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Altaic etymology :
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Proto-Altaic: *k`ét`ò
Meaning: hard
Russian meaning: твердый
Comments: KW 172, Владимирцов 195, 318, SKE 132-133, Martin 233, TMN 1, 410, Lee 1958, 114, АПиПЯЯ 70. Mong. is hardly < Turk. (despite Щербак 1997, 137); Mong. > Man. qata- etc., see Doerfer MT 19, Rozycki 103. altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-mong,altet-tung,altet-kor,altet-jap,altet-reference,
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Turkic etymology :
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Proto-Turkic: *Kạt
Meaning: hard
Russian meaning: твердый
Old Turkic: qatɨɣ (Orkh., OUygh.)
Karakhanid: qatɨɣ (MK, KB, IM) Turkish: kat (dial.)
Tatar: qatɨ
Middle Turkic: qatɨɣ (MA) Uzbek: qɔtiq
Uighur: qetiq
Azerbaidzhan: Gatɨ
Turkmen: Gat, Gatɨ
Khakassian: xatɨɣ
Shor: qadɨɣ
Oyrat: qatū
Chuvash: xɨdъ
Yakut: kɨtānax
Dolgan: kɨtānak
Tuva: qa'dɨɣ
Kirghiz: qatū
Kazakh: qattɨ
Noghai: qat
Bashkir: qatɨ
Karakalpak: qattɨ
Kumyk: qatɨ
Comments: EDT 597-598, VEWT 241, ЭСТЯ 5, 334-335, Stachowski 170. Yak. xat-, Dolg. kat- 'to dry up' (Stachowski 140) < Mong. qata- id. Khak. xatɨɣ also probably has -t- under Mong. influence. turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,turcet-dolg,turcet-tuv,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-bas,turcet-klpx,turcet-qum,turcet-reference,
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Mongolian etymology :
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Proto-Mongolian: *kata-
Meaning: 1 hard 2 to become hard, dry up
Russian meaning: 1 твердый 2 черстветь, высыхать
Written Mongolian: qata- (L 943) 2, qataɣu 1 Middle Mongolian: qatau'u (HY 54), qataŋgin (SH), qata'u (MA) 1, qǝtǝmǝr 'dried (meat)' (IM) Khalkha: xat- 2, xatū 1
Buriat: xatū 1
Kalmuck: xatū 1, xatǝ- 2 (КРС) Ordos: Gatū 1
Dongxian: qɨdun, qɨtun 1
Baoan: χotoŋ 1
Dagur: katǝn (Тод. Даг. 148: katō, katū, 174: xata-); katen, katū (MD 182) 1 Shary-Yoghur: Gadū 1
Monguor: xadoŋ (SM 147) 1, xadā- (SM 146) 2 monget-prnum,monget-meaning,monget-rusmean,monget-wmo,monget-mmo,monget-hal,monget-bur,monget-kal,monget-ord,monget-dun,monget-bao,monget-dag,monget-yuy,monget-mgr,monget-mogh,monget-reference,
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Tungus etymology :
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Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *(x)etu-
Meaning: strong, hard
Russian meaning: сильный, тугой
Spoken Manchu: etǝxun (2501)
Literary Manchu: etu-xun
Comments: ТМС 2, 470 (the Manchu word is to be separated from *xete- 'to win, overcome'). Attested only in Manchu, but having reliable external parallels. Man. > Dag. etgun, etxun (Тод. Даг. 140). tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-sib,tunget-man,tunget-reference,
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Korean etymology :
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Proto-Korean: *kùt-
Meaning: hard
Russian meaning: твердый
Modern Korean: kut-
Middle Korean: kùt-
koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,
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Japanese etymology :
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Proto-Japanese: *kátá-
Meaning: hard
Russian meaning: твердый
Old Japanese: kata-
Middle Japanese: kátá-
Tokyo: kàta-
Kyoto: kátà-
Kagoshima: káta-
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,
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Nostratic etymology :
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Eurasiatic: *kVṭV
Meaning: hard
Comments: Cf. also PA *két`ò, *kádì(rV), *găte.
References: ND 966 *[k]a(ʕ)ṭV 'hard, dry' (? + Arab. qʕṭ- 'dry'). nostret-meaning,nostret-alt,nostret-drav,nostret-notes,nostret-reference,
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Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-Dravidian : *gaṭ-, *kaṭ-, *ganṭ-
Meaning : 1 strong, hard 2 lump 3 spleen
Notes : Probably two or three roots, but terribly contaminated.
dravet-meaning,dravet-prnum,dravet-sdr,dravet-tel,dravet-koga,dravet-gnd,dravet-notes,
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South Dravidian etymology :
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Proto-South Dravidian : *kaṭ-
Meaning : hard, coagulated
Tamil : kaṭṭu (kaṭṭi-)
Tamil meaning : to harden, consolidate, congeal, coagulate, be congested (as the throat), swell (as a boil, tumour); n. boil, abscess, tumour; firmness, strength
Tamil derivates : kaṭṭu-kkāval strict guard; kaṭṭi clod, lump, concretion, anything hardened, coagulated, boil, abscess, tumour, enlarged spleen, foetus; keṭṭi firmness, hardness, strength; (-pp-, -tt-) to harden, strengthen, make firm; keṇṭai, keṇṭai-kkaṭṭi enlargement of the spleen
Malayalam : kaṭṭa
Malayalam meaning : lump, mass, clod
Malayalam derivates : kaṭṭi what is condensed, solid, ingot; kaṇṭi lump, concretion; keṇṭa a hypochondriacal disease
Kannada : kaṭṭu
Kannada meaning : to gather (as a boil, secretion, or lump)
Kannada derivates : kaḍugu to become hard or solid
Kodagu : kaṭṭi mōrɨ
Kodagu meaning : curd
Number in DED : 1148
sdret-meaning,sdret-prnum,sdret-tam,sdret-tammean,sdret-tamder,sdret-mal,sdret-malmean,sdret-malder,sdret-kan,sdret-kanmean,sdret-kander,sdret-kod,sdret-kodmean,sdret-kt,sdret-dednum,
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Nilgiri etymology :
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Proto-Nilgiri : *kaṭ-
Meaning : to swell
Kota : kaṭy "solid lump"
Toda : koṭ- (koṭy-) "(blister) to form, swell"
Additional forms : Also Kota kaṭ-kāvl close watch; kaṛc very hard, brittle steel; kaṛg gristle
Number in DED : 1148
ktet-meaning,ktet-prnum,ktet-kota,ktet-toda,ktet-addition,ktet-dednum,
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Telugu etymology :
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Proto-Telugu : *kaṭ-, *gaṭ-
Meaning : to gather, collect, become hard
Telugu : kaṭṭu
Additional forms : Also [1] gaṭṭi, [2] gaḍusu hard, firm; gaḍḍu hard, difficult; gaḍḍa lump, mass, clod, clot; boil, ulcer; island
Number in DED : 1148
telet-meaning,telet-prnum,telet-tel_1,telet-addition,telet-dednum,
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Kolami-Gadba etymology :
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Proto-Kolami-Gadba : *gaṭ-
Meaning : hard, thick; spleen
Kolami : gaṭṭi "thick (density)"
Naikri : kaṭṭ "spleen"
Parji : kay-gaṭṭa "(S) bile"
Kondekor Gadba : gaṭṭin "hard"
Additional forms : Also Kolami keḍk hard
Notes : Contamination is certain here, although the exact meanings of both roots is hard to determine. While on first sight it would be natural to assume the meaning 'spleen' for *kaṭ- and 'hard' for *gaṭ-, this hardly seems convenient considering that in some SDR and Gondwan languages it is just the opposite. There's also a possibility of devoicing in Naikri through assimilation.
Number in DED : 1148
kogaet-meaning,kogaet-prnum,kogaet-kolami,kogaet-naikri,kogaet-parji,kogaet-s_3,kogaet-addition,kogaet-notes,kogaet-dednum,
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Gondwan etymology :
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Proto-Gondi-Kui : *gaṭ-
Meaning : strongly; very
Notes : The root often contaminates with *kaṭ- 'hard'.
gndet-meaning,gndet-prnum,gndet-gon,gndet-kui,gndet-notes,
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Gondi etymology :
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Proto-Gondi : *gaṭ-
Meaning : very
Koya Gondi : gaṭṭi
Number in DED : 1148
Number in CVOTGD : 1022
gonet-meaning,gonet-prnum,gonet-gondi_ko,gonet-dednum,gonet-voc_num,
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Kui-Kuwi etymology :
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Proto-Kui-Kuwi : *gaṭ-
Meaning : strong, hard
Kuwi (Fitzgerald) : gatteninga "strongly, loudly"
Kuwi (Schulze) : gatti "hard"
Additional forms : Also Kuwi_S adv. gattininga
Notes : Burrow and Emeneau unite this root with Kui ḍṛahpa (PK *gṛay-). This is possible only if we suggest that the Kui form has been secondarily enlarged by the -ay- suffix (*gaṭ-ay- > *gṛ-ay- > *ḍṛ-ay-).
Number in DED : 1148
kuiet-meaning,kuiet-prnum,kuiet-kuwi_f,kuiet-kuwi_s,kuiet-addition,kuiet-notes,kuiet-dednum,
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