Altaic etymology :

Proto-Altaic: *keŋV

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to bite, gnaw

Russian meaning: кусать, глодать

Turkic: *KEŋdi-

Tungus-Manchu: *keŋi-

Comments: A Turk.-Tung. isogloss.

Turkic etymology :

Proto-Turkic: *KEŋdi-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to gnaw

Russian meaning: глодать

Karakhanid: keŋdi- (KB)

Khakassian: keŋne- (R. Sag.)

Shor: keŋdi-

Comments: VEWT 253 (all forms found only in Radlov's dictionary: R 2, 1071, 1072).

Tungus etymology :

Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *keŋi-

Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology

Meaning: to bite, gnaw

Russian meaning: кусать, глодать

Evenki: keŋi-

Negidal: kēŋi-

Nanai: keŋne-

Comments: ТМС 1, 450.

Nostratic etymology :

Eurasiatic: *kVngV

Meaning: to gnaw

Borean: Borean

Indo-European: *ghnagh- / -e-

Altaic: *keŋV

Eskimo-Aleut: *qanǝʁ(-)

Comments: Cf. *kenV

Indo-European etymology :

Proto-IE: *ghnēgh-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to gnaw

Tokharian: B nāsk- ( < *gnāg-sk-) 'eat, gnaw' (Adams 334)

Avestan: aiwi-ɣnixta `angenagt, angefressen'

Baltic: *gnē̂g-ā̂ (1) c.

Germanic: *knag-a- vb., *gnag-a- vb., *gnag-ō- vb.

Russ. meaning: глодать

References: WP I 584 f

Baltic etymology :

Proto-Baltic: *gnē̂g-ā̂ (1) c.

Meaning: gnaw

Indo-European etymology: Indo-European etymology

Lettish: gn̨ę̃ga `einer, der mit langen Zähnen isst; ein Weinerlicher; einer, der mit der Arbeit nicht fertig werden kann'

Germanic etymology :

Proto-Germanic: *knagan-, *gnagan-, *gnagōn- vb.

Meaning: gnaw

IE etymology: IE etymology

Old Norse: gnaga (gnagaδi; gnaginn) `nagen'

Norwegian: gnaga vb.

Swedish: gnaga vb.

Danish: gnave vb.

Old English: gnagan

English: gnaw

Old Saxon: knagan (11.Jh.), gnagan

Middle Dutch: cnāghen st./wk.

Dutch: knagen

Middle Low German: gnāgen, knāgen

Old High German: gnagan (9.Jh.), { knagan }, nagan (11.Jh.), binagan (9.Jh.) st.

Middle High German: nagen st. 'nagen, bezernagen, abnagen'

German: nagen

Eskimo etymology :

Proto-Eskimo: *qanǝʁ(-)

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: mouth, to speak

Russian meaning: рот, говорить

Proto-Yupik: *qanǝʁ(-)

Proto-Inupik: *qanǝ-ʁ

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 283

Yupik etymology :

Proto-Yupik: *qanǝʁ(-)

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: mouth 1, rumour 2, to speak 3

Russian Meaning: рот 1, слух 2, говорить 3

Sirenik: qanǝ́χ (~ -ʁ) 1, //qanǝmsuɣ- 'to pray' [Orr] < Chap ?

Chaplino: qanǝ́q, kánäq*, kán(n)ɨk* 1, qanǝ́msuk (ɣǝt) 'incantation', //qanǝʁ- 'to speak idly'

Naukan: qānǝq 1, 2, qānǝʁáquq 3

Alutiiq Alaskan Yupik: qanǝq 1, qanǝʁ- 'to cuss'

Chugach (Birket-Smith): qanịq 1

Central Alaskan Yupik: qanǝq (ʁ) 1, qanǝʁ- 3

Nunivak (Peripheral): qänʁa* (3sg.) 1

PAME: *qänǝ-ʁ

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 283

Inupik etymology :

Proto-Inupik: *qänǝ̣-ʁ

Eskimo etymology: Eskimo etymology

Meaning: mouth 1, to speak 2

Russian meaning: рот 1, говорить 2

Seward Peninsula Inupik: qaniq 1, qaniq- 2

SPI Dialects: Imaq qánɨq 1, 'fame, rumour', qanɨ́ʁatoq 2, W qäniq* (qännąk, qännąt) 1, KI qänẹqtoq* 'to talk'

North Alaskan Inupik: qanɨq (ʁ) 1, qanāq- 'to quarrel'

NAI Dialects: B, Ingl qäniq* 1

Western Canadian Inupik: qaniq 1, qaniq- 'to insult, to quarrel with', qanāluk- 'to argue, to quarrel' [Schn.]

WCI Dialects: Cor, M qäniq* 1

Eastern Canadian Inupik: qaniq 1

Greenlandic Inupik: qaniq (ʁ) (qaneq*) 1

Comparative Eskimo Dictionary: 283

Long-range etymologies :

Borean (approx.) : KVNV

Meaning : chin

Eurasiatic : *kenV (cf. also *kVngV)

Afroasiatic : *gVn(Vn)-

Sino-Caucasian : *q̇wănʔū́

Austric : PAA *ka:ŋ 'jaw, face', Thai ga:ŋ 'chin'

Afroasiatic etymology :

Proto-Afro-Asiatic: *gVn(Vn)-

Meaning: cheek, face

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Semitic: *gu/in- ~ *ʔ/wVgn- 'cheekbone'

Berber: *-ganan 'cheekbone, jaw'

Egyptian: d_nn 'skull, head'

Western Chadic: *guHn- 'cheek' 1, 'face' 2

Central Chadic: *gin- 'cheek'

East Chadic: *gin- 'forehead'

Beḍauye (Beja): genū́n 'chin, jaw'

Dahalo (Sanye): gáḳane (<*gangan-?) 'chin' (?)

Semitic etymology :

Number: 124

Proto-Semitic: *gu/in-, *ʔ/wVgVn-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: cheek-bone

Syrian Aramaic: (?) gūnītā 'angulus (oculi)' [Brock 125], gūnǝyā 'angulus' [ibid.].

    Semantically comparable only if 'angulus oculi' is the primary meaning

Arabic: waǧn-at- 'joue, surtout joue saillante' [ibid. 2 1494]; ʔaǧn-at-, ʔiǧn-at-, ʔuǧn-at- 'pommette, partie saillante de la joue au-dessous de l'oeil' [ibid. 1 14].

    ʔV- may be a prefix or another triconsonantizer, besides w-, of the biradical stem *gVn-

Gurage: (?) ENN END GYE MASQ GOG g'in, MUH g'ǝn, SOD gin 'hollow in the nape of the neck' [LGur 309].

    According to Leslau, < OROMO ginni). Cf. also MUH MSQ GOG SOD gunnän, CHA gunär etc. 'head' (also 'hair of head' and 'top, summit') [ibid. 284], which Leslau interprets as *gunnän proposing no etymology

Mehri: wǝgnēt 'cheek-bone' [JM 424]

Jibbali: ɛ́gǝnt 'cheek-bone' [JJ 288]; ōgǝn 'to have prominent cheek-bones' [ibid.]

Harsusi: wegnēt 'cheek'

Notes: Common SEM status problematic: SYR and GUR examples are not easily compatible semantically and may have different origin (cf. also ETH EAST: SEL WOL MUH wägän 'side, direction' [LGur 610], GUR: SOD wägän; see comments in *g(ʷ)ann- 'breastbone; side of body', No. ), while all MSA forms may well be Arabisms (cf. also [SSL 1 293]). The ARB data, however, are supported by AFRASIAN (below)

Berber etymology :

Proto-Berber: *-ganan

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'cheekbone, jaw'

Ayr: ǝ-ganan, pl. i-ganan-ǝn 'os maxilliare; mâchoire' Aloj 56

Tawllemmet: ǝ-ganan

Egyptian etymology :

Old Egyptian: d_nn Med

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: Schädel, Kopf'

Notes: EG V 576

West Chadic etymology :

Proto-WChadic: *-gun- , *gen-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'cheek' 1, 'face' 2

Mupun: gǝ́n pl. [FrM] (< -gVn, cf. Sem *ʔ/wVgn- )

Sura: gǝn 1 [CLR:68]

Angas: gün 1 [Fl]

Montol: gun 1 [Fp]

Ankwe=Goemai: gen 1 [Hff]

Gera: gene 2 [SchB] (may be of different origin)

Geruma: genne 2 [SchB]

Pa'a: gàn-čǝ́ka 1 [MS]

Sayanchi: guɣǹ 1 [Kr] (<*gV-ɣun < *gVgVn )

Guruntum: gun-zin 1 [Jag: 183] (zin< *zV 'body')

Buli: gùŋi 1 [Kr] , guŋgǝ 1 [Cs] (<*gun-gV)

Guus: gǝŋ1 [Cr]

Notes: .

Central Chadic etymology :

Proto-CChadic: *gin-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'cheek'

Lame: gíní

Peve: ngyen

Zime-Dari: gìn

East Chadic etymology :

Proto-EChadic: *gin-

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'forehead'

Mubi: gin 'Stirn' Lukas

Bedauye (Beja) etymology :

Bedauye: genū́n

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'chin, jaw' 'Kiefer, Kinnbacke, Kinnlade'

Dahalo etymology :

Dahalo: gáḳane (<*gangan-?) (?)

Afroasiatic etymology: Afroasiatic etymology

Meaning: 'chin'

Notes: EEN 30

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *[q̇]wăŋʔū́

Meaning: flat surface; face

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

North Caucasian: *q̇wănʔū

Sino-Tibetan: *Kwaŋ 'cheek': Chepang kwaŋ, Hayu glo-goŋ (see Matisoff 1976, 268).

Yenisseian: *qɔŋ ( ~ χ-)

Burushaski: *khiŋ

Comments and references : HGC 25, WFR 84. In ST cf. alternatively *q(r)ām(H) `jaw, cheek'.

North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *q̇wănʔū

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: flat surface

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *q̇ʷVnV

Proto-Tsezian: *q̇ej(V) A

Proto-Lak: q̇an

Proto-Lezghian: *q̇ʷan

Proto-Khinalug: q̇on

Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are quite regular.

    One feels tempted to compare with this root PAK *náḳʷǝ 'cheek, face' (Ad., Kab. naḳʷ - Shagirov's /1, 278/ analysis of *ḳʷǝ here as *gʷǝ 'heart, middle' is not persuasive). However, there are at once two irregularities: one which is rather common (metathesis) and another - shift of *q̇ʷ to *ḳʷ - which is more difficult to account for. We can not offer any final solution.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *q̇ʷVnV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 cheek 2 palm of hand

Avar: ʕonó 1

Tindi: uni-rela 2

Comments: Av. paradigm B (ʕonó-dul, ʕaná-l/ʕaná-bi). There is too little information to establish precisely the PA vocalism.

Tsezian etymology :

Proto-Tsezian: *q̇ej(V) A

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 palm of hand 2 handful (two cupped hands)

Tsezi: q̇Iiju 1

Ginukh: q̇iju 1

Bezhta: q̇i 2 (Tlad.)

Gunzib: q̇i 2

Comments: PTsKh *q̇eju; PGB *q̇i.

Lak etymology :

Lak root: q̇an

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: meadow; plain (in a valley)

Lak form: q̇an

Lezghian etymology :

Proto-Lezghian: *q̇ʷan

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: palm of hand

Lezghian: k:apan q̇ʷan

Rutul: q̇ʷanaq

Tsakhur: q̇oneḱ /q̇onaḱ

Archi: q̇ʷan

Comment: The Lezg. word is from the Khliut dialect (lit. "hand's palm"). Rut. and Tsakh. have forms that are originally locative (but cf. also Rut. Kich. kapa-q̇ʷan 'palm of hand' = Lezg. k:apán q̇ʷan). 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages.

Khinalug etymology :

Yenisseian etymology :

Proto-Yenisseian: *qɔŋ ( ~ χ-)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: face, mouth; form, shape

Ket: qɔŋ 'form, shape'

Yug: χɔŋ 'form, shape'

Arin: b́úqon (М., Сл., Кл.) "mouth"; b́uqon (Сл.) "face"; b́ukon (Срсл.) "mouth"; okun (Лоск.) "mouth"

Pumpokol: qan (Сл.) "lip, face", (Сл., Срсл., Кл.) "mouth"

Comments: ССЕ 244. The Arin form is possessive ("my mouth, my face"). Neither Arin, nor Pumpokol have any traces of word-medial *-w- here, so regarding them as plural forms of *χowe 'mouth' (q.v.), as done by Werner 2, 126, seems hardly possible. The Ket-Yug forms are listed in Werner 2, 108 without a comparison with Ar. and Pump. and without reconstruction .

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *khiŋ

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: cheek; side

Hunza: khiŋ

Nagar: khiŋ

Comments: Sh. khiŋ

Austric etymology :

Proto-Austric: *kaŋ

Meaning: chin, jaw

Borean etymology: Borean etymology

Proto-Austroasiatic: *ka:ŋ

Austroasiatic meaning: jaw, face

Proto-Austronesian: (Ache kɨǝŋ chin; Chamic *ka:ŋ)

Proto-Thai: ga:ŋ.A chin (Kd *ŋka:ŋ^A)

Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Proto-Austro-Asiatic: *ka:ŋ

Meaning: jaw, face

Austric etymology: Austric etymology

Thai: ga:ŋ.A chin < *

Proto-Katuic: EK *ka:ŋ

Proto-Bahnaric: *ka:ŋ

Proto-Vietic: *kVŋ

Proto-Palaungic: *kɛ(:)ŋ E?

Katuic etymology :

Proto-Katuic: *ka:ŋ

Meaning: chin

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-West Katuic: SO kʌ:ŋ.N V?

Proto-East Katuic: *ka:ŋ

Notes: cf. TH ga:ŋ.A chin

West Katuic etymology :

Proto-West Katuic:

Meaning: chin

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

So: kʌ:ŋ.N

So meaning: the chin

Kui: khiaŋ.B

Kui meaning: chin

Kuay: khiǝŋ.B

Kuay meaning: chin

Ngeu: khiǝŋ.B

Ngeu meaning: chin

Notes: KUI forms are borrowed from TH

East Katuic etymology :

Proto-East Katuic: *ka:ŋ /*kǝ:ń

Meaning: chin

Presyllable: #

Katuic etymology: Katuic etymology

Pakoh: ka:ŋ

Pakoh meaning: mouth (PT-173)

Taojh: ka:ŋ

Taojh meaning: mouth (PT-173)

Ngeq: kǝ:ń VT?

Ngeq meaning: chin

Dakkan dialects (2): bɔŋ ka:ŋ

Dakkan meaning: mouth

Katu dialects (1): ka:ŋ

Katu dialects (4): ka:ŋ

Katu meaning: chin

Bahnar etymology :

Proto-Bahnaric: *ka:ŋ

Meaning: jaw, chin

Presyllable: #

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Bahnar: ka:ŋ

Bahnar meaning: chin

Proto-North Bahnaric: *ka:ŋ.T

Proto-South Bahnaric: *ka:ŋ

Proto-West Bahnaric: *ka:ŋ

Proto-Northwest-Bahnaric: *ka:ŋ

Harak: ka:ŋ mouth (A)

References: PNB-154, SPT, JS-89

North Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-Bahnaric: *ka:ŋ.T

Meaning: jaw, chin

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Rengao form: ka:ŋ.T

Rengao meaning: jaw

Jeh form: suk ka:ŋ.T

Jeh meaning: beard, mustache

Sedang form: keaŋ.T

Sedang meaning: chin

Hre form: keaŋ.T

Hre meaning: chin

References: PNB-154

South Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-South Bahnaric: *ka:ŋ

Meaning: jaw, chin

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Chrau form: ka:ŋ

Chrau meaning: jaw

Stieng form: kkaŋ V?

Stieng meaning: jaw

References: SBS-80

West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-West- Bahnaric: *ka:ŋ

Meaning: jaw, chin

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Lavi: ka:ŋ

Juk: ga:ŋ

Brao form: ka:ŋ

Brao meaning: jaw

References: JS-89, TB5.42

North-West Bahnaric etymology :

Proto-North-West- Bahnaric: *ka:ŋ

Meaning: jaw

Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology

Tariang: ka:ŋ

Kaseng: kriǝŋ ka:ŋ

References: TB5.11

Viet-Muong etymology :

Proto-Viet-Muong: *kVŋ

Meaning: mouth

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Palaung-Wa etymology :

Proto-Palaung-Wa: *kɛ(:)ŋ

Meaning: head

Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology

Proto-Wa: *ka[iŋ]

Proto-De'ang: *kɛ:ŋ

Riang: kiŋ.1

Riang meaning: head

Proto-Angku: *kiŋ

Lamet: kiŋ.1 head

Wa etymology :

Proto-Wa:

Meaning: head

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Paraok: kaiŋ

Paraok meaning: head

Wa: kAiŋ

Wa meaning: head

Lawa: kaɨń

Lawa meaning: head

Wa (dial.): kaiŋ.1

Wa (dial.) meaning: head

References: D-124: *keŋ

De'ang etymology :

Proto-De'ang: *kɛ:ŋ

Meaning: head

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

De'ang: kiŋ

De'ang-1: geiŋ

De'ang-2: ken.2

Rumai: kɛn.55

Angku etymology :

Proto-Angku: *kiŋ

Meaning: head

Palaung-Wa etymology: Palaung-Wa etymology

Pangpin: khik.55

Shuangdiang: khik.33

Gantang: khik.55

Yongde: khek.33

Mang'an: khik.51

U: khiʔ.2

Khamet: khiŋ.55

Khme: hi.33

References: WW-240; S-114

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