North Caucasian etymology :

Proto-North Caucasian: *c_EnV ( ~ *nEc_V)

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: a relative in the 2d/3d generation

Proto-Nakh: *nēcV ( ~ -ā-)

Proto-Avaro-Andian: *c:VnV

Proto-West Caucasian: *(a)ća

Notes: The comparison of the Chech., Av.-And. and WC forms seems rather probable, although the precise meaning of this PNC kinship term has been somewhat obscured by its usage in compounds and by the influence of other kinship terms. It may have denoted an aunt / uncle or his (her) family.

Nakh etymology :

Proto-Nakh: *nēcV ( ~ -ā-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: maternal aunt or uncle

Chechen: nēca

Comments: The original PN form is hard to reconstruct, because the root is attested only in Chech. and was obviously modified under the influence of dēca 'paternal aunt'.

Avar-Andian etymology :

Protoform: *c:VnV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: second cousin

Avar: c:uná-ʕal

Akhvakh: c:ini-q̇a

Comments: And. c:inaʔal is most probably borrowed from some Avar dialect. The root is attested only in a compound with *q̇a- '(first) cousin' (see *=oc:i-q̇a-). Tind. and Cham. have rather strange reflexes: Cham. s:eb-ā-, Gig. ceb-a-, Tind. s:eb-a-. While -b- may reflect a class marker (*c:VnV-b- + *q̇a-), the development *c:- > s:- in Cham. (U.-Gakv.) and Tind. is quite irregular. Av. > Tsez., Gin. cinaʕal, Bezht. conaʕal, Gunz. cunaʕal. Old Tindi > Inkh. sebaha-w.

Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :

Proto-West-Caucasian: *(a)ća

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: sister-in-law, daughter-in-law

Abkhaz: áca

Abaza: ajca-la

Comments: PAT *(a)ća (cf. also Bzyb. áća). The initial vowel is probably a trace of the original pronominal prefix (aj- in Abaz. is a reciprocal prefix). Cf. also the synonymous PAT *taća (Abkh. a-táca, Bzyb. a-táća, Abaz. taca; for the first component *ta- cf. perhaps Abkh. a-tá-ḳʷaž̌, Abaz. ta-žʷ 'old woman'; or maybe *taća is an independent kinship term, corresponding to the isolated (within EC) Av. durc 'son-in-law' ? [other similar forms - God., Botl., Tind., Cham. durc, Gunz., Bezht. dursa - are all more or less recent loanwords from Avar]).

    Despite Abdokov (1974, 62) the PAT root can not be related to PAK *nǝsa 'daughter-in-law'; see the criticism in Shagirov 1, 288.

Sino-Caucasian etymology :

Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *nÉstV

Meaning: aunt, uncle

North Caucasian: *c_EnV ( ~ *nEc_V)

Burushaski: *-́ncu

Basque: *neś-ka

Burushaski etymology :

Common Burushaski: *-́ncu

Sino-Caucasian Etymology: Sino-Caucasian Etymology

Meaning: paternal aunt

Yasin: -́nzu

Hunza: -́nco

Nagar: -́nco

Basque etymology :

Proto-Basque: *neś-ka

Sino-Caucasian etymology: Sino-Caucasian etymology

Meaning: girl, unmarried young woman

Bizkaian: neskatxi, neskatxu, (Otxandiano) neskatxo

Gipuzkoan: neskatxa, (Etxarri) nexkaxa

High Navarrese: neskatoko, neskatxa, (Goizueta) nexkatto /neškat́o/

Low Navarrese: neskato, nexkato, neskatxa, neskatotxe, (Aldude) nexka, (Amikuse) neskatoxe

Salazarese: neskatilla

Lapurdian: neskatxa, (Gethari) nexka, nexkato

Baztanese: nexka, neskateko, neskatiko

Zuberoan: neskatíla

Roncalese: neskatilla, neskato, (Vidángoz) nexkaxe

Comments: In RNC the connotation was only 'servant girl, maid', while in other dialects neska has an unfavorable connotation that is avoided by using various suffixes: neskato, neskatilla, neskatxa, etc. (see Azkue).

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