Change viewing parameters
Select another database

Altaic etymology :

Search within this database
Proto-Altaic: *č`áko
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: many; be full, enough
Russian meaning: много; быть полным, достаточным
Turkic: *čok
Tungus-Manchu: *čak
Korean: *čhắ-
Japanese: *tákú-páp-
Comments: АПиПЯЯ 283. The comparison of PT *čok with Sino-Kor. čjok (SKE 39, AKE 7, EAS 63) should be, of course, rejected; on the other hand, the comparison of Kor. čhă- (a regular reduction < *čăhă-) with Mong. čad-, čas- in SKE 46 cannot explain the aspiration of č- in Korean. See further МССНЯ, 331.
altet-prnum,altet-meaning,altet-rusmean,altet-turc,altet-tung,altet-kor,altet-jap,altet-reference,

Search within this database


Turkic etymology :

Search within this database
Proto-Turkic: *čok
Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology
Meaning: 1 many, very 2 vile, hooligan 3 to gather, multiply 4 group, crowd
Russian meaning: 1 много, очень 2 дурной, хулиган, баловник 3 собирать(ся), размножать(ся) 4 толпа, множество
Karakhanid: čoq 1 (ДТС - KB), čōq 2 (MK - Oghuz), čoɣ-al- 3
Turkish: čok (-ɣu) 1, čoɣal- 3
Middle Turkic: čoq 1 (Sangl., Oghuz-nama, AH), čoq- 3 (Abush.)
Azerbaidzhan: čox 1, čoxal- 3
Turkmen: čoq (-qu) 4
Khakassian: sox 2
Oyrat: čoq- 3
Tuva: šoɣ 2
Kirghiz: čoq 1
Kazakh: šoɣɨr 4
Noghai: šoq 'дружно'
Gagauz: čoju 4, čoq-la-n- 3
Karaim: čoq 1, čoɣɨ 4 (K)
Karakalpak: šoq 2, 4
Comments: VEWT 113, EDT 405, 406. The Oghuz adverb 'much', in the 12th c. (KB) 'very, extremely', is probably the same word as čoq 'bad, vile'(Ogh. 11) (cf. also the Tuva parallel). Turk. > Mong. (Khalkha) cox in cox xara 'very black'. The identification of čoq-(la-) 'gather, collect' with čoɣ-la- 'to bind, pack' (ДТС) or čoq- 'to bend' (EDT) is rather dubious. Vocalic length is unclear (cf. the voicing of -k- in Western Oghuz).
turcet-prnum,turcet-meaning,turcet-rusmean,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-chg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-alt,turcet-tuv,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,turcet-nogx,turcet-gagx,turcet-krmx,turcet-klpx,turcet-reference,

Search within this database


Tungus etymology :

Search within this database
Proto-Tungus-Manchu: *čak-
Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology
Meaning: 1 full 2 strongly
Russian meaning: 1 полный 2 сильно, крепко
Literary Manchu: čaq seme 2
Orok: čak bi 1
Comments: ТМС 2, 379.
tunget-prnum,tunget-meaning,tunget-rusmean,tunget-man,tunget-ork,tunget-reference,

Search within this database


Korean etymology :

Search within this database
Proto-Korean: *čhắ-
Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology
Meaning: to be full, fill
Russian meaning: быть полным, наполнять
Modern Korean: čha-
Middle Korean: čhắ-
Comments: Nam 447, KED 1561.
koret-prnum,koret-meaning,koret-rusmean,koret-phn,koret-ako,koret-reference,

Search within this database


Japanese etymology :

Search within this database
Proto-Japanese: *tákú-páp-
Altaic etymology: Altaic etymology
Meaning: to hoard, assemble
Russian meaning: запасать, накапливать
Old Japanese: takupap(a)-
Middle Japanese: tákúfáf(a)-
Tokyo: takuwaé-, tàkuwae-
Kyoto: tàkùwàè-
Kagoshima: takuwaé-
Comments: JLTT 762. Accent is somewhat uncertain, though most sources (RJ, Tokyo tàkuwae-, Kagoshima) point to *tákúpáp-. It is also worth noting Middle Jpn. and modern takusán 'much, many': the word is shaped and perceived as a kango (澤山 'swamps and mountains'), but is apparently not attested in Chinese sources and may represent a folk etymology. Its accent, however, differs from that of *tákú-páp- (Kyoto tákùsàn and Kagoshima takusán, together with the Tokyo form, point to *tàkù-sà[mà]).
japet-prnum,japet-meaning,japet-rusmean,japet-ajp,japet-mjp,japet-tok,japet-kyo,japet-kag,japet-comments,

Search within this database


Nostratic etymology :

Search within this database
Eurasiatic: *č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
Meaning: big, thick
Borean: Borean
Altaic: *č`ako
Uralic: *čukkV (*čokkV)
Chukchee-Kamchatkan: Niv. c`oʁ 'группа, стая'.
References: ND 385 *č[o]ḲV 'much, heavy'.
nostret-meaning,nostret-prnum,nostret-alt,nostret-ura,nostret-chuk,nostret-reference,

Search within this database


Uralic etymology :

Search within this database
Number: 119
Proto: *čukkV (*čokkV)
> Nostratic: > Nostratic
English meaning: thick
German meaning: dicht, dick
Mari (Cheremis): čakata (KB), čokata (B), ćoka (C) 'dicht, fest, kompakt'
Komi (Zyrian): če̮k 'dicht' (Lu. P) ( > Khanty DN šǝk, O siχ, ?Kr. šoχ 'Dickicht; dichtbelaubt, dicht', S Lu. če̮ki̮d 'dicht, dicht wachsend')
Mansi (Vogul): šaw (TJ), šɔ̄̈w (KU), šāw (P), sāw (So.) 'viel'
Hungarian: sok 'viel, viele'
K. Reshetnikov's notes: Komi čэk > Khan. UD šǝk,(?) Kr. šoχ 'Dickicht, Gehölz; dichtbelaubt', O siχ 'dicht (von Reusen, Netz, Gehölz)'
References: FUV; Budenz MUSz 345; Donn.VglWb. 591; Bár.SzófSz; MSzFrgE; TESz; DEWO 253; Paas.Beitr. 302
uralet-proto,uralet-prnum,uralet-meaning,uralet-germmean,uralet-mar,uralet-kom,uralet-man,uralet-ugr,uralet-reshet,uralet-lit,

Search within this database


Long-range etymologies :

Search within this database
Borean (approx.) : CVKV
Meaning : big, thick
Eurasiatic : *č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
Afroasiatic : ? Sem *čḳl 'weigh, heavy' (?+ Berb. *ẓ(H)k- 'heavy' in ND 2040); Cush. *č̣Vḳ- 'full'
Sino-Caucasian : *č̣HǝqwV́
Austric : *CVk
Reference : ND 385 (Nostr-Sem.); Peiros 1989, 127. Cf. Ain. sik 'full'.
globet-meaning,globet-nostr,globet-afas,globet-scc,globet-austr,globet-reference,

Search within this database


Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Search within this database
Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *č̣HǝqwV́
Meaning: thick, big, abundant
Borean etymology: Borean etymology
North Caucasian: *č̣HǝqwV
Sino-Tibetan: *ćŏk ( ~ ʒ́-)
Yenisseian: *su(ʔ)K- (?)
Burushaski: *śóq-
Basque: *aśko
Comments and references : HGC 40, NSC 53 *č̣VqwV, BCD 18.
sccet-meaning,sccet-prnum,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,sccet-yen,sccet-buru,sccet-basq,sccet-notes,

Search within this database


North Caucasian etymology :

Search within this database
Proto-North Caucasian: *č̣HǝqwV
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: big
Proto-Avaro-Andian: *-ič̣uχa (~-q-)
Proto-Lak: č̣aI-u-
Proto-Dargwa: *čaqʷ-
Proto-Lezghian: *č̣aχV (~-ä-)
Proto-West Caucasian: *čʷǝχʷa
Notes: In PD and PWC there occurred an assimilative deglottalisation *č̣- > *č-. Some doubts are raised by the Lak. form - regularly *č̣aIq- would be expected; maybe pharyngealised *qI was lost in clusters with following class markers (real Lak. forms are č̣aIwu- 1/3, č̣aIru- 2/4 < *č̣aIq-bu-, *č̣aIq-ru- ?).

    The PA form suggests that this root could have prefixed class markers in PEC; however, they are absent in all other languages (even in Av.) and may be in this case a PA innovation.

caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-aand,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,

Search within this database


Avar-Andian etymology :

Search within this database
Protoform: *-ič̣uχa (~-q-)
North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 big 2 large, big (adv.) 3 high, tall
Avar: č̣aħá- 2
Chadakolob: č̣áħa-b 3
Andian language: -eč̣uχa 1
Karata: hič̣uχa-b (Anch) 1
Botlikh: -eč̣uχa 1
Godoberi: -eč̣uχa 1
Comments: Not quite clear is the initial h- in Kar.; otherwise the correspondences are quite regular.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-avc,aandet-and,aandet-krt,aandet-btl,aandet-gdb,aandet-comment,

Search within this database


Lak etymology :

Search within this database
Lak root: č̣aI-u-
North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology
Meaning: many
Lak form: č̣aI-u-s:a
Comments: Cf. Khosr. č̣aI-u-s:a id.
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,

Search within this database


Dargwa etymology :

Search within this database
Proto-Dargwa: *čaqʷ-
North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology
Meaning: high
Chiragh: čaqʷ-ze
Comments: Cf. also Kait. čaIq-il (with unclear pharyngealization), Muir. čiq-il id.
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-chr,darget-comment,

Search within this database


Lezghian etymology :

Search within this database
Proto-Lezghian: *č̣aχV (~-ä-)
North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 big 2 large, massive
Lezghian: č̣eχi 1
Tabasaran: č̣atχu 2
Comment: Tab. -t- is a frequent adjectival infix. Lezg. č̣eχi was borrowed in Khin. as čχi.
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-lzg,lezget-tab,lezget-comment,

Search within this database


Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Search within this database
Proto-West-Caucasian: *čʷǝχʷa
North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 big 2 strong
Adyghe: -šxʷa 1
Kabardian: -šxʷa 1
Ubykh: šχʷa 2
Comments: Seems to be less used in modern Kab. (in Ad. this is the main word for 'big'). PAK *čxʷa. The AK-Ub. comparison belongs to Dumézil (1932, 95). Klimov (1969, 290) has compared the AK root with Abkh. a-mcχʷ 'surplus'; this comparison is, however, justly rejected by Shagirov (2, 61-62) (both for phonetic and semantic reasons).

    The precise nature of the initial PWC affricate here is hard to determine, since both in PAK and Ub. the initial clusters of the type 'affricate+fricative' are substantially restricted (in Ub. all affricates change to fricatives in this position; in PAK palatalized/non-palatalized affricates are neutralised before fricatives). Position within a cluster also explains the change of uvular to velar in PAK (no combinations of front affricates + uvular fricatives are allowed).

abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,

Search within this database


Sino-Tibetan etymology :

Search within this database
Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ćŏk ( ~ ʒ́-)
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: enough, sufficient
Chinese: *ćok enough, sufficient.
Tibetan: ćhog be sufficient, sufficiency.
Comments: Simon 9; Coblin 144.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-tib,stibet-comments,

Search within this database


Chinese characters :

Search within this database
Character:
Modern (Beijing) reading: zú
Preclassic Old Chinese: ćok
Classic Old Chinese: cok
Western Han Chinese: cok
Eastern Han Chinese: cjok
Early Postclassic Chinese: cjok
Middle Postclassic Chinese: cjok
Late Postclassic Chinese: cjok
Middle Chinese: cjöuk
English meaning : leg, foot
Russian meaning[s]: 1) нога; ступня; лапа; 2) ножка; основание, подошва; 3) достаточно, довольно; быть достаточным, удовлетворять; заслуживать, стоить; годиться; мочь; 4) вполне, совершенно; в высшей степени; [jù] чрезмерный; чересчур
Comments: Also very frequently used for a homonymous *ćok 'be sufficient, enough'.
Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology
Dialectal data: Dialectal data
Radical: 157
Four-angle index: 5836
Karlgren code: 1219 a-b
Go-on: soku
Kan-on: siyoku
Japanese reading: soku+;ashi+;tariru;tasu
Shijing occurrences: 17.2_
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-doc,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,bigchina-go,bigchina-kanon,bigchina-jap,bigchina-shijing,

Search within this database


Chinese Dialects :

Search within this database
Number: 458
Chinese etymology: Chinese etymology
Character:
MC description : 通合三入燭精
ZIHUI: 6398 0833
Beijing: cu 12
Jinan: ćy 11
Xi'an: cou 11
Taiyuan: ćyǝʔ 41
Hankou: cou 12
Chengdu: ćyo 12
Yangzhou: cɔʔ 4
Suzhou: coʔ 41
Wenzhou: ćyo 41
Changsha: côu 4
Shuangfeng: cǝu 12
Nanchang: cuk 41
Meixian: ciuk 41
Guangzhou: čuk 41
Xiamen: ciɔk 41
Chaozhou: cok 41
Fuzhou: cöyʔ 41
Shanghai: coʔ 4
Zhongyuan yinyun: ciu 42
doc-charref,doc-character,doc-mcinfo,doc-zihui,doc-beijing,doc-jinan,doc-xian,doc-taiyuan,doc-hankou,doc-chengdu,doc-yangzhou,doc-suzhou,doc-wenzhou,doc-changsha,doc-shuangfeng,doc-nanchang,doc-meixian,doc-guangzhou,doc-xiamen,doc-chaozhou,doc-fuzhou,doc-shanghai,doc-zhongyuan,

Search within this database


Yenisseian etymology :

Search within this database
Proto-Yenisseian: *suK-
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: thick
Ket: śuokŋ (Кастр.) (Werner 2, 212 śukŋ)
Yug: sukŋ5
Kottish: šukŋ
Comments: ССЕ 277. Pump. (Срсл.) sukdu "thick" is in reality Yug. Werner 2, 212 *suk / *sukŋ.
yenet-prnum,yenet-meaning,yenet-ket,yenet-sym,yenet-kot,yenet-notes,

Search within this database


Burushaski etymology :

Search within this database
Common Burushaski: *śóq-
Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology
Meaning: wide, broad
Yasin: śóqum
Hunza: śóqum
Nagar: śóqum
buruet-prnum,buruet-meaning,buruet-yas,buruet-hun,buruet-ngr,

Search within this database


Basque etymology :

Search within this database
Proto-Basque: *aśko, *aśki
Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology
Meaning: 1 many 2 enough
Bizkaian: asko 1
Gipuzkoan: asko 1, aski 2
High Navarrese: aski 2
Low Navarrese: asko 1, aski 2
Lapurdian: aski 2
Zuberoan: asko 1, aski 2
Roncalese: aski 2
Comments: Trask (1997) suggests that these words are derived from the "curious verb ase 'to be satiated, be satisfied'": see *aśe.
basqet-prnum,basqet-meaning,basqet-bzk,basqet-gip,basqet-anv,basqet-bnv,basqet-lab,basqet-zbr,basqet-rnc,basqet-comments,

Search within this database


Austric etymology :

Search within this database
Proto-Austric: *CVk
Meaning: heavy, full
Borean etymology: Borean etymology
Proto-Austroasiatic: cVk
Austroasiatic meaning: heavy, solid
Proto-Thai: ʔcuk very full (of food) CK
austr-meaning,austr-prnum,austr-aa,austr-aame,austr-tai,

Search within this database


Austro-Asiatic etymology :

Search within this database
Proto-Austro-Asiatic: cVk
Meaning: heavy, solid
Austric etymology: Austric etymology
Thai: ʔcuk very full (of food) CK
Proto-Bahnaric: *ʒǝk
Khmer: ʒuk < OK ʒuk
aaet-meaning,aaet-prnum,aaet-thai,aaet-bah,aaet-kmr,

Search within this database


Bahnar etymology :

Search within this database
Proto-Bahnaric: *ʒǝ̆k
Meaning: heavy
Presyllable: KǝN-
Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology
Proto-South Bahnaric: *ʒǝk, #/ kǝn-
Proto-West Bahnaric: *ʒɨk, gǝ(N)-
References: JS-897; TB16.154a
banet-meaning,banet-prpr,banet-prnum,banet-sob,banet-web,banet-refer,

Search within this database


South Bahnaric etymology :

Search within this database
Proto-South Bahnaric: *ʒǝk, #/ kǝn-
Meaning: heavy
Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology
Chrau form: kǝnʒǝʔ
Chrau meaning: heavy
Stieng form: ʒǝk
Stieng meaning: be heavy
References: SBS-767
sobet-meaning,sobet-prnum,sobet-chr,sobet-chrme,sobet-sti,sobet-stime,sobet-refer,

Search within this database


West Bahnaric etymology :

Search within this database
Proto-West- Bahnaric: *ʒɨk, gǝ(N)-
Meaning: heavy
Bahnaric etymology: Bahnaric etymology
Jaru form: kǝʒɨk
Jaru meaning: heavy
Lavi: kanchɨk
Nhaheung form: gjɨk
Nhaheung meaning: heavy
Brao form: kǝjɨk
Brao meaning: heavy
References: JS-897
webet-meaning,webet-prnum,webet-jr,webet-jrme,webet-lve,webet-nha,webet-nhame,webet-brao,webet-brame,webet-refer,

Search within this database


Khmer etymology :

Search within this database
Khmer: ʒuk
Austro-Asiatic etymology: Austro-Asiatic etymology
Old Khmer: ʒuk
Old Khmer Meaning: thick, dense
References: P189
kmret-prnum,kmret-okh,kmret-okmean,kmret-ref,

Search within this database

Select another database
Change viewing parameters
Total pages generatedPages generated by this script
5748981410742
Help
StarLing database serverPowered byCGI scripts
Copyright 1998-2003 by S. StarostinCopyright 1998-2003 by G. Bronnikov
Copyright 2005-2014 by Phil Krylov