Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *tēga

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: high; top, mountain

Russian meaning: высокий, верх, гора

Turkic: *dāg

Mongolian: *deɣe-

Tungus-Manchu: *deg-

Korean: *tǝ-

Japanese: *tàkà-

Comments: Poppe 58, 89 (Mong.-Tung.; on Turk. *jẹg- see under *di̯òge), SKE 260, EAS 51, 145, Цинциус 1972, 4 (but ТМ *dǖ 'top, above' cannot belong here for phonetic reasons), Miller 1985, 143, АПиПЯЯ 283. TM cannot be borrowed from Mong., despite Doerfer MT 20, Rozycki 58. Korean parallels for Jpn. taka-, take in Martin 236 are improbable; but cf. also Kor. thjǝ 'up' in compounds, see SKE 48; another old derivative may be Kor. tòt- 'to rise' = Mong. degde-]. A different etymology proposed for PT *dāg is the comparison with WMong. tajiɣa 'forest' (see e.g. VEWT 454). The etymology as such cannot be accepted (because of the wrong correspondence PT *d- : Mong. t-), but Turkic may in fact have merged two originally different roots - which would explain an abnormal correspondence of Turkic long vowel to PJ low tone.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *dāg

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: mountain

Russian meaning: гора

Old Turkic: taɣ (Orkh., OUygh.)

Karakhanid: taɣ (MK, KB)

Turkish: daɣ

Tatar: taw

Middle Turkic: taɣ (MA), taɣ, ṭaɣ (Pav. C.)

Uzbek: tɔɣ

Uighur: taɣ

Sary-Yughur: taɣ

Azerbaidzhan: daɣ

Turkmen: dāG

Khakassian: taɣ

Shor: taɣ (Верб.)

Oyrat: tū

Halaj: tāɣ

Chuvash: tu

Yakut: tɨa 'taiga, wood'

Dolgan: tɨa 'land, tundra'

Tuva: daɣ

Tofalar: daɣ, taɣ

Kirghiz: tō

Kazakh: taw

Noghai: taw

Bashkir: tau

Balkar: tau

Gagauz: dā

Karaim: daɣ

Karakalpak: taw

Salar: dāɣ

Kumyk: taw

Comments: VEWT 454, TMN 2, 439-440, EDT 463, ЭСТЯ 3, 117-118, Лексика 94, 111, Stachowski 236.

Mongolian etymology :

Proto-Mongolian: *deɣe-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 above, up 2 to fly 3 to jump, leap

Russian meaning: 1 наверх, наверху 2 лететь 3 прыгать, перепрыгивать

Written Mongolian: deɣe- 1 (L 242, 243), degde- 2 (L 241), degüli- 3 (L 245)

Middle Mongolian: de'ere (HY 50, SH), dīrä (IM), dirä̆ (MA) 1

Khalkha: dē- 1, degde- 2, dǖlle- 3

Buriat: dēr(e) 1, degde- 2

Kalmuck: dē- 1, degdǝ- 2

Ordos: dē- 1, degde- 2

Dongxian: ǯierǝ, ǯiedu

Baoan: de-Goŋ 1

Dagur: dēre 1, derede-, degede- 2 (MD 135), dē- (Тод. Даг. 136), derd- 1, (MGCD, Тод. Даг. 136) dēr, derde-

Shary-Yoghur: dīre, dīd

Monguor: dǝre (SM 49), dē-di (SM 50), te-šǝ (SM 418) 1, diginē- 'sauter sur un pied' (SM 51), dǖli- 'sauter, bondir, danser, battre (coeur)' (SM 56)

Mogol: dērä 'auf, oben', dēkši 'aufwarts, mehr, besser'; ZM dei-ra (7-1b), dei-du (24-3b) 'above', dekšǝ- (41-2) 'to come up'

Comments: MGCD 206, 211, KW 84, 91.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *deg-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 to fly (v.) 2 bird

Russian meaning: 1 лететь 2 птица

Evenki: deg- 1, degi 2

Even: deɣ- 1, deɣi 2

Negidal: deɣ- 1, deɣī 2

Spoken Manchu: dei-, dii- 'to fly' (2300)

Literary Manchu: deje- 1, dei 2

Ulcha: degde- 1

Nanai: degde- 1

Oroch: deili- 1

Udighe: dieli- 1

Solon: degelī- 1, degī 2

Comments: ТМС 1, 228-229. TM > Dag. degī 'bird' (Тод. Даг. 136).

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *tǝ-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: still more, moreover

Russian meaning: еще больше, сверх

Modern Korean: tǝ

Comments: KED 439.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *tàkà-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 high 2 mountain

Russian meaning: 1 высокий 2 гора

Old Japanese: taka- 1, take 2

Middle Japanese: tàkà- 1

Tokyo: taká- 1, také 2

Kyoto: tákà- 1, tákè 2

Kagoshima: taká- 1, také 2

Comments: JLTT 539, 841.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *TVGV

Meaning: high

Borean: Borean

Altaic: *tēga

Eskimo-Aleut: *takǝ(v)-

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *takǝ(v)-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: long, (high)

Russian meaning: длинный, (высокий)

Proto-Yupik: *takǝ(v)- (*-li-)

Proto-Inupik: *takǝ-, *tak(ǝ)li-

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 325

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *takǝ(v)- (*-li-)

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: long 1, high 2, length 3, height 4, to get or make long 5

Russian Meaning: длинный 1, высокий 2, длина 3, высота 4, удлинять 5

Sirenik: takǝ́valáχ 1, takúla 3, takǝ́taʁáɫǝʁǝ́χ 'short'

Chaplino: tākǝlʁi 1, 2, takǝ́la (ǝt), taxtála (ǝt) 3, takǝ́ɫīquq neg. 'to become shorter'

Naukan: tákǝlʁē 1, 2, tákǝtālŋa 3, 4

Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: takǝ- 1, takɫi- 5

Central Alaskan Yupik: takǝ- 1, taktaciq 3, takɫi- 5

Nunivak (Peripheral): takkoχ* 1

PAME: *takǝ-ruq

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 325

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *takǝ-, *tak(ǝ)li-

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: long 1, to become or make long 2

Russian meaning: длинный 1, удлинять(ся) 2

Seward Peninsula Inupik: taɣisaq 1

SPI Dialects: Imaq taɣɨ́qpatoq, tákšoq 1, W taksʁuʁoq*, takcuaq*

North Alaskan Inupik: takɨ- 1, takɫi-, takisi- 2

NAI Dialects: B, Ingl takiʁoq* 1, Qaw takšuaq 'sth. long'

Western Canadian Inupik: taki- 1, takɫi- 2

WCI Dialects: Cor, M takijoq* 1

Eastern Canadian Inupik: taki- 1, takili- 2

Greenlandic Inupik: taki- (takivoq*) 1, takisūq 'sth. long', taɫɫi- 2

GRI Dialects: EG tatsi- 2

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 325

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : TVKV

Meaning : mountain, high

Eurasiatic : *TVGV

Afroasiatic : *daq̇-

Sino-Caucasian : ? OC *diak stone; ST *thɨāk 'lift, support'

Austric : PAA *dʔǝk, PAN *-duk, -tuk; PAN *tuku 'prop, post' ?

Amerind (misc.) : *take 'head' (actually: 'high, top, above') (R 367) [+ A]; *tak 'stone; mountain' ? (R 695)

Notes : PST also has *d(r)ǝ̆k 'top, ascend' (possibly < AA), and PAA has *tVʔ 'stone' (possibly < ST; cf. *TVHV).

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *daq̇-

Meaning: rock

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Berber: *a-dɣaɣ 'mountain' 1, 'stone' 2

Egyptian: dḫ.w.t (n) 'stone block'

Omotic: *duḳ- 'mountain'

Berber etymology :

Proto-Berber: *a-dɣaɣ

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'mountain' 1, 'stone' 2

Qabyle (Ayt Mangellat): adgag

Notes: Partial reduplication

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: dḫ.w.t (n)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'stone block'

Omotic etymology :

Proto-Omotic: *duḳ-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: mountain

Hamer: ḍuka [Fl], ḍuḳa [Ly]

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *ʔTVk

Meaning: climb, ascend

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *dʔǝk

Austroasiatic meaning: ascend

Austronesian meaning: *bunduk 'elevated ground', *pa(n)tuk 'peak, top'; PAN *tuku 'prop, post' ?

Austronesian code: elevated ground

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *dʔǝk

Meaning: ascend

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Proto-Bahnaric: *Dǝk

Proto-Monic: OM dʔuk, dʔok

References: S-134

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *Dǝ̆k

Meaning: ascend

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-North Bahnaric: *dak.L

Proto-South Bahnaric: *dǝk

Proto-West Bahnaric: *dɨk

Proto-Northwest-Bahnaric: *dɨk

Harak: dɨk

Cua: dɨk stand up

References: JS-895

North Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-Bahnaric: *dak.L

Meaning: ascend

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Jeh form: dak.L

Jeh meaning: ascend

Sedang form: tak.L

Sedang meaning: to go up

South Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-South Bahnaric: *dǝk

Meaning: rise up

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Stieng form: tǝdǝk

Stieng meaning: rise up

References: SBS-766

West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-West- Bahnaric: *dɨk

Meaning: rise, climb

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Jaru form: dɨk

Jaru meaning: jump up

Lavi: tiɨk

Juk: jɨk I?

Nhaheung form: dɨk

Nhaheung meaning: ascend

Brao form: dɨk

Brao meaning: lift, rise

References: JS-895, TB17.394

North-West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *dɨk

Meaning: ascend, rise

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Yaeh: dɨk

References: TB17.61

Harak etymology :

Proto-Harak: *dɨk

Meaning: ascend, rise

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Harak: dɨk

Alak: thɨk rise

References: TB17.61

Monic etymology :

Proto-Monic:

Meaning: to mount, ride on

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Modern Mon: dʔuik, kdʔuik

Old Mon: dʔuk, dʔok

Middle Mon: dʔok

References: S-134

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