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Tupían family: Ramarama group (1 list) : Search within this database Show all notes
new100\tup\ram
Number: 1
Word: all
Karo :n bǝk1 Gabas Júnior 1989: 9, 10, 13; 78.
Number: 4
Word: belly
Karo :kudn 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 36; Gabas Júnior 1989: 43, 59; Galucio et al. 2015.
Number: 5
Word: big
Karo :ȶú 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 18; Gabas Júnior 1989: 12, 17, 21, 34, 43, 60; Galucio et al. 2015. Cf. wèw 'large' (referring to a pig's nose) [Gabas Júnior 1999: 32].
Number: 6
Word: bird
Karo :ˈĩya 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 42, 51, 210; Galucio et al. 2015. Classifier -ʔɨ̀p .
Number: 7
Word: bite
Karo :tó 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 132; Galucio et al. 2015. Cf. the ideophone n
Number: 8
Word: black
Karo :pɨ̀k 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 115; Gabas Júnior 1989: 32 (ȶaɾo=pˈɨk 'dark'), 63. Attested as pĩ̀k in [Gabas Júnior 1999: 227; Galucio et al. 2015].
Number: 9
Word: blood
Karo :yù 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 18, 214; Gabas Júnior 1989: 15, 21, 34; Galucio et al. 2015.
Number: 10
Word: bone
Karo :ȶìgˈǝ̃̀ 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 42; Gabas Júnior 1989: 23; Galucio et al. 2015.
Number: 11
Word: breast
Karo :nǝ̃̀m 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 17; Galucio et al. 2015. Classifier -ʔàʔ .
Number: 12
Word: burn
Karo :pǝ̀k 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 110; Gabas Júnior 1989: 57. Attested with a medial ɨ in the form ama=pˈɨg-a 'burn it!' [Gabas Júnior 1989: 9]. Distinct from ȶiˈit 'to burn (vi.)' [Gabas Júnior 1989: 51].
Number: 12
Word: burn
Karo :tɨ̀t 2 Gabas Júnior 1999: 22; Gabas Júnior 1989: 42. Cited as tɨ̀dn , which is analyzable as /tɨ̀t-t/.
Number: 13
Word: nail
Karo :ȶiyˈõ 1 Gabas Júnior 1989: 15, 24; Galucio et al. 2015.
Number: 14
Word: cloud
Karo :ȶàɾò=gˈĩ̀n 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 25; Gabas Júnior 1989: 33, 52. Polysemy: 'smoke / cloud'.
Number: 15
Word: cold
Karo :pitˈẽk 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 62; Galucio et al. 2015. Incorrectly glossed as 'hot' in [Gabas Júnior 1999: 78]. Cf. òw=ì=tˈég-át 'I am cold' [Gabas Júnior 1989: 72].
Number: 16
Word: come
Karo :tì 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 22, 204; Gabas Júnior 1989: 40, 43; Galucio et al. 2015. Distinct from pàɾàʔkǝ̀, yàʔwàt 'to come back' [Gabas Júnior 1999: 58, 75].
Number: 17
Word: die
Karo :pàp 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 22, 51; Gabas Júnior 1989: 41, 42; Galucio et al. 2015.
Number: 18
Word: dog
Karo :wàwwàw -1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 207; Galucio et al. 2015. An obvious ideophone. Cf. àmèkˈɔ̀ 'jaguar' [Gabas Júnior 1999: 15, 25], yàɾàȶèwàk, màgòyàpàdn -pèʔ 'wild dog' [Gabas Júnior 1999: 32, 211].
Number: 19
Word: drink
Karo :ʔò 1 Galucio et al. 2015. Polysemy: 'to eat / to drink'.
Number: 21
Word: ear
Karo :nà=kˈɨ̀ɾà 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 143; Galucio et al. 2015 (ì=nà=kɨ̀ɾà-pèʔ ). Classifier: -pèʔ .
Number: 22
Word: earth
Karo :ˈɨ̀gànà 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 144; Gabas Júnior 1989: 20. Polysemy: 'earth / ground'.
Number: 23
Word: eat
Karo :nòk 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 75, 110; Gabas Júnior 1989: 10, 11. Intransitive.
Number: 23
Word: eat
Karo :ʔò 2 Gabas Júnior 1999: 73, 110; Gabas Júnior 1989: 70. Transitive. Polysemy: 'to eat / to drink'. Cf. à=ʔó-á 'eat it!', ǝ̀g=à=ʔˈó-á 'let's eat it!'
Number: 24
Word: egg
Karo :yògˈá 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 43; Gabas Júnior 1989: 17, 22, 64, 70 (yògˈá ~ yògˈá-bɛ ); Galucio et al. 2015. Polysemy: 'egg / tongue'.
Number: 25
Word: eye
Karo :ȶàgˈá 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 45, 149, 212; Gabas Júnior 1989: 47, 64, 70; Galucio et al. 2015. Classifier -ʔàʔ .
Number: 26
Word: fat
Karo :kàp 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 23; Gabas Júnior 1989: 47; Galucio et al. 2015. Also an adjective [Gabas Júnior 1999: 62].
Number: 28
Word: fire
Karo :ȶádn 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 13, 213. Classifier -nã̀ʔ .
Number: 29
Word: fish
Karo :ìp 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 27; Gabas Júnior 1989: 19, 40; Galucio et al. 2015.
Number: 30
Word: fly
Karo :tẽ̀p 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 15, 153. Cf. wát 'to fly' (of mosquitoes) [Gabas Júnior 1999: 138].
Number: 31
Word: foot
Karo :pì 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 39, 97; Gabas Júnior 1989: 65; Galucio et al. 2015. Classifier -bɛ̀ʔ .
Number: 33
Word: give
Karo :pǝ̃́ŋ 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 46, 75. Differently in [Galucio et al. 2015]: màʔã-t .
Number: 34
Word: good
Karo :pǝ̃́t # 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 36; Gabas Júnior 1989: 60; Galucio et al. 2015. Occurs in the meanings 'beautiful' and 'alright'.
Number: 35
Word: green
Karo :kˈɨ̀ɾɨ̀k 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 39; Gabas Júnior 1989: 8, 65; Galucio et al. 2015.
Number: 36
Word: hair
Karo :=nàʔ=ȶˈàp 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 19, 30; Gabas Júnior 1989: 12 (i=naʔȶˈat ); Galucio et al. 2015.
Number: 37
Word: hand
Karo :pá 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 39, 119; Gabas Júnior 1989: 59; Galucio et al. 2015. Classifier -bè(ʔ) .
Number: 38
Word: head
Karo :nˈà=ká ~ nˈà=káʔ 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 36, 51; Gabas Júnior 1989: 19, 20; Galucio et al. 2015 (ànàká ).
Number: 39
Word: hear
Karo :tòp 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 136, 250. Polysemy: 'to see / to hear'. Cf. wèɾò tòp 'to listen' (literally 'to see one's speech') [Gabas Júnior 1999: 60; Galucio et al. 2015].
Number: 40
Word: heart
Karo :Not attested. Galucio et al. [2015] cite ì=ȶáɾa-gáʔ in the slot 'heart, guts'. Since the root is analyzable as 'long', I assume that this word refers to guts.
Number: 42
Word: I
Karo :ʔõ̀-n / w-àt 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 30, 31, 49; Gabas Júnior 1989: 32, 47, 68 (wɛ̀t ); Galucio et al. 2015. Free / possessive.
Number: 43
Word: kill
Karo :wĩ̀ 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 15, 61, 110; Gabas Júnior 1989: 15, 23, 36, 45, 46; Galucio et al. 2015.
Number: 44
Word: knee
Karo :yɨ̀dn 1 Galucio et al. 2015. Classifier -kaʔ .
Number: 45
Word: know
Karo :ȶàhn bˈǝ̀y 1 Gabas Júnior 1989: 9, 10; Galucio et al. 2015 (ȶàhn bˈǝ̀y-nǝ̃̀n ).
Number: 46
Word: leaf
Karo :nàʔ=yòp 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 26, 211; Galucio et al. 2015. Classifier -ȶɨ́ʔ .
Number: 47
Word: lie
Karo :n bòp #1 Galucio et al. 2015. The attested form is =n bò-y , which is the regular outcome of /=mòp-t/. Translated as 'to lie down'. Glossed as 'to dive' in [Gabas Júnior 1999: 85].
Number: 48
Word: liver
Karo :píà 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 54; Galucio et al. 2015. Classifier -ʔàʔ .
Number: 49
Word: long
Karo :ȶˈáɾà 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 99, 225; Galucio et al. 2015. Polysemy: 'long / tall'.
Number: 51
Word: man
Karo :màʔ=wɨ̀t 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 26; Gabas Júnior 1989: 14, 43, 66; Galucio et al. 2015.
Number: 52
Word: many
Karo :pàʔpˈìk 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 65, 169; Galucio et al. 2015.
Number: 52
Word: many
Karo :pǝ̀t 2 Gabas Júnior 1999: 33; Gabas Júnior 1989: 48. Glossed as 'lots of', found in an example meaning 'lots of wounds'.
Number: 53
Word: meat
Karo :ȶĩ̀m 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 88, 214; Gabas Júnior 1989: 10, 23; Galucio et al. 2015.
Number: 54
Word: moon
Karo :wèdn 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 212; Gabas Júnior 1989: 44; Galucio et al. 2015. Classifier -ʔàʔ .
Number: 55
Word: mountain
Karo :n dò1 Galucio et al. 2015. Classifier -pɨ̀ʔ .
Number: 56
Word: mouth
Karo :nǝ̃̀k 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 17, 218; Gabas Júnior 1989: 36; Galucio et al. 2015. Classifier -káʔ .
Number: 57
Word: name
Karo :ȶèt 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 13, 198, 274; Gabas Júnior 1989: 13; Galucio et al. 2015.
Number: 58
Word: neck
Karo :òt 1 Gabas Júnior 1989: 22; Galucio et al. 2015. Classifier -káʔ .
Number: 59
Word: new
Karo :nẽ̀t 1 Gabas Júnior 1989: 46, 78; Galucio et al. 2015.
Number: 61
Word: nose
Karo :nàʔ=ȶˈǝ̀k 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 32; Galucio et al. 2015 (i=nàʔ=ȶˈǝ̀k-toʔ ). Classifier: -toʔ .
Number: 62
Word: not
Karo :ìʔkˈɛ̀ 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 32, 184; Gabas Júnior 1989: 7, 50; Galucio et al. 2015. Appears in declarative and future clauses. Distinct from yàhmǝ̃̀m (appears in imperatives and information questions) [Gabas Júnior 1999: 191], tàykìt (appears in yes/no question) [Gabas Júnior 1999: 193].
Number: 63
Word: one
Karo :kòtˈĩ́ 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 23, 65; Gabas Júnior 1989: 23, 45, 47, 73; Galucio et al. 2015.
Number: 64
Word: person
Karo :ìʔtǝ̀ 1 Galucio et al. 2015. Polysemy: 'we (inclusive) / person'.
Number: 65
Word: rain
Karo :àmǝ̃̀n ~ mǝ̃̀n 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 215, 280 (àmǝ̃̀n ); Gabas Júnior 1989: 46 (mǝ̃̀n ); Galucio et al. 2015 (àmǝ̃̀n ).
Number: 66
Word: red
Karo :ùp 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 23, 62; Gabas Júnior 1989: 17, 21, 41, 43, 51, 63; Galucio et al. 2015. Attested as òp in [Gabas Júnior 1999: 115].
Number: 67
Word: road
Karo :nàʔ=pˈɨ̀t 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 26; Gabas Júnior 1989: 6, 35; Galucio et al. 2015 (nàʔ=pˈìt-pèʔ ). Classifier -pèʔ .
Number: 68
Word: root
Karo :àȶìbˈɛ̀ 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 17; Gabas Júnior 1989: 9, 32, 67; Galucio et al. 2015.
Number: 69
Word: round
Karo :pìɾˈõ̀n ~ pìɾˈùdn 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 7, 41; Gabas Júnior 1989: 24 (only pìɾˈõ̀n ); Galucio et al. 2015 (pìɾˈòdn ). Idiolectal variation.
Number: 71
Word: say
Karo :ʔè 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 59, 135; Galucio et al. 2015. Occurs in reported speech in its lexical meaning. Distinct from kòtìgà 'to tell' [Gabas Júnior 1999: 188].
Number: 72
Word: see
Karo :tòp 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 31, 33, 110; Gabas Júnior 1989: 44, 57; Galucio et al. 2015. Polysemy: 'to see / to hear'.
Number: 73
Word: seed
Karo :ȶòt 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 56; Galucio et al. 2015.
Number: 74
Word: sit
Karo :yǝ̃n 1 Gabas Júnior 1989: 16. Distinct from the ideophone pàɾàn bˈu 'to sit down' [Gabas Júnior 1989: 166, 261; Gabas Júnior 1989: 9, 10].
Number: 75
Word: skin
Karo :pèˈòdn 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 39; Gabas Júnior 1989: 50, 66; Galucio et al. 2015. Classifier -pèʔ . Polysemy: 'skin / leather'.
Number: 76
Word: sleep
Karo :kèt 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 14, 50; Gabas Júnior 1989: 11, 70; Galucio et al. 2015.
Number: 77
Word: small
Karo :ʔĩ̀t 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 17; Gabas Júnior 1989: 23, 36, 46, 51; Galucio et al. 2015. Apparently more basic than mɛɾˈĩ , found once in [Gabas Júnior 1989: 23].
Number: 78
Word: smoke
Karo :ȶàɾò=gˈĩ̀n 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 25; Gabas Júnior 1989: 11, 33, 52. Polysemy: 'smoke / cloud'.
Number: 79
Word: stand
Karo :yà 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 137, 202; Galucio et al. 2015. Polysemy: 'to stand / to stand up'.
Number: 81
Word: stone
Karo :ìyá 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 51, 232. Classifier -ʔàʔ .
Number: 82
Word: sun
Karo :ȶàʔwàp 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 30 (ȶàwàp ), 215; Galucio et al. 2015.
Number: 83
Word: swim
Karo :pùgn =pùgn -1 Galucio et al. 2015. Most likely, an ideophone.
Number: 84
Word: tail
Karo :ȶàpˈóp ~ ȶàpˈòp 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 143, 211; Galucio et al. 2015 (àʔ=ȶàpˈóp-pɨ̀ʔ ). Classifier -ȶɨ́ʔ .
Number: 85
Word: that
Karo :tǝ̀t 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 52. Close to the hearer.
Number: 85
Word: that
Karo :yèkèt 2 Gabas Júnior 1999: 52. Far both from the speaker and from the hearer.
Number: 86
Word: this
Karo :yét 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 52; Galucio et al. 2015 (yet ye ).
Number: 87
Word: thou
Karo :ʔẽ̀-n / ʔè-t 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 49; Galucio et al. 2015. Free / possessive.
Number: 88
Word: tongue
Karo :yògˈá 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 45, 219; Galucio et al. 2015. Polysemy: 'egg / tongue'. Classifier: -pèʔ .
Number: 89
Word: tooth
Karo :yǝ̃̀y 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 15, 34; Gabas Júnior 1989: 16, 62; Galucio et al. 2015. Classifier -gàp (for groups of teeth) or -gáʔ (for single teeth).
Number: 90
Word: tree
Karo :mà=ʔɨ̀p 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 165; Gabas Júnior 1989: 8, 42, 43 (ʔɨ̀p ); Galucio et al. 2015.
Number: 91
Word: two
Karo :ȶàgˈáɾò-kˈõ̀m 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 65; Gabas Júnior 1989: 32; Galucio et al. 2015.
Number: 92
Word: go
Karo :kǝ̀ 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 77, 91, 92, 110; Gabas Júnior 1989: 20, ; Galucio et al. 2015 (kà-t ). Sometimes glossed as 'to walk'. Distinct from ʔè , which is sometimes glossed as 'to go' [Gabas Júnior 1999: 246; Gabas Júnior 1989: 40] but is an auxiliary verb [Gabas Júnior 1999: 100, 207]. Also distinct from tǝ̀t 'to walk' [Gabas Júnior 1999: 22; Gabas Júnior 1989: 34, 42], wɨ̀y 'to go out' [Gabas Júnior 1999: 76, 191].
Number: 93
Word: hot
Karo :yà=kˈõ̀p 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 62; Gabas Júnior 1989: 45; Galucio et al. 2015. Cf. à=mà=kˈṍm-ã́ 'heat it up!' [Gabas Júnior 1999: 46; Gabas Júnior 1989: 72].
Number: 94
Word: water
Karo :ìȶˈɨ̀ 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 13, 19; Gabas Júnior 1989: 13, 34, 43, 73 (ìȶˈɨ́ ); Galucio et al. 2015. Distinct from ȶì , used for liquids in general [Gabas Júnior 1999: 118].
Number: 95
Word: we1
Karo :ìʔtǝ̀ / ìʔy-àt 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 49; Galucio et al. 2015 (ìʔtǝ́ ). Inclusive. Free / possessive. Polysemy: 'we (inclusive) / person'.
Number: 95
Word: we2
Karo :té / tèʔè-t 2 Gabas Júnior 1999: 49. Exclusive. Free / possessive.
Number: 96
Word: what
Karo :nǝ̃̀n 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 50. In [Galucio et al. 2015], kɨ̀t is attested instead. Polysemy: 'who / what'. Cf. kɨ̀gòmǝ̀t 'which' [ibid.].
Number: 97
Word: white
Karo :kɨ̀t 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 36, 119; Galucio et al. 2015.
Number: 98
Word: who
Karo :nǝ̃̀n 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 50; Galucio et al. 2015. Polysemy: 'who / what'. Cf. kɨ̀gòmǝ̀t 'which' [ibid.].
Number: 99
Word: woman
Karo :màʔ=pˈǝ̀y 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 63; Galucio et al. 2015.
Number: 101
Word: far
Karo :tǝ̃́w 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 101, 162; Gabas Júnior 1989: 15, 36, 60. Attested with a low tone (tǝ̃̀w ) in [Gabas Júnior 1999: 15].
Number: 102
Word: heavy
Karo :pìʔtˈì 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 18; Gabas Júnior 1989: 18.
Number: 103
Word: near
Karo :Not attested. Cf. the postpositions pìkòp 'close to, outside' (abessive), pèbn 'close to, at' (adessive) [Gabas Júnior 1999: 69].
Number: 106
Word: snake
Karo :mǝ̃̀ygˈǝ̃̀ɾà ~ mǝ̃̀ygˈǝ̃̀ɾǝ̃̀ 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 17, 33, 50; Gabas Júnior 1989: 9, 15, 33.
Number: 108
Word: wind
Karo :ànàn gˈòt 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 215; Gabas Júnior 1989: 54.
Number: 109
Word: worm
Karo :àtĩ̀ŋ ~ tĩ̀ŋ 1 Gabas Júnior 1999: 25, 92.
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