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North Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-North Caucasian: *Hǝ̆G_wĔ(n)
Meaning: to close, cover
Notes: A widely represented common NC verbal root. It reveals a constant variation between -0 and -n-conjugations (in PA, probably also in PL); it is, therefore, not excluded that we deal here with a merger of two (or more) individual verbal roots (see above in the Andian part), which are now almost impossible to separate from each other. A possible old nominal derivate see under *ħG_unu.
caucet-prnum,caucet-meaning,caucet-nakh,caucet-aand,caucet-cez,caucet-lak,caucet-darg,caucet-lezg,caucet-abad,caucet-comment,
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Nakh etymology :
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Proto-Nakh: *=[u]q̇-
Meaning: to stop up, plug
Chechen: =uq̇-
Ingush: =iq̇-
Batsbi: =uq̇-
Comments: The vowel -i- in Ing. is unclear. Bacb. also has a durative stem aṗq̇- ( < *ʔabq̇-).
nakhet-prnum,nakhet-meaning,nakhet-che,nakhet-ing,nakhet-bcb,nakhet-comment,
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Avar-Andian etymology :
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Protoform: *=[i]q̇:ʷV(n)-
Meaning: 1 be closed,shut;compress 2 to close 3 close eyes
Avar: q̇:á- 1
Chadakolob: q̇á- 1
Andian language: joq̇:an- 2
Akhvakh: eq̇:- 2
Tindi: =aq̇:ʷĩ- 1,2
Karata: q̇:ijã- 3
Comments: Stem I, besides the cited forms, is reflected in Av. =uq̇:- 'to shrink, be compressed', req̇:é- 'to be adjusted, fit' ( = Av. Chad. req̇é(l)- 'to be closed, close'), And. =uq̇:- (*'to compel' >) 'to drive, urge, expel'; with the nasal conjugation - in Akhv. =uq̇:un- 'to close eyes', Kar. ruq̇:an- 'to close, compress'. Stem II *q̇:(ʷ)in-, besides, the Kar. form q̇:ijã-, is reflected in And. q̇:in- 'to be stuck; to press, compress', Akhv. q̇:in- 'to press, squeeze' (also reduplicated: q̇:iq̇:in-). We should also mention a nasalless stem II *q̇:ʷa-b- ( ~ -o-) 'to wink, blink' (*'close eyes') > Cham. q̇:ab-, Kar. q̇:ʷab-, and a reduplicated stem > Av. q̇:aq̇:á- 'to exert pressure; to rumple", Akhv. Tseg. m-aq̇:ajq̇:ʷ-, Tlan. m-aq̇:oq̇:eji- 'to drive, expel'. Av. q̇:aq̇:á- > Bezht. Khosh. q̇aq̇azi =owal 'to press, compress'. The phonetic and semantic range of Av.-And. forms here is extremely wide, and one can suspect that we deal here not with one, but with two or several original roots; they are, however, so intertwined that it seems almost impossible to distinguish them at this point.
aandet-prnum,aandet-meaning,aandet-ava,aandet-avc,aandet-and,aandet-akv,aandet-tnd,aandet-krt,aandet-comment,
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Tsezian etymology :
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Proto-Tsezian: *=ũq- / =ĩq-
Meaning: to close
Tsezi: =uq-
Khvarshi: =ũq-
Bezhta: =ĩq- (Tlad.)
Gunzib: =ĩq-
Comments: PTsKh *=ũq-; PGB *=ĩq-. The vowel correspondence between PTsKh and PGB is irregular.
cezet-prnum,cezet-meaning,cezet-cez,cezet-khv,cezet-bzt,cezet-gnz,cezet-comment,
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Lak etymology :
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Lak root: =a=q̇i-
Meaning: to close in, place in; be covered
Lak form: =a=q̇i-n
Comments: G. pr. =a=q̇u-nu. With a preverb l- cf. also la=q̇i-n (la=q̇u-nu), Khosr. laq̇ʷi-n 'to close, be closed'.
laket-prnum,laket-meaning,laket-lak,laket-comment,
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Dargwa etymology :
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Proto-Dargwa: *ʔalʁIʷVn-
Meaning: to fasten, button up
Akusha: ilʕ-es
Comments: Cf. also Ur. alʕʷVn- / ulʕ- id.
darget-prnum,darget-meaning,darget-drg,darget-comment,
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Lezghian etymology :
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Proto-Lezghian: *ʔaq̇:Iʷä
Meaning: to lock, fasten
Tabasaran: qI-a=q:I- (Düb)
Rutul: s-a=q:e-
Archi: d-aq̇:Ia-
Comment: Cf. Arch. dur. darq̇:Iur. Unclear is the loss of pharyngealisation in Rut. (cf. also l-a=q:e- 'to unlock'). Besides the forms mentioned above, we must note a strange development in lit. Tabasaran and the Southern dialect: qI-a=q̇I- (with irregular -q̇I-, opposed to regular -q:I- in Northern Tab.). This could be a separate root, connected with Arch. erq̇Iʷin- 'to conceal, put away' - however, the Archi form itself may be related to d-aq̇:Ia-s (in most forms -q̇Iʷ- here occurs in a syllable-final position - like inf. erq̇Iʷmus etc. - and it may in fact represent the morphonemic *q̇:Iʷ).
lezget-prnum,lezget-meaning,lezget-tab,lezget-rut,lezget-arc,lezget-comment,
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Abkhaz-Adyghe etymology :
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Proto-West-Caucasian: *q̇́ʷǝ
Meaning: 1 to fasten, button up 2 fastening, button
Adyghe: č́ǝ-ʡʷǝ
Kabardian: ṣ́ǝ-ʡʷ
Ubykh: q̇́ǝ-
Comments: PAK *č́ǝ-ʡʷǝ́; Ub. a-s-q̇́ǝ́-n. The meaning of the component *č́ǝ- (*č̣́ǝ-) in PAK is not clear.
abadet-prnum,abadet-meaning,abadet-adg,abadet-kab,abadet-ubk,abadet-comment,
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Sino-Caucasian etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Caucasian: *Hǝ̆́GwĔn- ( ~ -ń-)
Meaning: to close; to hinder
sccet-meaning,sccet-cauc,sccet-stib,
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Sino-Tibetan etymology :
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Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *K(r)ɨ̆mH
Meaning: obstruct, prohibit
Kachin: khum2 to prohibit, prevent, (H) ǝkhum to hinder.
Lepcha: grjam to obstruct, block up a road.
stibet-prnum,stibet-meaning,stibet-chin,stibet-kach,stibet-lepcha,stibet-kir,
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Chinese characters :
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Character: 吟
Modern (Beijing) reading: yín
Preclassic Old Chinese: g(h)(r)ǝmʔ
Classic Old Chinese: g(h)(r)ǝ́m
Western Han Chinese: g(h)(r)ǝ́m
Eastern Han Chinese: g(h)(r)ǝ́m
Early Postclassic Chinese: g(h)ím
Middle Postclassic Chinese: g(h)ím
Late Postclassic Chinese: g(h)ím
Middle Chinese: gím
English meaning : obstruct, shut
Russian meaning[s]: 1) декламировать, читать нараспев; заучивать наизусть; 2) вздыхать; стонать
Comments: The character also has a later reading MC ŋim, mod. yín 'murmur, chant' - quite possibly original, but attested late. For *ŋ here cf. Fuzhou ŋiŋ2, Jianou ŋɛiŋ9, ŋɛiŋ6.
Radical: 30
Four-angle index: 2789
Karlgren code: 0651 s
bigchina-reading,bigchina-ochn,bigchina-cchn,bigchina-wchn,bigchina-echn,bigchina-epchn,bigchina-mpchn,bigchina-lpchn,bigchina-mchn,bigchina-meaning,bigchina-oshanin,bigchina-comment,bigchina-stibet,bigchina-radical,bigchina-oshval,bigchina-karlgren,
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Kiranti etymology :
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Proto-Kiranti: *krìm
Meaning: close (eyes)
Tulung: krim-
Kaling: kramnä (krimu)
kiret-prnum,kiret-meaning,kiret-tul,kiret-kal,
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