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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *k`óp`ìra
Meaning: rift (in a river), bridge
Russian meaning: порог, перекат (на реке), мост
Comments: Владимирцов 213, Poppe 127. Despite TMN 3, 586, Щербак 1997, 128, Mong. cannot be borrowed from Turk. Also, despite MT 136, Jurch. hufuru cannot be a Mong. loanword. In Jpn. we would rather expect *kupara; the -a- vocalism is either a result of later assimilation (in a long word), or an influence of *kápá 'river' (different etymologically, see *k`ébà). altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *köpür, -üg
Meaning: bridge
Russian meaning: мост
Old Turkic: köprüg
Turkish: körpü, köprü
Tatar: küper, küpre
Uzbek: kụprik
Uighur: köprük, kövrük
Azerbaidzhan: körpü
Turkmen: köpri
Yakut: kürbe, kürge
Tuva: kö'vürüg
Tofalar: kö'prig
Kirghiz: köpürö
Kazakh: köpür, köpre (dial.)
Gagauz: köprü
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-jak,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-gagx,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *köɣürge
Meaning: bridge
Russian meaning: мост
Written Mongolian: kögürge, kegürge, kögürge (L 480) Middle Mongolian: ke'urge (HY 17), keūlge, keurge (IM) Khalkha: xȫrög
Buriat: xǖrge
Ordos: kȫrgö
Comments: Cf. also a suffixless form, but with irregular (assimilatory?) initial voicing: WMong. güwr ( < *köɣür?), Khalkha gǖr 'bridge'. Mong. > Sol. xȫrgö (see Doerfer MT 136). monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-ord,monget-dag,monget-mgr,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *xupuru
Meaning: 1 rift (in river) 2 bridge
Russian meaning: 1 порог (на реке) 2 мост
Evenki: ōran 1
Jurchen: hufuru 2 (Doerfer MT 136)
Nanai: xurfu 1
Comments: ТМС 1, 479, 2, 23. tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-evk,tunget-chu,tunget-nan,tunget-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *kápárá
Meaning: shallow, sandy place in a river or on its bank
Russian meaning: отмель, песчаное место на реке или на берегу
Old Japanese: kapara
Middle Japanese: kafara
Tokyo: kàwara
Kyoto: káwárá
Kagoshima: kawára
Comments: JLTT 446. The word is usually treated as *kápà 'river' + *pàrà 'plain', but the elision is strange and the accent does not fit. This is most probably a folk-etymology due to secondary phonetic coincidence. japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *ḳVṗV
Meaning: bridge, haven
nostret-meaning,nostret-ier,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,
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Indo-European etymology :
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Proto-IE: *k(')Ap-
Meaning: harbour
Celtic: Ir cuan `(See-)Hafen'
Russ. meaning: причал, гавань
References: Buck 37, 39.
piet-prnum,piet-meaning,piet-germ,piet-celt,piet-rusmean,piet-refer,
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Germanic etymology :
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Proto-Germanic: *xabán; *xabanō; *xabbō
Meaning: haven
Old Norse: haf n. `Meer', hɔfn f. `Hafen'
Norwegian: hav; hamn
Swedish: hav; hamn
Danish: hav; havn
Old English: häf, -es n. `sea', häfen, -e f., häfene, -an f. `haven, harbour, port'
Middle Dutch: hāvene, hāven f.
Dutch: haven f.
Middle Low German: haf `Meer', hāvene f., m. `Hafen (portus)'
Low German: Haff `Meer'
Middle High German: hap (-b-) st. n. 'meer; hafen'; habe st. f., habene st. f. 'ds.'
German: [ Hafen m. < LG ]
germet-meaning,germet-prnum,germet-onord,germet-norw,germet-swed,germet-dan,germet-oengl,germet-mdutch,germet-dutch,germet-mlg,germet-lg,germet-mhg,germet-hg,
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Uralic etymology :
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Number: 1358
Proto: *kupV
English meaning: wave
German meaning: Welle; ?wogen
Mari (Cheremis): wüt-ko (KB), wüt-kowo (U) 'Welle'
Udmurt (Votyak): gi̮ (Bor.) 'волна', (URS) gi̮al- 'волноваться, колыхаться', gi̮an 'волнение, колыхание, рябь (на воде)'
Komi (Zyrian): gi̮ (V Ud.), gī̮ (I) 'Welle, Woge', gi̮- (S), gi̮v- (P) 'unruhig hin und her gehen; wimmeln, kribbeln; schwatzen, plappern'
Addenda: Veps. kob́e (gen. kob́eǵen, kopḱen) 'Welle, Schaum'
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-mar,uralet-udm,uralet-kom,uralet-add,
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