Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *pi̯àri

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: finger, finger width (measure)

Russian meaning: палец, ширина пальца (мера)

Turkic: *biarŋak

Tungus-Manchu: *pargan

Korean: *pắr

Japanese: *pia

Comments: Whitman 1985, 153-154, 210 (Kor.-Jpn.). Jpn. *pia < *pi̯àr(i)-ga (cf. TM *par-ga-) or < *pi̯àr(i)-ŋa (cf. PT *biar-ŋa-k). For the reflex *-a- in TM see notes to *pi̯ắlagV. The original meaning is 'finger, finger width', whence 'bedding, layer ("one finger thick")'. Such a combination of meanings is still clearly seen in TM (without which the Turkic and Jpn.-Kor. forms would be hardly comparable).

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *biarŋak

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: finger, thumb

Russian meaning: палец, большой палец

Karakhanid: barmaq (Tefs., IM)

Turkish: parmak, dial. barnak

Tatar: barmaq, dial. barnaq

Middle Turkic: barmaq (Sangl., MA)

Uzbek: barmɔq

Uighur: barmaq

Azerbaidzhan: barmaG

Turkmen: barmaq

Halaj: barmaq

Chuvash: pürne

Kirghiz: barmaq

Kazakh: barmaq

Noghai: barmaq

Bashkir: barmaq, (Pallas) parnaq

Balkar: barmaq

Gagauz: parmaq

Karaim: barmaq

Karakalpak: barmaq

Salar: parmax

Kumyk: barmaq

Comments: VEWT 63, ЭСТЯ 2, 66-68, Дыбо 319-320, Лексика 253-255.

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *pargan

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 ski bedding for the foot 2 a measure of length (one centimeter)

Russian meaning: 1 подстилка на лыже для ступни 2 мера длины (один сантиметр)

Evenki: hargan 1, 2

Nanai: pajGa 1

Udighe: xaga 1

Comments: ТМС 2, 317.

Korean etymology :

Proto-Korean: *pắr

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: 1 layer 2 set

Russian meaning: 1 слой 2 набор

Modern Korean: pǝl 2

Middle Korean: pắr 1, 2

Comments: Liu 353, KED 764.

Japanese etymology :

Proto-Japanese: *pia

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: layer

Russian meaning: слой

Old Japanese: pje

Middle Japanese: fe

Comments: JLTT 403.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *pVrV

Meaning: finger

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *perstH-

Altaic: *pi̯àri (or *p`erV 1750)

Uralic: (Mar. parńá 'finger'?)

Kartvelian: *prcx-

Dravidian: *veral_- (or *par_- 'to scratch')

References: МССНЯ 351, ОСНЯ 3, 70-77. ND 1760 *ṗ[A]RV 'finger', 1789 *P_VRVć(χ)V 'fingernail, claw'. There may be indeed 2 roots, but hardly along the same lines as Dolg.

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *perst- (-sth-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: post, finger, peak (mountain)

Old Indian: pr̥ṣthá- m. `back, hinder part; upper side, top, height'

Avestan: paršta- m. `Rücken', paršti- f. `Rücken'

Old Greek: pastás, -ádos f. `Anbau, Säulenhalle, Vorhalle; inneres Gemach, Brautkammer'

Slavic: *pьrstъ

Baltic: *pir̃št-a- n.

Germanic: *first-i- c., *furst-i- c.

Latin: postis, -is m. `Pfosten, Türpfosten', pl. `Tür'

Russ. meaning: торчащий конец (гора, столб, палец etc.)

References: WP II 603 f

Comments: At least some of the forms may be < *per-sth-o- (see *stā-)

Vasmer's dictionary :

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *pir̃št-a- n.

Meaning: finger

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lithuanian: pir̃šta-s `Finger'

Old Prussian: pīrsten Voc. 115 'Finger', acc. pl. prēipīrstans Ench. 67, 18 'Ringe', nagepirstis (überl. nagepristis) Voc. 149 'Zehe'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *firsti-z, *fursti-z

Meaning: ridge (of a roof), post

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old English: fierst, fyrst, first `Pfosten'

Old Saxon: first m.

Middle Dutch: vorst, vorste f., m. `nok, hoogste deel van het dak'; verste f.

Dutch: vorst f.

Middle Low German: vorst f. `nok, hoogste deel van het dak'; verst m.

Old High German: first (8.Jh.) f., m. `Spitze des Daches, eines Berges, Helmspitze'

Middle High German: virst, vierst, md. vërst st. m., virste st. f. 'Oberkante des Daches, Dachbalken; Spitze des Helmes, Gebirgskamm'

German: First m.

Kartvelian etymology :

Proto-Kartvelian: *prcx-

Nostratic: Nostratic

Russian meaning: ноготь; чесать

English meaning: fingernail; to scratch

Georgian: prcx-, prčx-, prcxen-

Megrel: bircx-; pucxon-, pucxol-

Svan: cxa; cxēn-

Laz: bucx-; pucxol-

Notes and references: ЭСКЯ 191, EWK 63-64 (*brcx-). В ОСНЯ 3, 70-77 возводится к ностр. *parä 'ноготь' (ПИЕ *per-, *perst- ( = картв. prcx-), драв. *ver-aḷ, алт. *pVrV); этимология кажется вполне вероятной, хотя есть фонетические неясности.

Dravidian etymology :

Proto-Dravidian : *veral_-

Meaning : finger

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Proto-South Dravidian: *vIral

Proto-Telugu : *vrēl-

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *veṛnd-

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *veṛanǯ

South Dravidian etymology :

Proto-South Dravidian : *vIral

Meaning : finger

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Tamil : viral

Tamil meaning : finger, toe; finger's breadth

Tamil derivates : (Koll.) veraṭṭi finger

Malayalam : viral

Malayalam meaning : finger, toe; inch

Kannada : beral, beraḷ

Kannada meaning : finger, toe; tip of an elephant's trunk

Kodagu : bera

Kodagu meaning : finger, toe

Tulu : birelụ, berelụ, (B-K also) pirelụ

Tulu meaning : finger, toe

Proto-Nilgiri : *verl

Miscellaneous : KOR (O) berolu, (M) berlɨ finger

Notes : Unclear vocalism in Tulu.

Number in DED : 5409

Nilgiri etymology :

Proto-Nilgiri : *verl

Meaning : finger, toe

South Dravidian etymology: South Dravidian etymology

Kota : verl

Toda : pēɫ̣

Number in DED : 5409

Telugu etymology :

Proto-Telugu : *vrēl-

Meaning : finger, toe; inch

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Telugu : vrēlu

Dialectal forms (1) : vēlu

Number in DED : 5409

Kolami-Gadba etymology :

Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *veṛnd-

Meaning : finger

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Kolami : vende "finger, toe"

Naikri : vende

Parji : vanda (pl. vandel)

Ollari Gadba : vande

Salur Gadba : vande

Number in DED : 5409

Gondwan etymology :

Proto-Gondi-Kui : *veṛanǯ

Meaning : finger

Dravidian etymology: Dravidian etymology

Proto-Gondi : *veṛnǯ

Konda : ṛaska, ṛeska, veṛska

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *väc-k-

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *vanǯ-u (pl. *vaska)

Notes : Bisyllabic root.

Gondi etymology :

Proto-Gondi : *veṛnǯ

Meaning : finger

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Betul Gondi : wirinj, warēnj "finger, toe"

Maria Gondi : vaṛnj(i) (pl. vaṛsku)

Koya Gondi : vaṛnj

Maria Gondi (Mitchell) : viṛaskū (pl.), veṛenj

Maria Gondi (Lind) : vers

Adilabad Gondi : vaṛanj

Number in DED : 5409

Number in CVOTGD : 3194

Konda etymology :

Konda : ṛaska, ṛeska, veṛska

Meaning: finger, toe

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Konda (Burrow/Bhattacharya) : ṛaska

Number in DED : 5409

Pengo-Manda etymology :

Proto-Pengo-Manda : *väc-k-

Meaning : finger

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Pengo : vacka

Manda : vehpe

Notes : Manda -p- is strange, but suffixal anyway.

Number in DED : 5409

Kui-Kuwi etymology :

Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *vanǯ-u (pl. *vaska)

Meaning : finger

Gondwan etymology: Gondwan etymology

Kui : vanju (pl. vaska) "finger, toe, thumb"

Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : vwānjū (pl. vwāska)

Kuwi (Schulze) : wansu (pl. waska)

Sunkarametta Kuwi : vanju (pl. vaska)

Parja Kuwi : veṛma

Kuwi (Israel) : vanju (pl. vaska)

Notes : In Kuwi_S vansu is irregular, probably modified by the influence of plural forms. However, the form in Kuwi_P is even more strange. Both the vowel and consonant correspondences here are unique, and it is justifiable to doubt the original character of the word. It could be borrowed from some SDR dialect.

Number in DED : 5409

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : PVRV

Meaning : finger, fingernail

Eurasiatic : *pVrV

Afroasiatic : *far(-t)-

Sino-Caucasian : *pVrV ( ~ b-, -l-)

African (misc.) : Cf. Ijo b̥ara 'arm, hand'.

Reference : ND 1760, 1789.

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *far(-t)-

Meaning: finger

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Western Chadic: *Par-t- 'finger, nail'

East Chadic: *fVr- 'claw' 1, 'finger' 2, 'to claw' 3

Saho-Afar: *fer- 'finger'

Low East Cushitic: *farr- 'finger'

High East Cushitic: *far- 'finger'

Omotic: *par-t- 'finger'

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *Par-t-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'finger, nail'

Hausa: fárčè, pl. fárà-utā

Mupun: apirači {Ms]

Kir: Cf. gen pùlǝ́l du ,*pVr/l-

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *fVr-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'claw' 1, 'finger' 2, 'to claw' 3

Tumak: cf. gen pùlǝ́l du 1 (<*far/l- ) [Cp]

Dangla: pɛ́ɛ́r-mɛ́ [Fd]

Migama: pùrrù-m 1, 2 , pòrrò 3 [Jg]

Mubi: fḗrī́ [CLR: 137]

Saho-Afar etymology :

Proto-Saho-Afar: *fer-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'finger'

Saho: fera

Afar (Danakil): fera, feera

Low East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-Low East Cushitic: *farr-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'finger'

Somali: far

Rendille: farro

Baiso: fer

Arbore: farro (pl.)

High East Cushitic etymology :

Proto-High East Cushitic: *far-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'finger'

Kambatta: far

Omotic etymology :

Proto-Omotic: *par-t-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'finger'

Ometo: Koyra par-taa

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *pVrV ( ~ b-, -l-)

Meaning: grasping hand, fingers

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Sino-Tibetan: *Păr (~ w-)

Yenisseian: *pǝl- (~-r-)

Comments and references : NSC 60 *bArV ( ~ p-).

Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *Păr (~ w-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: paw, claw

Chinese: 蹯 *b_ar paw.

Tibetan: spar the grasping hand, paw, claw; a handful of.

Kiranti: *brep-co ?

Comments: Thankur pǝr finger-breadth, cipǝr to catch with nails. A possible derivate is Tib. bran finger, toe (cf. also Balti phran-zuk; Kanauri pra-ts; Thebor braŋ finger, pra-tś thumb, see Sh. 137).

Chinese characters :

Character: 蹯

Modern (Beijing) reading: fán

Preclassic Old Chinese: b(h)ar

Classic Old Chinese: b(h)an

Western Han Chinese: b(h)an

Eastern Han Chinese: b(h)wan

Early Postclassic Chinese: b(h)wan

Middle Postclassic Chinese: b(h)wǝn

Late Postclassic Chinese: b(h)wǝn

Middle Chinese: bwǝn

English meaning : paw [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: лапа, нога (животного)

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 157

Four-angle index: 1771

Karlgren code: 0195 l

Kiranti etymology :

Proto-Kiranti: *brep-co

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Meaning: finger

Sunwar: brepco

Tulung: brepco

Kaling: 'brepco

Comments: Toba 90 *brepco. Cf. L -co in hukco finger (huk 'hand') and other compounds; perhaps also cä- in Kal. cä-ti 'thumb'.

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *pǝl- (~-r-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: handful

Ket: hʌllaq^5,6 , pl. -ŋ⁵

Yug: fʌllax^5,6 , pl. fʌllaqŋ⁵

Comments: ССЕ 248. Werner 1, 333 *p^hǝlaq, 334 *p^hʌl-.

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