *tVŋ

Meaning: trunk

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *tɔŋ / *dɔ:ŋ

Austroasiatic meaning: trunk

Miao-Yao parallels: MY *ntVŋ.B tree

Proto-Austronesian: *bataŋ

Austronesian meaning: trunk

Austronesian code: not in B

Proto-Thai: ZhT *ʔda:ŋ body

References: Peiros 1989; 1998, 159, 83, Ben 238.

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *tɔŋ / *dɔ:ŋ

Meaning: trunk

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Bahnaric: BAH ʔǝtɔŋ

Khmer: dɔ:ŋ

Proto-Palaungic: *tɔŋ

Khmer etymology :

Khmer: daŋ

Meaning: stem, stalk, petiole; lobe of ear

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

References: JP130

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa:

Meaning: *tɔŋ

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Riang: tǝŋ.1

Riang meaning: shoot, trunk, wood

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