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Altaic etymology :

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Proto-Altaic: *kèĺǯo
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: bald, bald spot
Russian meaning: лысый, лысина
Turkic: *KAĺ(č)ga
Mongolian: *kalǯa-
Korean: *kór(čhí)
Japanese: *kàsìrà
Comments: KW 163, Poppe 17 (Doerfer TMN 3, 479: "aus phonetischen Gründen unsicher"). The meaning 'head' in Kor.-Jpn. (whence 'brain' in Kor.) is secondary, with a universally usual semantic shift ( < 'bald spot'; cf. Slavic *golъ 'bare, naked' and *golva 'head' etc.; see Фасмер 1, 429). -čhí in MKor. may either reflect the variation of the reflexes of *-ĺǯ- (it is interesting to note also MKor. kắrčhjǝ̀ŋ 'young skin of a plant', which may actually reflect the same root), or a compound with -čhi 'stuff, thing'. Cf. also *kèĺčo 'to scrape, rub': the two roots tend to be confused with each other.
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Turkic etymology :

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Proto-Turkic: *KAĺ(č)ga
Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology
Meaning: white spot, white blaze
Russian meaning: белое пятно, лысина
Karakhanid: qašɣa (MK)
Turkish: kaška
Tatar: qašqa
Middle Turkic: qašqa (AH, MA)
Uzbek: qɛšqɛ
Uighur: qašqa
Azerbaidzhan: GašGa
Turkmen: dial. GašGa
Khakassian: xasxa
Shor: qašqa
Kirghiz: qašqa, qačqa
Kazakh: qasqa
Noghai: qasqa
Bashkir: qašqa
Balkar: qašxa
Karakalpak: qasqa
Comments: VEWT 241, ЭСТЯ 5, 350-351. Cf. also the probable deriving stem in Tuva xaš 'worked thin leather', Tof. xaš 'naked, napless (skin)' (Рас. ФиЛ 186).
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Mongolian etymology :

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Proto-Mongolian: *kalǯa-
Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology
Meaning: bald, having a white blaze
Russian meaning: лысый (о человеке), со звездочкой (о лошади)
Written Mongolian: qalǯa(n), qalǯi(n), qalčaɣai (L 918, 922-923)
Middle Mongolian: qalǯan, qalčaɣai (MA)
Khalkha: xalʒan, xalcgaj
Buriat: xalzan, xalsagai
Kalmuck: xalcъɣǟ 'haarlos, grasslos'
Ordos: xalǯan
Dagur: xalǯin
Shary-Yoghur: GalǯaŋGar
Comments: KW 163, MGCD 319. The forms with -lč- are a result of contamination with *kalča- 'to rub, flay, tear off' (v. sub *kèĺčo); but neither can be borrowed from Turkic, despite Щербак 1997, 135. Mong. > Chag. qalčɨɣaj; Manchu qalǯa etc. (see ТМС 1, 366, Rozycki 130) > MKor. kančjá măr (Lee 1964, 190).
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Korean etymology :

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Proto-Korean: *kór(čhí)
Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology
Meaning: brain, marrow
Russian meaning: мозг
Modern Korean: kol
Middle Korean: kor, kór-čhí
Comments: Nam 51, KED 156. The meaning 'head' in modern dialects proves that the original meaning was 'brain, head' (in literary Korean the word usually means 'marrow' while 'brain' is expressed as mǝri-k:ol, lit. "head brain"). The meaning 'marrow' may have been additionally induced by the analogy with kol-su (MKor. kor-sju) 'bone marrow', borrowed from MC 骨髓 kot-sjwé; but Kor. *kor itself has of course nothing to do with MC kot 'bone'.
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Japanese etymology :

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Proto-Japanese: *kàsìrà
Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology
Meaning: head
Russian meaning: голова
Old Japanese: kasira
Middle Japanese: kàsìrá, kàsìrà
Tokyo: kashirá
Kyoto: káshìrà
Kagoshima: kashirá
Comments: JLTT 441 ('head; chief'). The word means 'head' (also 'head part', 'chief part') in most modern and Middle Japanese sources (explicitly so in Wamyōshō); KKJ (p. 232) also lists the meaning 'hair of head' (attested in Tosa Nikki), obviously secondary, with a rather natural semantic transition. IKJ (p. 297) glosses the word as "denoting the whole head including the hair and face", as opposed to kaube ( = kami-be) denoting only the top of the head and to atama "fontanelle". The only clear OJ (Man'yōshū 4346) example (kasira kakinade...) may be well translated (and usually is translated) as 'stroking the head'. Therefore the idea (see Vovin 2000) that the original meaning of kasira was 'hair of head' (the meaning that was always expressed in Japanese as kami) is most certainly wrong - just as his attempt to link it with the rather obscure Old Korean 麻帝核試 (MC mạ-tìej-xạ̈ik-śì) `hair of head'. The latter should be probably read as [mǝri-ɣak-si], where mǝri- is `head', while -ɣak-si may stand for kark-[si] - with kark- being identical to MKor. kārki `mane', modern mǝri-kharak `hair of head'. Despite the uncertainty of Old Korean readings in general and of -si in Old Korean -ɣak-si, it seems much more reasonable to link the Old Korean and later Korean sources than to invent a new Old Korean word *kasi `hair' and compare it with a wrongly interpreted Old Japanese word.
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Nostratic etymology :

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Eurasiatic: *kaĺV
Meaning: naked
Indo-European: *gAlw-
Altaic: *kèĺǯo
Uralic: *kaljV 'bald' (SKES 148)
Kartvelian: *ker- (+ Georg. kil- 'scale off, remove the skin')
Dravidian: Td. koḷ 'without leaves'
References: МССНЯ 337 (different in ОСНЯ 1, 289-290). Kartv. q̇wal- - better to PA *k`uĺa (467), Ural. *koδ́V (different in ОСНЯ 1, 300). Cf. *ḲaĺV. ND 861 *kaḷ/ĺV 'bare, naked' (IE, Ur, Drav). Cf. also ND 977 *keẑʔE 'skin; to skin' (Ur. *keδ́e 279 + Georg. kil- + Arab. kšʔ-?).
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Indo-European etymology :

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Proto-IE: *gAlw-
Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology
Meaning: naked, bald
Slavic: *golъ(jь)
Germanic: *kalw-a- adj.
Russ. meaning: голый, лысый
References: WP I 537
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Vasmer's dictionary :

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Word: го́лый,
Near etymology: гол, гола́, голо́, укр. го́лий, блр. го́лы, ст.-слав. голъ "γυμνός" (Супр.), болг. гол, сербохорв. го̑, го̀ла, го̀ло, словен. gòl, góla, чеш. holý, польск. goɫy, в.-луж. hoɫy, н.-луж. goɫy.
Further etymology: Родственно лтш. gāla "гололедица", gàle ж. "тонкая корка льда", д.-в.-н. kalo "лысый"; см. И. Шмидт, KZ 26, 91; Торп 42; Бернекер 1, 325 и сл.; Траутман, BSW 76 и сл. Сюда же (с другим вокализмом) польск. gaɫąź, чеш. haluz "ветвь", которые, согласно Мейе (Et. 261, MSL. 11, 185), содержат древнюю основу на -n-, чередующуюся с -r в арм. koɫr. Розвадовский (JP 1, 141) пытается отнести сюда же лит. gãlas "конец" с первонач. знач. "голый конец ствола дерева"; ср. М. -- Э. З, 26. Ильинский (AfslPh 29, 166 и сл.) ошибочно считает д.-в.-н. kalo "лысый" заимствованным из лат. calvus, а слав. golъ относит к сербохорв. гу́лити "обдирать" и т. д.; против см. Бернекер (1, 362), Петерссон (Verm. Beitr. 143). О возможности родства лат. calvus и слав. golъ см. Цупица, KZ 37, 389; Уленбек, Aind. Wb. 60; Бернекер, там же.
Pages: 1,433-434
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Germanic etymology :

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Proto-Germanic: *kalwa-
Meaning: naked, bald
IE etymology: IE etymology
Old English: calu (calo, caluw) `callow, bald, without hair'
English: callow
Old Frisian: kale `kaalheid'
Middle Dutch: cāle, cālū
Dutch: kaal
Middle Low German: kā̆l, kāle
Old High German: kalo (kalwēr) (8.Jh.)
Middle High German: kal (-w-) 'kahlköpfig'
German: kahl
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Pokorny's dictionary :

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Number: 538
Root: gal-1
English meaning: bald; naked
German meaning: `kahl, nackt'
Derivatives: mit u-Erweiterung: Adjekt. galu̯o-s, Subst. galu̯ā
Material: Ahd. kalo (*kalu̯a-), flektiert kalwēr, mhd. kal `kahl', ags. calu, engl. callow `kahl, ungefiedert'; ahd. calua `calvitium';

    lett. gàla, gàle f. (dehnstuf.) `dünne Eisdecke, Glatteis', gā̀ls `eisglatt';

    akl. golъ `nackt', sloven. gòɫ, russ. góɫyi `kahl, nackt', čech. holý ds., holek `bartloser Bursche', holka `Mädchen', usw.; dazu ksl. golotь f. `Eis', čech. holot, russ. góɫotь f. `Glatteis';

    baltoslav. *galu̯ā f. `Kopf' in:

    lett. gal̂va f., lit. galvà (Akk. gálvą) f. `Kopf (substaativiertes Adj.),

    аpr. gallū, Akk. galwan ds.; lit. galvótas `köpfig' (= skr. glàvat);

    aksl. glava `Kopf', skr. gláva (Akk. glâvu), russ. goɫová (Akk. góɫovu); skr. glàvat `großköpfig', čech. hlavatý `köpfig';

    die balt. und die slaw. Intonation (gálvą : góɫovu) stimmen nicht überein; vgl. Meillet Slave commun2 183, 503; die balt. gestoßene Intonation spräche nach Trautmann 77 eher fürVerwandtschaft mit arm. ġlu-x `Kopf' aus *ghōlu-ko- (Meillet Esquisse 36); dann müßten aber die germ. Worte als lat. Lw. (aus calvus) angesehen werden.

References: WP. I 537 f., WH. I 143 f., Trautmann 77; anders Mühlenbach-Endzelin I 596 f., Specht Dekl. 85, 132.
Pages: 349-350
PIE database: PIE database
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Kartvelian etymology :

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Proto-Kartvelian: *ker-
Nostratic: Nostratic
Russian meaning: чешуя, перхоть
English meaning: scale, dandruff
Georgian: kercl- 'scale, dandruff' (dial. kerṭl-, kerkl-, kerc̣l-, Middle Georg. also karṭl-, kerk- 'bark, peel'
Megrel: kirca, kerca ( < Georg.)
Svan: kärč ( < kerčw) 'scale' (U.-Bal. kärc < Georg.)
Laz: kercela ( < Georg.); Arkhav. kjark- 'skin of hand'
Notes and references: Кл; ОСНЯ 1, 343. Иллич-Свитыч с вопросом сравнивает основу с и.-е. *ker- 'кора' etc.; лучше, однако, кажется сравнить ее с алт. *kiaĺV 'чесать; парша, лысина', ПИЕ *gal- (*gol-) 'голый, лысый'.
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