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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *ti̯ṓĺì
Meaning: stone
Russian meaning: камень
Comments: EAS 49, 108, KW 444, Владимирцов 145, Poppe 15, 77, Poppe 1974, 133-134, Martin 243, Miller 1970, 129, Street 1980, 301, 1985, 646, АПиПЯЯ 37-38, 71, 92, 277, Дыбо 11, Мудрак Дисс. 196. Certainly not borrowed in Mong. from Turk., despite Щербак 1997, 154. Counterarguments against the etymology by Doerfer (TMN 2, 437-438) are not convincing. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-kor,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *diāĺ
Meaning: stone
Russian meaning: камень
Old Turkic: taš (Orkh., OUygh.)
Turkish: taš
Tatar: taš
Uzbek: tɔš
Uighur: taš
Sary-Yughur: das
Azerbaidzhan: daš
Turkmen: dāš
Khakassian: tas
Shor: taš
Oyrat: taš
Halaj: tā̊š
Chuvash: čol
Yakut: tās
Dolgan: tās
Tuva: daš
Tofalar: taš, daš
Kirghiz: taš
Kazakh: tas
Noghai: tas
Bashkir: taš
Balkar: taš
Gagauz: taš
Karaim: taš
Karakalpak: tas
Salar: daš
Kumyk: taš
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-khal,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-blkx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *čilaɣu
Meaning: stone
Russian meaning: камень
Written Mongolian: čilaɣu(n) (L 182) Middle Mongolian: čila'un (HY 4, SH) Khalkha: čulū
Buriat: šulū(n)
Kalmuck: čolūn
Ordos: čilū
Shary-Yoghur: čǝlū
monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dag,monget-yuy,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *ǯola
Meaning: stone
Russian meaning: камень
Evenki: ǯolo
Even: ǯol
Negidal: ǯolo
Ulcha: ǯolo
Orok: ǯolo
Nanai: ǯolo
Oroch: ǯolo
Udighe: ǯolo
Solon: ǯolo
Comments: ТМС 1, 263. Evk. > Dolg. ǯolo-ptin (see Stachowski 90). tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-evn,tunget-neg,tunget-ulc,tunget-ork,tunget-nan,tunget-orc,tunget-ude,tunget-sol,tunget-reference,
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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *tōrh
Meaning: stone
Russian meaning: камень
Modern Korean: tol
Middle Korean: tōr (tōrh-)
koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *(d)ísì
Meaning: stone
Russian meaning: камень
Old Japanese: isi
Middle Japanese: ísì
Tokyo: ishí
Kyoto: íshi
Kagoshima: íshi
Nase: ìší
Shuri: íšì
Hateruma: ìšì
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-nas,japet-shu,japet-hat,japet-comments,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ṭ/aj/lV
Meaning: stone
References: ND 2274 *ti/e(ʔa)ĺo 'stone, heap of stones' (?+ Drav. *ǯall- 'road metal'). nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-alt,nostret-kart,nostret-reference,
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Kartvelian etymology :
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Proto-Kartvelian: *ṭal-
Russian meaning: кремень
English meaning: flint
Georgian: ṭal-
Svan: ṭol- ( < Megr. *ṭol-)
Notes and references: EWK 324. В МССHЯ 343 сопоставляется с алт. *tiōĺi 'камень'.
kartet-prnum,kartet-rusmean,kartet-meaning,kartet-gru,kartet-sva,kartet-notes,
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Long-range etymologies :
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Borean (approx.) : TVLV
Meaning : stone
Afroasiatic : ? *tVlH- 'high ground, hill' (Ar., ECush.) (in ND 2275).
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *ƛ̣ăɫŭ́
Meaning: rock, mountain slope
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-buru,
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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *ƛ̣ăɫŭ
Meaning: stone
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Although not widely represented, the etymology seems secure enough.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-lezg,caucet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *ƛ̣alV
Meaning: 1 rock, rocky plateau 2 layer 3 lid 4 (paper) leaf
Avar: ṭálu 1, ṭalá 2
Chadakolob: ṭalá 3
Andian language: lala 3
Akhvakh: ƛ̣ala 3
Tindi: ala 3,4
Karata: ƛ̣ala 4
Comments: Av. ṭalú has paradigm C (ṭalú-l, ṭála-bi); ṭalá - paradigm B (ṭalá-dul, ṭul-bí; Chad. ṭoló-l / ṭilí-l, ṭalá-l / ṭulá-l). Av. ṭalá has several meanings: "layer; bee-hive; chimney; floor, tier" (cf. also Kuyad. ala 'chimney' pointing to *ƛ̣ in Proto-Avar). The whole variety of meanings in Avar and Andian languages must be explained by the original semantics "flat stone, stone layer".
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-avc,aandet-and,aandet-akv,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *ƛ̣[a]lu
Meaning: 1 stone 2 trap
Tsezi: ƛ̣ul-uq̇ 2
Ginukh: ƛ̣al 1
Khvarshi: ƛ̣ar 2
Bezhta: ƛ̣alo 1
Gunzib: ƛ̣ɔlu 1
Comments: PTsKh *ƛ̣aR (the semantic shift 'stone' > 'trap' /probably through 'stone plate, lid'/ is rather common, cf., e.g. the development of PEC *q̇wiɫV 'rock, stone' in Andian languages). PGB *ƛ̣ɔlu (-ɔ- is not quite clear: -a- would be normally expected).
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-gin,cezet-khv,cezet-bzt,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ƛ̣Vl- ( ~ ḳ-)
Meaning: stone for fastening the roof
Agul: ḳele-ħan (Bursh.)
Comment: Attested only in Bursh., but having probable external parallels.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-agu,lezget-comment,
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Burushaski etymology :
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Common Burushaski: *tali
Meaning: slope (of a mountain)
Hunza: talí
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-hun,
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