Nikulin 2018. Verb / noun, respectively. Distinct from aɾuβˈeː-coʔ / aɾuβaʔˈi-š {arubéezoʼ / arubaʼixh} 'big (of area)', used of fields, gardens and land.
Number:6
Word:bird
Lomerio Chiquitano:n=u=tˈau̯-ma {nutauma}1
Sans 2013: 21, 31, 56; Galeote Tormo 1993: 378; Sans 2010: 133; MBI. Morphologically a diminutive, but the form *n=u=tau̯-ʂ {*nutauxɨ} is not attested. n=u=taɨ̯-ma {nutaɨma} [Galeote Tormo 1993: 347] is probably a typo.
Nikulin 2018. Underlying: /=́pa=ʔi/. Also translated as 'the bone of the arm' by the consultants, which confirms the morphological segmentation advanced here (=pa= 'arm' < PMJ *paK 'id.' + =ʔi= 'leg, plant' < PMJ *jit ~ *jik 'bone').
Santana 2012: 283. Only the 1SG n=i=čˈusɪ {nitchuse}, 3SG tʸusˈi-š ~ čusˈi-š {tiusich ~ tchusich} are actually attested. Distinct from n=ˈipʸaɨ-ʂ {nipiaürch} 'female breast'.
Migueleno Chiquitano:ȶusˈi-š {tyusixh}1
Nikulin 2018. Can be applied to both male and female breasts. Underlying: /=́tusi/.
Number:12
Word:burn
Lomerio Chiquitano:iɲ=onoko-ta {iñonokota}1
Galeote Tormo 1993: 338. The active verb m=a=kɨʂu-mu-nu {makɨxumunu} (ɲa-class), glossed as 'to burn' in [Galeote Tormo 1993: 161, 348], is not attested in the existing Bésɨro translations of the New Testament; its stative counterpart kɨʂu-βu ~ kɨʂɨ-βu {kɨxubu ~ kɨxɨbu} [Galeote Tormo 1993: 335; Krüsi & Krüsi 1975: 82] is attested in Revelation 16:8 ('the sun was allowed to scorch people with fire'), and its derivative kɨʂu-kˈu-ʂ {kɨxukuxɨ} means 'sunburn' [Galeote Tormo 1993: 335]. All these facts suggest that m=a=kɨʂu-mu-nu {makɨxumunu} is not the basic root for 'to burn' and means rather 'to scorch, to burn skin'. The verb iɲ=onoko-ta {iñonokota} is less frequent than m=a=kɨʂu-mu-nu {makɨxumunu} in our sources but abounds in the existent Bésɨro translations of the New Testament in verses like Luke 8:16, 15:8, Mark 4:21 ('to light a lamp'), Luke 3:17, Matthew 3:12 ('to burn up the chaff'), Revelation 17:16 ('to eat her flesh and burn her with fire'), James 3:5 ('is set on fire by a small spark'), Acts 19:19 ('burned them publicly'), Jews 13:11 ('for the bodies of those beasts, whose blood is brought into the sanctuary by the high priest for sin, are burned without the camp'). This is likely the basic root for 'to burn / to set on fire'. Distinct from o(ː)-mo {o(o)mo} 'burnt' [Galeote Tormo 1993: 349; Sans 2010: 143; Krüsi & Krüsi 1975: 65]; wɨɾa-ɾa {uɨrara} 'to burn (intransitive) / to become hot' [Galeote Tormo 1993: 358, 363].
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:
Not attested. Cf. iɲ=õnokˈo-ta {inhonokota} 'to set on fire' [Santana 2012: 273], which is only attested as inchoative; hˈowɾa-ɾa {hourara} 'to burn (intransitive)' [Santana 2012: 274]. The verbs hˈõ-mʊ ~ =.ˈoː-mʊ {homo ~ =oomo}, kɨšˈɨ-vʊ {küchüvo} [Santana 2012: 288] are most likely intransitive.
Galeote Tormo 1993: 357; Sans 2013: 59-60. Used at least of liquids.
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:
Migueleno Chiquitano:
Number:16
Word:come
Lomerio Chiquitano:ˈis=e-ka-tɨ {isekatɨ}1
Galeote Tormo 1993: 183, 340; Sans 2010: 143; Krüsi & Krüsi 1975: 63. Suppletive (used in 1SG, 1INCL, 1EXCL and 2PL forms). Distinct from iɲa-ta-i̯ {iñatai} 'to arrive / to be enough' [Sans 2013: 49-50, 53, 58, 61, 67; Galeote Tormo 1993: 159; Krüsi & Krüsi 1975: 89] and a=i̯ɲa-n-ˈai̯ {aiñanai} 'to arrive (subjunctive)' [Sans 2013: 48-49, 68, 70; Krüsi & Krüsi 1975: 89-91]. Other forms: a=ye-ka-tɨ {ayekatɨ} (2SG), aye- {aye-} (subjunctive 3 person non-masculine) [Galeote Tormo 1993: 183; Sans 2013: 64].
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:=e-kˈa-to {=ekato}1
Santana 2012: 291. Only the inflected form 1EXCL sov=e-kˈa-to {sovekato} is attested. Distinct from ĩɲa-taˈ-y / hĩɲˈaʔa {ĩnhatai / hĩnhaʼa} 'to arrive' [Santana 2012: 278].
Migueleno Chiquitano:ec=e-kˈa-tɨ {ezekatɨ}1
Nikulin 2018. 1SG form. Distinct from iɲa-tˈa-ʔi {iñataʼi} 'to arrive'. Suppletive (cf. 3SG kwˈa-tɨ {kubatɨ}); this root is found in most person forms, such as 2SG a=ye-kˈa-tɨ {ayekatɨ}.
Number:16
Word:come
Lomerio Chiquitano:kua-tɨ {kuatɨ}2
Sans 2013: 48, 60, 65, 67, 68, 70; Galeote Tormo 1993: 183, 340; Krüsi & Krüsi 1975: 91. Suppletive (used in the 3rd person forms).
Sans 2013: 56; Galeote Tormo 1993: 348; Sans 2010: 144. ɲ-class.
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:
Migueleno Chiquitano:
Number:40
Word:heart
Lomerio Chiquitano:ausasˈɨ-ʂ {ausasɨxɨ}1
Sans 2013: 25, 27; Sans 2010: 133; Galeote Tormo 1993: 86, 333; MBI. Linking consonant =y= {=y=}.
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:koracõne-s {korasones}-1
Santana 2012: 209, 279. Attested without the expected nominal marker -s. The inflected 1SG form n=e=coracˈõne {nesorasone} is also attested. Borrowed from Spanish koɾasˈõn {corazón}.
Migueleno Chiquitano:au̯casˈɨ-x {auzasɨj}1
Nikulin 2018. Underlying: /=aucásɨ/. The root is lexically marked to combine with the linking consonant =c=.
Number:41
Word:horn
Lomerio Chiquitano:ȶapakˈɨ-ʂ {tyapakɨxɨ}1
Sans 2010: 133; MBI.
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:
Not attested.
Migueleno Chiquitano:ȶapakˈɨ-x {tyapakɨj}1
Nikulin 2018. Underlying: /=tápakɨ/.
Number:42
Word:I
Lomerio Chiquitano:ˈa=ʂɨ=ɲ-ɨ {axɨñɨ}1
Sans 2013: 24-28, 51; Galeote Tormo 1993: 126; Sans 2010: 151. Сf. the accusative enclitic =ɲ-ɨ {=ñɨ}).
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:ˈa=ši=ɲ-ẽ ~ hˈa=ši=ɲ-ẽ {achinhẽ ~ hachinhẽ}1
Nikulin 2018. Transitive / active verbs, respectively. Another way to express this meaning is through the verb kˈoː-ɲo {kóoño} 'to die' with an instrumental agent.
Number:44
Word:knee
Lomerio Chiquitano:ĩčˈa-ʂ {inchaxɨ}1
Sans 2013: 28; Galeote Tormo 1993: 87, 338; Sans 2010: 141; MBI.
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:n=ĩčˈa-ʂ {ĩtcharch} #1
Santana 2012: 283. Only the 1SG n=i=ˈĩča {niĩtcha} is actually attested.
Migueleno Chiquitano:ičˈa-x {ichaj}1
Nikulin 2018. Underlying: /=́ʔiča/.
Number:45
Word:know
Lomerio Chiquitano:ˈipʸaka {ipiaka}1
Sans 2013: 50, 62; Sans 2010: 158; Galeote Tormo 1993: 162, 339; Krüsi & Krüsi 1975: 86. Distinct from i=suputakai̯ ~ u=suputakai̯ {isuputakai ~ usuputakai} 'to know (a person) / to be known' [Galeote Tormo 1993: 340; Sans 2013: 144].
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:tusˈi ~ tuse-w {tusi ~ tuseo} #2
Santana 2012: 288. Means 'to be known' and is used in constructions like 'it is known to X'. It is unclear if an active counterpart exists in this dialect.
Migueleno Chiquitano:ˈikʸaka {íkyaka}1
Nikulin 2018. Distinct from supˈuta-k-aʔi {supútakaʼi} 'to be acquainted with'.
Sans 2013: 48, 68, 69, 70; Galeote Tormo 1993: 357. An intransitive verb, more properly glossed as 'to be known'; very frequent in the available texts.
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:
Migueleno Chiquitano:tuciː-ɲˈa {tuziiñá}2
Nikulin 2018. The grammatical subject of this verb corresponds to the role of stimulus; the experiencer is expressed as an adpositional phrase with a dative adposition, e.g. tuciː-ɲˈa x=ˈae̯mo 'you know it'.
Sans 2013: 42, 55, 67; Galeote Tormo 1993: 15, 16, 19, 346, 373; Sans 2010: 155; Krüsi & Krüsi 1975: 64, 70, 86. According to Galeote Tormo, ɲ=oɲˈɨ̃-ʂ {ñoñɨnxɨ} is restricted to male speech, while n=oɲˈɨ̃-ʂ {noñɨnxɨ} occurs only in female speech.
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:n=õniˈɨ-ʂ ~ n=õniˈu-ʂ {noniürch ~ noniurch}1
Nikulin 2018. Underlying: /=áʔi/. The root is lexically marked to combine with the linking consonant =c=. Distinct from aɾˈu-x {aruj} (underlying /=áɾu/) 'lip', which is also lexically marked to combine with the linking consonant =c=.
Number:57
Word:name
Lomerio Chiquitano:ɨɾˈi-š {ɨrixhi}1
Sans 2013: 56, 67, 68, 69, 70; Galeote Tormo 1993: 359; Sans 2010: 153; MBI (n=iɾˈi-š {nirixhi}). 1SG: n=is=ˈɨːɾi {nisɨɨri} [Sans 2010: 153].
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:n=ɨɾˈi-š {nürich} #1
Santana 2012: 285. Only the 1SG =s=ˈɨɾɪ {=süre}, 2SG n=...=ˈɨɾɪ {nüre} forms are actually attested.
Migueleno Chiquitano:ɨɾˈi-š {ɨrixh}1
Nikulin 2018. Underlying: /=ɨ́ɾi/. The root is lexically marked to combine with the linking consonant =c=.
Number:58
Word:neck
Lomerio Chiquitano:tɨ-ʂ {tɨxɨ}1
Sans 2013: 25; Galeote Tormo 1993: 87, 357; Sans 2010: 141; MBI. Also used as an adposition: =tɨ {=tɨ} (unstressed root) 'on one's neck' [Sans 2013: 45].
Sans 2013: 53, 54; Galeote Tormo 1993: 356; Sans 2010: 137; Krüsi & Krüsi 1975: 88; MBI.
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:tovˈi-š {tovich}1
Santana 2012: 285.
Migueleno Chiquitano:ȶoβˈi-š {tyobixh}1
Nikulin 2018.
Number:61
Word:nose
Lomerio Chiquitano:iɲˈa-ʂ {iñaxɨ}1
Sans 2013: 7, 28; Galeote Tormo 1993: 86, 338; Sans 2010: 141, 174; MBI.
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:n=ĩɲˈa-ʂ {nĩnharch} #1
Santana 2012: 285. Only the 1SG form n=...=ˈĩɲa {nĩnha} is actually attested.
Migueleno Chiquitano:iɲˈa-x {iñaj}1
Nikulin 2018. Underlying: /=́̀ʔiɲa/.
Number:62
Word:not
Lomerio Chiquitano:čɨ-...-pɨ {chɨ-...-pɨ}1
Sans 2013: 76; Galeote Tormo 1993: 175. Described as a circumfix. Its suffixal part also occurs in the form treated as conditional by Galeote Tormo and probably goes back to an irrealis marker, even though these markers may co-occur in negative conditional constructions if a directional clitic =tɨ {=tɨ} is present.
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:č-...-pɨ ~ č-...-pʊ {tch-...-pü ~ tch-...-po}1
Santana 2012: 270, 271.
Migueleno Chiquitano:či-...-pɨ {chi-...-pɨ}1
Nikulin 2018. One consultant from San Miguel de Velasco insists on the pronunciation čɨ-...-pɨ {chɨ-...-pɨ}; both consultants from San Juan de Lomerío clearly say či-...-pɨ {chi-...-pɨ}. The last part of the circumfix is realized as -pi {-pi} after i.
Nikulin 2018. The grammatical subject of this verb corresponds to the role of stimulus; the experiencer is expressed as an adpositional phrase with an instrumental adposition; tˈaβɨ-ɾo c=ˈoβi 'I saw it'.
Number:72
Word:see
Lomerio Chiquitano:
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:ˈavu-ɾʊ / havˈo {avuro / havo} #2
Santana 2012: 285, 286. Unclear morphology.
Migueleno Chiquitano:
Number:73
Word:seed
Lomerio Chiquitano:n=iyˈo-ʂ {niyoxɨ}1
MBI. The prefix n= is segmented tentatively.
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:n=iˈo-ʂ {niorch}1
Santana 2012: 289.
Migueleno Chiquitano:iyˈo-x {iyoj}1
Nikulin 2018.
Number:73
Word:seed
Lomerio Chiquitano:semˈiya-ʂ {semiyaxɨ}-1
Sans 2010: 138. Borrowed from Spanish sem-ˈiya {semilla}.
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:
Migueleno Chiquitano:
Number:74
Word:sit
Lomerio Chiquitano:tɨmõ-so {tɨmonso}1
Sans 2013: 19, 30, 51; Galeote Tormo 1993: 160, 338; Sans 2010: 146; Krüsi & Krüsi 1975: 71. Polysemy: 'to sit / to sit down'.
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:tomõ- {tomõ-}1
Santana 2012: 289. Only inflected forms are attested. The 3 person verbal suffix is unknown.
Sans 2013: 39, 50-52, 56-57 (soˈe-s {soese}); Galeote Tormo 1993: 19; Sans 2010: 138; MBI.
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:soˈi-sɪ {soise}1
Santana 2012: 283. Polysemy: 'firewood / tree'.
Migueleno Chiquitano:soˈe-s {soes}1
Nikulin 2018.
Number:91
Word:two
Lomerio Chiquitano:toʂ ~ toːʂ {toxɨ ~ tooxɨ}-1
Sans 2013: 47, 63; Sans 2010: 151; Krüsi & Krüsi 1975: 68. Borrowed from Spanish doh {dos} 'id.'.
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:doš {doch}-1
Santana 2012: 280. Borrowed from Spanish doh {dos} or Portuguese doys {dois}.
Migueleno Chiquitano:toːx {tooj}-1
Nikulin 2018. Borrowed from Spanish doh {dos}.
Number:92
Word:go
Lomerio Chiquitano:y=ˈɨ-ka-tɨ {yɨkatɨ}1
Sans 2013: 39, 42; Galeote Tormo 1993: 179. Suppletive (used in 1SG, 2SG and 1INCL non-past forms). Sans [2013: 23] and Krüsi & Krüsi [1975: 61, 69, 91-92] also list the root =e- or =0- in the first person: 1SG y=ˈe-ka-tɨ ~ i=-kʸa-tɨ {yekatɨ ~ ikiatɨ}, 1INCL o=e-ka-tɨ {oekatɨ}. Subjunctive 1SG: y=ɨ-ɾˈo-tɨ {yɨrotɨ} [Sans 2013: 44, 58]. Distinct from amẽ-ko {amenko} 'to walk' [Galeote Tormo 1993: 162; Sans 2010: 147, 172]. Other suppletive stems include: som=e-ka-tɨ / om=e-no-tɨ {somekatɨ / omenotɨ} [Sans 2013: 56; Galeote Tormo 1993: 179] (used in 1EXCL, 2PL and 3PL.NM non-past forms; Krüsi & Krüsi [1975: 61, 69, 92] list this root alsoin the first person: 1SG y=ˈe-ka-tɨ {yekatɨ}, 1INCL o=e-ka-tɨ {oekatɨ}); y=ˈa-ka-tɨ {yakatɨ} [Sans 2013: 22, 42; Galeote Tormo 1993: 179; Krüsi & Krüsi 1975: 67, 69] (used in the 1st and 2nd person past forms); y=e-βo-tɨ {yebotɨ} [Galeote Tormo 1993: 179] (used in the 3rd person past forms and apparently also in 3rd person subjunctive [Sans 2013: 50, 52]); yɨkˈɨ-ʂ {yɨkɨxɨ} [Sans 2013: 52, 54; Galeote Tormo 1993: 360; Krüsi & Krüsi 1975: 80, 92] (nominalization); aɾioʂ {arioxɨ} [Sans 2013: 64, 65; Krüsi & Krüsi 1975: 89-91] ('went away', probably a borrowing from Spanish aðyˈos {adiós}).
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:sɨ-ɾˈo-tʊ {süroto}2
Santana 2012: 283. A suppletive stem, but 1SG, 2SG and 1INCL forms are not attested. Cf. 3SG past y=e-vˈo-tʊ {yevoto}, 2PL hom=e-no-ta {homenota} [Santana 2012: 282]. Cf. amˈe-kʊ {ameko} 'to walk' [Santana 2012: 274].
Migueleno Chiquitano:...=ˈiŋʸ-kʸa-tɨ {íngkyatɨ}3
Nikulin 2018. 1SG form. Non-past. A suppletive verb. 2SG: ˈa-kɨ-tɨ {ákɨtɨ}. In plural forms, the root /e[+nas]/ is found (e.g. 1EXCL com=ˈe-ka-tɨ {zomékatɨ}). In past, the form y=ˈa-ka-tɨ {yákatɨ} is used for 1SG.
Number:92
Word:go
Lomerio Chiquitano:sɨ-ɾˈo-tɨ {sɨrotɨ}2
Sans 2013: 44, 48-49, 52, 54; Galeote Tormo 1993: 179; Krüsi & Krüsi 1975: 88, 92. Suppletive (used in 3SG and 3PL.M non-past forms).
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:
Migueleno Chiquitano:cɨ-ɾˈo-tɨ {zɨrotɨ}2
Nikulin 2018. 3SG present form. Probably related to the non-finite stem (1SG i=ɨ-ɾˈo-tɨ {iɨrotɨ}, 2SG/3SG a=ɨ-ɾˈo-tɨ {aɨrotɨ}). In past, the form iyɨ-βˈo-tɨ {iyɨbotɨ} is used for 1SG.
Nikulin 2018. Distinct from kˈo-saneʔe {kósaneʼe} 'how?'. Plausibly segmentable as ˈi ɾ-aka naʔa 'WH LС-be.3SG this'. There is also the interrogative suffix =ki {=ki} (male speech) / =če {=che} (female speech), combined with adpositions or nouns (if the question refers to a possessor).
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:puɾusuvˈi ~ puʂuvˈi {purusuvi ~ purchuvi}1
Santana 2012: 276.
Migueleno Chiquitano:puɾusuβˈi {purusubí}1
Nikulin 2018.
Number:98
Word:who
Lomerio Chiquitano:ki-tˈi {kiti}1
Sans 2013: 67, 70; Galeote Tormo 1993: 351; Krüsi & Krüsi 1975: 92. There is also the interrogative suffix =če {=che}, combined with adpositions [Galeote Tormo 1993: 133-134].
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:
Not attested.
Migueleno Chiquitano:ˈuŋka-naʔa {ungka naʼa}3
Nikulin 2018. Female speech. There is also the interrogative suffix =ki {=ki} (male speech) / =če {=che} (female speech), combined with adpositions or nouns (if the question refers to a possessor).
Number:98
Word:who
Lomerio Chiquitano:ɲaku-na {ñakuna}2
Galeote Tormo 1993: 132; Sans 2010: 172 (ɲãku-tˈi {ñankuti}).
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:
Migueleno Chiquitano:tiʔˈi {tiʼí}4
Nikulin 2018. Male speech.
Number:99
Word:woman
Lomerio Chiquitano:paɨ̯-ʂ {paɨxɨ}1
Sans 2013: 12, 20, 55; Galeote Tormo 1993: 19, 350; Sans 2010: 155; Krüsi & Krüsi 1975: 73.
Galeote Tormo 1993: 354; Sans 2010: 138 (siyˈɨ-ʂ {siyɨxɨ}); MBI.
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:siˈɨ-ʂ {siürch}1
Santana 2012: 288.
Migueleno Chiquitano:siyˈɨ-x1
Nikulin 2018.
Number:105
Word:short
Lomerio Chiquitano:
Not attested.
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:
Not attested.
Migueleno Chiquitano:ciɲaʔˈa-maʔ {ziñaʼamaʼ}1
Nikulin 2018. Polysemy: 'small / short'. Suggested by one of the consultants as the main equivalent for the meaning 'short'; another one suggested č=aβˈai̯-yo-pɨ (a negation of 'long'). Distinct from kenenecˈe 'short (of height)'.
Number:106
Word:snake
Lomerio Chiquitano:n=o=i̯šoβˈo-ʂ {noixhoboxɨ}1
Galeote Tormo 1993: 346; MBI. Apparently a more general word than n=o=βasɨɾikʸˈo-ʂ {nobasɨrikioxɨ} and n=aβaɾˈa-ʂ {nabaraxɨ} ('Colubridae' (?)), which are translated as 'culebra' rather than 'serpiente' in [Galeote Tormo 1993: 345] and [Sans 2010: 133], even though in spoken Spanish 'culebra' is usually used as an exact synonym of 'serpiente'.
Porto Esperidiao Chiquitano:n=o=šoˈu-ʂ / šoˈu-ʂ {nochourch / chourch}1
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