Shipley 1963: 208. Polysemy: 'all / every bit'. Derived from ʔɨpˈe 'just, only ... and no more' [Shipley 1963: 208, 239]. Cf. also ʔɨpˈe-kʼan-ɓe 'all of them / each and every' [Shipley 1963: 208, 211], ʔɨpˈe-kʼan-ɗˌɨk 'all, every last one, every single...' [ibid.], kˌan-ˈi 'all, the whole of it, all there is' [Shipley 1963: 132, 211]. Textual examples in [Shipley 1963: 20-21, 32-33, 76-77] show that ʔɨpˈe-kʼan-ˌi is the basic word for "plural" 'all'.
Konkow:ʔˈipe-kˌan- #1
Ultan 1967: 94. Attested in the following sentence: ʔˈipekˌanimsa wˈoːnoɓˌosin "they all died off". -im- is the subject case ending [Ultan 1967: 145], -sa is an allomorph of neutral modal auxiliary ha, cliticized to the first constituent of the clause [Ultan 1967: 122-123]. Alternative candidate: ʔˈiɓeː 'all' [Ultan 1967: 136]. We tentatively choose ʔˈipe-kˌan- because it occurs in a diagnostic context for 'all = omnis'.
Central Hill Nisenan:kaːnteː2
Eatough 1999: 40. Quoted as kante, kantem haɗek in [Paul 1967: 19].
Number:2
Word:ashes
Maidu:pʼi=ɗˈus-i1
Shipley 1963: 165, 212. From pʼi- (attested, e.g., in pʼi-ɓˈu- 'be charred, blackened, burnt' [Shipley 1963: 165, 216], pʼi-lˈis 'hot' [Shipley 1963: 166, 230]) and ɗˌus-ˈi 'powder' [Shipley 1963: 107, 242]. Cf. also the word kʼˈaw=ɗus-ˌi 'dust' (literally 'dirt powder') that means 'ashes' in the speech of one of the informants, Marie Potts [Shipley 1963: 138, 222].
Konkow:sˈam=pˌɨpɨ2
Ultan 1961: 7. A compound formation from sˈa 'fire' and an unidentified root pɨpɨ.
Central Hill Nisenan:sam=yol3
Paul 1967: 19. A compound formation from sa 'fire' and the root yol which apparenly means 'dust'. Not attested in [Eatough 1999].
Number:3
Word:bark
Maidu:kapˈu-m-i #1
Shipley 1963: 131, 213. Glossed as 'thin-layered bark'. The Maidu language distinguishes between kapˈu 'thin-layered bark', kapˈu-m-i id. [Shipley 1963: 131, 213], on one side, and hulˈekɨ 'thick heavy bark, as from a pine tree' [Shipley 1963: 121, 213] on the other. It is not easy to decide which word is the 'basic' one. We tentatively choose kapˈu-m-i, because it occurs several times in the texts [Shipley 1963: 12-13, 46-47, 48-49, 62-63], whereas hulˈekɨ (and kapˈu) are found only in the dictionary. In [Shipley 1963: 131], kapˈu and kapˈu-m-i are listed as derived from the root ka- with unclear meaning, but, since no other derivatives of this root are attested, and the nature of the element -pu is unknown, the morphological segmentation remains tentative.
Eatough 1999: 41. Quoted as ɗoʔ in [Paul 1967: 19].
Number:8
Word:black
Maidu:sˈiw=sˌiw1
Shipley 1963: 169, 214. A reduplicated form.
Konkow:ʔˈe=mul-i #2
Ultan 1961: 6. Another candidate is ʔˈe=ɓut-i 'black' [ibid.].
Central Hill Nisenan:pʼiː-ɓutʼ3
Eatough 1999: 41. Quoted as pʼiː-buɗ in [Paul 1967: 19].
Number:9
Word:blood
Maidu:seɗˈe1
Shipley 1963: 168, 215.
Konkow:sˈeɗeː1
Ultan 1961: 6.
Central Hill Nisenan:seɗey1
Eatough 1999: 41; Paul 1967: 19.
Number:10
Word:bone
Maidu:ɓˌɨm-ˈi1
Shipley 1963: 96, 215.
Konkow:ɓˈɨm-i1
Ultan 1961: 6.
Central Hill Nisenan:ɓɨm1
Paul 1967: 19. Not attested in [Eatough 1999].
Number:11
Word:breast
Maidu:nanˈa1
Shipley 1963: 155, 217. Glossed as 'chest of body'. Distinct from mˌin-ˈi 'milk / woman's breast' [Shipley 1963: 152, 215].
Konkow:nˈana1
Ultan 1961: 5. Glossed as 'chest'. Distinct from mˈin-i 'woman's breast / nipple / milk' [Ultan 1961: 5, 15].
Central Hill Nisenan:tuːtuː #2
Eatough 1999: 42. Glossed as 'chest'. Quoted as tutuʔ 'breast (or chest)' in [Paul 1967: 19]. Distinct from min 'breast' [Eatough 1999: 41] (apparently female breast, judging by cognates in other Maiduan languages).
Number:12
Word:burn tr.
Maidu:tˈɨ-ti-1
Shipley 1963: 178, 216. Glossed as 'burn (something)'. Derived with the causative suffix -ti- from tˈɨ- 'burn (not as a fire, but the object that burns)'.
Konkow:čʼˈoː-ti-2
Ultan 1967: 90. Derived with the causative suffix -ti- from čʼˈoː- (morphophonologically {cʼóH-}) 'burn (intr.)'.
Central Hill Nisenan:tʼaːn-ti #3
Eatough 1999: 41. Glossed as 'burn (something)'. Quoted as ɗantip 'burn something' in [Paul 1967: 19]. Related to tʼaːno 'burn (be burned)' [ibid.]. Alternative candidate: sa-ti 'burn (something)' [ibid.], derived from sa 'fire', q.v.
Number:13
Word:claw(nail)
Maidu:ɓˌiȶʼ-ˈi1
Shipley 1963: 90, 225. Polysemy: 'claw / nail / hoof'. Cf. also the compound form mˈa=ɓiȶʼ-ˌi 'fingernail' [Shipley 1963: 90, 225] (with mˈa 'hand' q.v.).
Konkow:čʼˈiɓ-i1
Ultan 1961: 5. Polysemy: 'claw / fingernail'. The latter meaning can also be expressed by a compound form: mˌaːm=čʼˈiɓ-i [ibid.] (with mˈaː 'hand' q.v.).
Central Hill Nisenan:ɓicʼi1
Eatough 1999: 43. Glossed as 'fingernail'. Quoted as ɓicʼiː 'claw' in [Paul 1967: 19] and ɓicʼi 'fingernail' in [Paul 1967: 20].
Number:14
Word:cloud
Maidu:yˈa1
Shipley 1963: 123, 218.
Konkow:yˈaː1
Ultan 1961: 7. Polysemy: 'cloud / sky'.
Central Hill Nisenan:yaː1
Eatough 1999: 42; Paul 1967: 19.
Number:15
Word:cold
Maidu:
Not attested properly. The dictionary lists only ɗˈupe 'cold (physically, of a person)' and ɗˈupe-ti 'cold (of the weather, but not freezing)' [Shipley 1963: 107, 218].
Konkow:ʔˈiːtɨkʼ-ɨ1
Ultan 1961: 12. According to [Ultan 1967: 46], there are two variants of this word without any semantic contrast, ʔˈiːtɨkʼ-ɨn and ʔˈiːtʼɨkʼ-ɨn.
Central Hill Nisenan:pʼɨttʼi2
Eatough 1999: 42. Quoted as ɓɨti 'cold weather' in [Paul 1967: 19]. Cf. tal 'to be cold' [Paul 1967: 19].
Number:16
Word:come
Maidu:ʔɨ=yˈe-1
Shipley 1963: 207, 218. ʔɨ= is glossed as "a general morpheme occurring as first member of a large number of compound stems with meanings involving motion or location. The second member of these compounds (which supplies the specific meaning) is always one or a group of MLA" (motion-location auxiliaries) [Shipley 1963: 206]. =ye- is a motion-location auxiliary meaning 'hither' [Shipley 1964: 42].
Konkow:ʔˈɨ=yeː #1
Ultan 1961: 13. Morphological analysis: empty prefix ʔˈɨ=, locative directional root =yeː ({=jeH} in Ultan's morphophonological notation) 'continuous motion in an unspecified direction / come (hither) without implication as to goal' [Ultan 1967: 76]. Alternative candidate: ʔˈɨ=ɗaː 'come' [Ultan 1961: 13] (contains locative directional root =ɗaː 'off of or away from and toward a goal, come toward' [Ultan 1967: 73]).
Central Hill Nisenan:ɨ=ɗaw #2
Eatough 1999: 42. Quoted as u=ɗaw-i 'coming (of someone)' in [Paul 1967: 19]. Alternative candidate: upi 'come' [Paul 1967: 19].
Eatough 1999: 43. Quoted as pa-p in [Paul 1967: 20].
Number:24
Word:egg
Maidu:pˈak=pak-ˌa1
Shipley 1963: 157, 223. A reduplicated stem.
Konkow:pˈak=pakʼ-a1
Ultan 1961: 6. A reduplicated stem.
Central Hill Nisenan:pak1
Eatough 1999: 43. Quoted as pak=pak in [Paul 1967: 20].
Number:25
Word:eye
Maidu:hˌin-ˈi1
Shipley 1963: 116, 223. Polysemy: 'eye / any tiny seed'.
Konkow:hˈin-i1
Ultan 1961: 4.
Central Hill Nisenan:hin1
Eatough 1999: 41, 43; Paul 1967: 20. Polysemy: 'eye / face / fruit / berry (generic)'.
Number:26
Word:fat n.
Maidu:hˌɨtʼ-ˈi1
Shipley 1963: 123, 224. Glossed as 'fat, grease'.
Konkow:hˈɨtʼ-i1
Ultan 1961: 6.
Central Hill Nisenan:hɨt1
Paul 1967: 20. Glossed as 'fat (grease)'. Not attested in [Eatough 1999].
Number:27
Word:feather
Maidu:yˈe1
Shipley 1963: 126, 224. Polysemy: 'feather / wing of an insect'. See also notes on 'fly'.
Konkow:yˈeː1
Ultan 1961: 6. Glossed as 'wing feather / wing'. Distinct from pʼˈoːtʼi 'body feather' [ibid.].
Central Hill Nisenan:yeː1
Paul 1967: 20. Not attested in [Eatough 1999].
Number:28
Word:fire
Maidu:sˈa1
Shipley 1963: 167, 225.
Konkow:sˈa1
Ultan 1961: 7.
Central Hill Nisenan:sa1
Eatough 1999: 43. Quoted as saʔ in [Paul 1967: 20].
Number:29
Word:fish
Maidu:makˈo1
Shipley 1963: 150, 225.
Konkow:mˈakoː1
Ultan 1961: 9.
Central Hill Nisenan:holli2
Eatough 1999: 43. Glossed as 'fish (generic)'. Quoted as holiʔ in [Paul 1967: 20].
Number:30
Word:fly v.
Maidu:kˈay- #1
Shipley 1963: 131, 225. Another candidate is yˈe-y- 'to fly', derived from yˈe 'feather' q.v. [Shipley 1963: 126, 225]. The semantic difference between the two verbs is not clear. We tentatively choose kˈay- for representing an underived stem.
Ultan 1961: 5. Distinct from yˈim-i 'arm' [Ultan 1961: 5].
Central Hill Nisenan:maː1
Eatough 1999: 44; Paul 1967: 20. Distinct from yim 'arm' [Eatough 1999: 40; Paul 1967: 19].
Number:38
Word:head
Maidu:ʔo-nˈo1
Shipley 1963: 205, 229. There is also a related morpheme ʔo- ~ ʔˈos- 'having to do with the head'. According to [Shipley 1963: 202], ʔonˈo may consist of two morphs: ʔo + nˈo.
Konkow:ʔˈo-no1
Ultan 1961: 4. Cf. the classifier prefix ʔˈo= 'head / top / end' [Ultan 1967: 63]. According to [Ultan 1967: 140], -no is a non-productive noun formant.
Central Hill Nisenan:cʼoːl2
Eatough 1999: 44. Quoted as cʼol in [Paul 1967: 20].
Number:39
Word:hear
Maidu:pˈin-1
Shipley 1963: 160, 230.
Konkow:pˈin-i1
Ultan 1961: 12.
Central Hill Nisenan:pin1
Eatough 1999: 44. Quoted as piniːni 'hear (I hear)' in [Paul 1967: 20].
Number:40
Word:heart
Maidu:hˌon-ˈi1
Shipley 1963: 118, 230. According to [Shipley 1963: 118], possibly the same morpheme as in hon- 'breathe' (occurs in hˈon-we 'breath, speech, words', hˈon-yewˌey 'inhale', lit. 'breathe-return', etc.).
Konkow:hˈon-i1
Ultan 1961: 5.
Central Hill Nisenan:hon1
Eatough 1999: 44. Cf. honim=kʼokʼo 'heart' in [Paul 1967: 20].
Eatough 1999: 45. Glossed as 'horn (antler)'. Quoted as mo 'horn' in [Paul 1967: 20].
Number:42
Word:I
Maidu:nˈi1
Shipley 1963: 156, 231. Case forms: subject case nˈi, object case nˈik, possessive case nˌikʼ-ˈi [Shipley 1964: 29-31].
Konkow:nˈi1
Ultan 1967: 134. Oblique stem: nˈik-.
Central Hill Nisenan:ni1
Eatough 1999: 23. Case forms: nominative ni, accusative nik, genitive nikʼ-i. Quoted as niʔ 'I, me' in [Paul 1967: 21].
Number:43
Word:kill
Maidu:wˈono-ti-1
Shipley 1963: 194, 232. Derived from wˈono- 'die' with the causative suffix -ti-.
Konkow:wˈoːno-ti1
Ultan 1961: 14. Derived from wˈoːno 'die' with the causative suffix -ti.
Central Hill Nisenan:woːn-ti1
Eatough 1999: 45; Paul 1967: 21. Derived from woːno 'die' with the causative suffix -ti.
Number:44
Word:knee
Maidu:pokʼˈos-i1
Shipley 1963: 162, 233.
Konkow:pʼˈokʼos-i1
Ultan 1961: 5.
Central Hill Nisenan:poɗok2
Eatough 1999: 45; Paul 1967: 21.
Number:45
Word:know
Maidu:mˈak-kit-1
Shipley 1963: 150, 233. Glossed simply as 'know' in the main text of the dictionary, but as 'know how' and 'know (a person)' in the English-Maidu glossary. However, textual examples show that this word is also applicable to knowledge of a situation. Cf. the following examples: "At that time, I scarcely knew that my mother was Indian and my father white" [Shipley 1963: 50-51]; "But I don't know that very well, that's just what they used to say" [Shipley 1963: 52-53]; "That's when I knew that that bad man was really sneaking up on me" [Shipley 1963: 60-61]. Secondary synonym: yˈak-kit- 'know (something)' [Shipley 1963: 125, 233]; this word is absent from the texts collected in [Shipley 1963].
Konkow:hˈɨhčʼe2
Ultan 1961: 13.
Central Hill Nisenan:esakʼ3
Eatough 1999: 45. Quoted as esak in [Paul 1967: 21].
Number:46
Word:leaf
Maidu:ɓotˈo1
Shipley 1963: 94, 233.
Konkow:ɓˈakʼ-a2
Ultan 1967: 16.
Central Hill Nisenan:ɓakʼ2
Eatough 1999: 45. Quoted as ɓak in [Paul 1967: 21].
Number:47
Word:lie
Maidu:wo-wˈo-kinu-1
Shipley 1963: 192, 244. Glossed as 'be lying (someplace)'. Derived from the root wo- (also attested in wo-ɗˈa- 'fall down', wo-kˈit- 'put (something) down' etc.) [Shipley 1963: 192]. Analysis of textual examples (see, e.g., [Shipley 1963: 22-23, 24-25, 26-27, 38-39, 40-41, 42-43]) leaves no doubt that wo-wˈo-kinu- is the main word for 'to lie'. Secondary synonyms: yo-kʼˈos- 'lie, recline' [Shipley 1963: 127, 234], kʼaȶʼˈo- 'stretch oneself out, lie' [Shipley 1963: 138], tʼˈɨy- 'recline' [Shipley 1963: 180, 234].
Konkow:nˈɨn-2
Ultan 1961: 14.
Central Hill Nisenan:tukitʼ #3
Eatough 1999: 45. Glossed as 'lie down'. Alternative candidate: ninkutu 'lie (down)' [Paul 1967: 21].
Number:48
Word:liver
Maidu:kˈɨlla1
Shipley 1963: 136, 234.
Konkow:kˈɨlla1
Ultan 1961: 5.
Central Hill Nisenan:kɨlla1
Eatough 1999: 45; Paul 1967: 21.
Number:49
Word:long
Maidu:lˈam-pe1
Shipley 1963: 144, 235. The word has a reduplicated variant la=lˈam-pe [ibid.].
Konkow:lˈa=lam-i1
Ultan 1961: 12. Polysemy: 'tall / long'. A reduplicated form.
Central Hill Nisenan:la=lam1
Paul 1967: 21, 22. Polysemy: 'long / tall'. Not attested in [Eatough 1999].
Number:50
Word:louse
Maidu:ɗˈi1
Shipley 1963: 105, 235. Glossed as 'head louse'. Distinct from peɗˈes-i 'louse (body)' [Shipley 1963: 159, 235].
Konkow:ɗˈiː1
Ultan 1961: 9. Glossed as 'head louse'. Distinct from pˈeɗes-i 'body louse' [ibid.].
Central Hill Nisenan:ɗiː1
Eatough 1999: 46; Paul 1967: 21. Glossed as 'louse (head)' in [Paul 1967: 21]. Distinct from peɗes 'louse (body)' [Paul 1967: 21].
Ultan 1961: 2. Polysemy: 'man / husband'. Secondary synonym: mˈayɗɨ 'man / Indian' (see under 'person').
Central Hill Nisenan:mayɗɨk2
Eatough 1999: 46; Paul 1967: 21.
Number:52
Word:many
Maidu:pˈi1
Shipley 1963: 160, 235. Glossed in the main text of the dictionary as 'group, crowd, bunch', but the English-Maidu glossary also gives the meaning 'many', supported by textual examples. Secondary synonym: lok- 'many, myriad' [Shipley 1963: 146].
Konkow:
Not attested.
Central Hill Nisenan:heːl2
Eatough 1999: 46. Quoted as helimɨ in [Paul 1967: 21].
Number:53
Word:meat
Maidu:sˌɨm-ˈi1
Shipley 1963: 173, 236. Polysemy: 'deer / meat'. Secondary synonym: wˌakʼ-ˈa 'flesh / meat' [Shipley 1963: 182, 225]. The English-Maidu section of the dictionary glosses sˌɨm-ˈi as 'meat (to eat)', and wˌakʼ-ˈa as 'flesh (of human or animal)'.
Konkow:wˈakʼ-a2
Ultan 1961: 12. Occurs in the following sentences from the California Survey List: "she roasted the meat" and "she will boil that meat" [ibid.]. Glossed as 'flesh' in [Ultan 1967: 16]. Cf. also sˈɨm-i 'deer' [Ultan 1961: 8], translated as 'deermeat' in the sentence "I pounded the deermeat" [Ultan 1967: 119].
Central Hill Nisenan:kʼut3
Paul 1967: 21. Glossed as 'meat (flesh)'. Attested in [Eatough 1999: 42] as kʼutʼ 'deer'. The polysemy 'meat / deer' is commonplace in Californian languages.
Number:54
Word:moon
Maidu:pˌokʼ-ˈo1
Shipley 1963: 162, 237. Glossed as 'luminary / month'. Specialized expressions for 'moon' are kulˈu-m pˌokʼ-ˈo 'dark luminary' and pˈo-m pˌokʼ-ˈo 'night luminary'.
Konkow:pˈokʼ-o1
Ultan 1967: 37. Glossed as 'luminary'. Specialized expression for 'moon' is pˈoːm=pˌokʼo, literally 'night luminary' (pˈoː 'night') [Ultan 1961: 7].
Central Hill Nisenan:pom=ɓok1
Eatough 1999: 46; Paul 1967: 21. Polysemy: 'moon / month' [Paul 1967: 21]. A compound with 'night' (q.v.) as a first member.
Number:55
Word:mountain
Maidu:yamˈan-i1
Shipley 1963: 125, 237.
Konkow:yˈaman-i1
Ultan 1961: 7. Polysemy: 'hill / mountain'.
Central Hill Nisenan:yaman1
Eatough 1999: 46; Paul 1967: 21.
Number:56
Word:mouth
Maidu:sˌim-ˈi1
Shipley 1963: 169, 237.
Konkow:kʼˈomɓo(ː)2
Ultan 1961: 4.
Central Hill Nisenan:sim1
Eatough 1999: 46; Paul 1967: 21.
Number:57
Word:name
Maidu:yˈa ~ ya1
Shipley 1963: 123, 237.
Konkow:yˈa1
Ultan 1967: 24.
Central Hill Nisenan:
Not attested as a noun. Cf. the verb yaʔ 'to name' [Paul 1967: 21].
Number:58
Word:neck
Maidu:kʼˌuy-ˈi1
Shipley 1963: 141, 238.
Konkow:kʼˈuy-i1
Ultan 1961: 4.
Central Hill Nisenan:kʼuy-sok1
Eatough 1999: 46; Paul 1967: 21. Compound formation, with an unclear second member.
Glossed as 'man / Indian' in [Ultan 1961: 2, 4], as 'person' in [Ultan 1967: 2]. Morphophonological form in Ultan's notation: {májdyK} (i.e. mˈayɗɨ ~ mˈayɗɨk-) [Ultan 1967: 41].
Central Hill Nisenan:mayɗɨ1
Eatough 1999: 46. Glossed as 'man, person'. Cf. mayɗɨk 'man' [ibid.] - apparently a phonetic variant of the same word.
Number:65
Word:rain
Maidu:kʼaɗˈik-i1
Shipley 1963: 138, 244. The stem kʼaɗˈik- functions also as a verb with the meaning 'to rain' [Shipley 1963: 244].
Konkow:kʼˈaɗiː1
Ultan 1961: 7. Morphophonological form in Ultan's notation: {kʼádiK} (i.e. kʼˈaɗiː ~ kʼˈaɗik-) [Ultan 1967: 41].
Central Hill Nisenan:ɓay2
Paul 1967: 21. Not attested in [Eatough 1999].
Number:66
Word:red
Maidu:lˈak=lˌak-pe1
Shipley 1963: 143-144, 245. A reduplicated stem. The underlying form of the root ends in a glottalized stop: lakʼ-.
Konkow:ʔˈe=lakʼ-a1
Ultan 1961: 6.
Central Hill Nisenan:cʼuː-pap-pap #2
Eatough 1999: 46, 47, 50. Glossed as 'red (bright)' on p. 47, as 'orange (color)' on p. 46, and as 'yellow (bright)' on p. 50. Quoted as cu-pap 'red' in [Paul 1967: 21].
Number:67
Word:road
Maidu:ɓˈo1
Shipley 1963: 91, 245. Glossed as 'trail / path / way', but also as 'road' in the English-Maidu section of the dictionary.
Eatough 1999: 47; Paul 1967: 21. Glossed as 'root (any kind)' in the latter source.
Number:69
Word:round (3D)1
Maidu:pɨlˈɨlɨm-pe1
Shipley 1963: 164, 251. Glossed as 'spherical'. Derived from pɨlˈɨm-i 'sphere' [ibid.].
Konkow:
Not attested.
Central Hill Nisenan:kʼaɗaɗay2
Paul 1967: 21. Glossed as 'round'. Not attested in [Eatough 1999].
Number:69
Word:round (2D)2
Maidu:watʼˈa-m ȶʼetˈi-pe3
Shipley 1963: 184, 246. Glossed as 'round, disc-shaped'. Literally 'looking like a plate', from watʼˈa 'plate, any flat object used to eat from' [Shipley 1963: 184].
Konkow:
Central Hill Nisenan:
Number:70
Word:sand
Maidu:ɓɨmˈɨk-ɨ1
Shipley 1963: 96, 246. Cf. kʼɨmʔˈɨk-ɨ 'sand' in the speech of one of the informants, Marie Potts [Shipley 1963: 143, 246].
Konkow:tʼˈoytʼoː2
Ultan 1961: 7.
Central Hill Nisenan:aʔiːl3
Eatough 1999: 47. Quoted as aːʔil in [Paul 1967: 21].
Number:71
Word:say
Maidu:ʔa-1
Shipley 1963: 197, 246. Glossed as 'call, in the special sense of "He is called (named) Bill"; say, in the special sense of "quote"'. This verb is undoubtedly the main means of introducing direct speech. Secondary synonyms: kaʔˈa-y- 'say / assert' [Shipley 1963: 133, 246], mˈa-y- 'speak / quote / say' [Shipley 1963: 149, 246], wˈe-ye- 'speak' [Shipley 1963: 184, 251].
Konkow:ʔˈa1
Ultan 1967: 184. This verb is used to introduce direct speech or quotation.
Central Hill Nisenan:ha #1
Eatough 1999: 47. Alternative candidate: moyaː-p 'say' [Paul 1967: 22].
Number:72
Word:see
Maidu:ȶʼe-1
Shipley 1963: 99, 247.
Konkow:čʼˈe1
Ultan 1961: 12.
Central Hill Nisenan:e2
Eatough 1999: 48. Quoted as ey in [Paul 1967: 22].
Number:73
Word:seed
Maidu:kʼˌom-ˈi1
Shipley 1963: 140, 247. Secondary synonyms: hˌin-ˈi 'eye / any tiny seed' [Shipley 1963: 116, 247], kʼˌokʼ-ˈo 'seeds, nuts, anything to crack' [Shipley 1963: 140, 247], kʼˌɨm-ˈi 'seed of fruit / pit' (in the speech of one of the informants, Marie Potts) [Shipley 1963: 143, 247].
Konkow:kʼˈom-i1
Ultan 1961: 10.
Central Hill Nisenan:kʼoːm1
Eatough 1999: 48. Quoted as kʼom in [Paul 1967: 22].
Eatough 1999: 48. Glossed as 'be sitting' on p. 14. Quoted as noskʼuɗu 'sit' in [Paul 1967: 22]. Cf. noskitʼ 'sit (down)' [ibid.].
Number:75
Word:skin
Maidu:po-sˈala ~ po-sˈal-i1
Shipley 1963: 161, 249. Polysemy: 'hide / skin / shell of a shellfish'.
Konkow:pˈo-salˌa #1
Ultan 1961: 6. Glossed as 'skin / hide'. Another candidate is pˈo-tani 'skin / hide' [ibid.].
Central Hill Nisenan:po-sa1
Eatough 1999: 48; Paul 1967: 22. Glossed as 'skin (hide)' in the latter source. Distinct from po-kʼak 'hide (pelt)' [Eatough 1999: 44].
Number:76
Word:sleep
Maidu:tˈuy-1
Shipley 1963: 178, 249.
Konkow:tˈuy1
Ultan 1961: 13.
Central Hill Nisenan:tuy1
Eatough 1999: 48; Paul 1967: 22.
Number:77
Word:small
Maidu:tiɓˈi1
Shipley 1963: 176, 249.
Konkow:nˈukti ~ nˈukti-pˌe2
Ultan 1961: 12. Glossed as 'little'.
Central Hill Nisenan:hɨːnɨ3
Eatough 1999: 48. Cf. huːna 'small' in [Paul 1967: 22] and hɨːnamɨ 'little (it's little)' in [Paul 1967: 21].
Number:78
Word:smoke
Maidu:sˌukʼ-ˈu1
Shipley 1963: 171, 250.
Konkow:sˈukʼ-u1
Ultan 1967: 16.
Central Hill Nisenan:sukʼ1
Paul 1967: 22. Glossed as 'smoke (of fire)'. Not attested in [Eatough 1999].
Number:79
Word:stand
Maidu:tˈɨs-woyˌe- #1
Shipley 1963: 179, 252. The verb tˈɨs-woyˌe- contains the morpheme -woyˈe- 'get to be (some way)' [Shipley 1963: 192] and is glossed as 'stand up, get to be in a standing position' [ibid.]. However, textual examples show that tˈɨs-woyˌe- can mean 'be in a standing position' as well, cf. 'Standing there, (Coyote) watched' [Shipley 1963: 22-23]. Other candidates are all different derivatives from the same root: tˈɨs-ki-nu- 'stand', tˈɨs-wˌeye- 'id.' [Shipley 1963: 179, 252]. It is unclear if tɨs- can function as an independent stem without suffixes.
Konkow:yˈesikˌit- #2
Ultan 1961: 13. Alternative candidate: sˈɨ-ɗoː- 'stand' [ibid.] (-ɗoː- is a locative directional: 'up, upward' [Ultan 1967: 76]).
Central Hill Nisenan:ɓokutu3
Paul 1967: 22. Not attested in [Eatough 1999].
Number:80
Word:star
Maidu:lɨlˈɨ1
Shipley 1963: 148, 252.
Konkow:pˌokˈeː=lɨlɨ1
Ultan 1961: 7. A compound with an unclear first component. Cf. the independent word lˈɨlɨ 'star' [Ultan 1967: 23].
Central Hill Nisenan:poke=lɨlɨ1
Paul 1967: 22. A compound with an unclear first component. Not attested in [Eatough 1999].
Number:81
Word:stone
Maidu:ʔˈo1
Shipley 1963: 202, 245. Glossed as 'rock (stone)'.
Konkow:ʔˈoː1
Ultan 1961: 7. Glossed as 'rock'.
Central Hill Nisenan:oː1
Eatough 1999: 47. Glossed as 'rock (noun)'. Quoted as ʔoː 'rock' in [Paul 1967: 21].
Number:82
Word:sun
Maidu:pˌokʼ-ˈo1
Shipley 1963: 162, 237. Glossed as 'luminary / month'. Specialized expressions for 'sun' are ʔˌek-ˈim pˌokʼ-ˈo 'day luminary' and ʔˈek-ɗa-m pˌokʼ-ˈo 'dawn luminary'.
Konkow:pˈokʼ-o1
Ultan 1967: 37. Glossed as 'luminary'. Specialized expression for 'sun' is ʔˈekim=pˌokʼo, literally 'day luminary' (ʔˈek-i 'day') [Ultan 1961: 7].
Shipley 1963: 164, 254. Glossed as 'swim (in the general sense, of people)'.
Konkow:pˈi-1
Ultan 1967: 92, 95, 104, 115, 119, 124, 167.
Central Hill Nisenan:piːyeː1
Eatough 1999: 49. Quoted as piye in [Paul 1967: 22].
Number:84
Word:tail
Maidu:ɓˌuk-ˈu1
Shipley 1963: 94, 254.
Konkow:ɓˈukʼ-u1
Ultan 1961: 5.
Central Hill Nisenan:ɓuk #1
Eatough 1999: 49. Quoted as ɓɨk in [Paul 1967: 22]. Alternative candidate: pʼɨːkʼ 'tail' [ibid.].
Number:85
Word:that
Maidu:ʔˌan-ˈi1
Shipley 1963: 198, 255. Glossed as 'that yonder'. The system of demonstrative pronouns in Maidu includes ʔunˈi-m 'this', ʔan-ˈim 'that', mˈɨ-m 'this; that' and mˌɨy-ˈim 'this; that (person)' [Shipley 1964: 34].
Konkow:hˈuɗu2
Ultan 1967: 157. Konkow lists the following demonstratives of spatio-temporal reference: hˈeɗe 'proximal: this, here, now', hˈoɗo 'medial: that, there, then or later', hˈuɗu 'distal: yon, yonder, much earlier or later'. Other demonstratives given in [Ultan 1967: 157] include mˈo-ye 'deictic', mˈɨ-ye 'general', ʔˈa-ma 'anaphoric', and mˈo 'deictic'.
Central Hill Nisenan:hoɗo3
Eatough 1999: 23. Glossed as 'that over there, over there'. Cf. also mɨ 'that' [Eatough 1999: 49], mɨhe 'that one' [Paul 1967: 22].
Number:86
Word:this
Maidu:ʔunˈi1
Shipley 1963: 206, 255. Glossed as 'this, this one'. See notes on 'that'.
Konkow:hˈeɗe2
Ultan 1967: 157. Glossed as 'this / here / now'. See notes on 'that.'
Eatough 1999: 41, 49. Polysemy: 'tree / branch (tree)'. Quoted as cʼa 'tree' in [Paul 1967: 22]. Cf. also tʼuːtʼuʔ 'trees (all kinds)' [Paul 1967: 22].
Number:91
Word:two
Maidu:pˈene1
Shipley 1963: 159, 257.
Konkow:pˈeːne1
Ultan 1961: 1. Cited as pˈeːne ~ pˈeːn in [Ultan 1967: 45].
Central Hill Nisenan:peːn1
Eatough 1999: 49; Paul 1967: 22.
Number:92
Word:walk (go)
Maidu:ʔɨ=kʼˈoy-1
Shipley 1963: 207, 227. Polysemy: 'go / go away'. The verb consists of the morpheme ʔɨ= (see notes on 'come') and the motion-location auxiliary =kʼoy- 'away from here, thither' [Shipley 1964: 42]. Secondary synonyms: ʔɨ=nˈo- 'walk, go along / function, run (as a machine)' [Shipley 1963: 207, 227], yˈɨ=no- 'go' [Shipley 1963: 130, 227]. These verbs contain the motion-location auxiliary =no- 'along, general motion without implication of direction or attitude' [Shipley 1964: 42].
Konkow:ʔˈɨ=kʼoː1
Ultan 1961: 13. Glossed as 'go (away) / leave'. Morphological analysis: empty prefix ʔˈɨ=, locative directional root kʼoː ~ kʼoy ({kʼoJ} in Ultan's morphophonemic notation) 'move away from in an unspecified direction' [Ultan 1967: 77]. Secondary synonym: ʔˈɨ=no 'go / go along / go upstream' [Ultan 1967: 78] (glossed simply as 'go' in [Ultan 1961: 13]; contains locative directional root =no 'move along in an unspecified direction / move uphill, upstream' [Ultan 1967: 78]). Sentences that overtly state the goal of movement (marked by the allative case ending -nak) usually have the verb ʔˈɨ=kʼoː, e.g. mˈɨsaːmsa sˈewnak ʔˈɨkʼoysˌam "they two used to go to the river" [Ultan 1967: 145], pˈakannakˌay ʔˈɨkʼoykˌiːn "I'm going to go to the lake" [Ultan 1967: 150], ʔˈamanakay ʔˈɨkʼoymˌehkiːn "I won't go there" [Ultan 1967: 157], mˌɨːmante hˈɨɓoːnak ʔˌɨkʼoːn "he probably did go home" [Ultan 1967: 169], hˈomonakwˌetepa ʔˈɨkʼoːn "wherever might they be going?" [Ultan 1967: 177], mˌɨm hˈɨɓoːnak ʔˈɨkʼoyɓˌo "let him go home" [Ultan 1967: 187]. Cf. mˌi ʔˈɨnonaːpeni ʔˈamanak "could you go there?" [Ultan 1967: 107].
Central Hill Nisenan:ʔɨ=kʼoy #1
Paul 1967: 20. Alternative candidate: u=no 'go' [Eatough 1999: 44].
Number:93
Word:warm (hot)
Maidu:pʼi-lˈis1
Shipley 1963: 166, 230. Glossed as 'hot (of things)'. Same root pʼi- as in 'ashes' q.v.
Konkow:pʼˈi-kʼil-i1
Ultan 1961: 12. Glossed as 'hot'. Cf. also pʼˈiʔokʼˌon 'hot / warm', cited in [Ultan 1967: 46] as an example of a sporadic development y > ʔ. Thus, this form apparently coexists with or goes back to pʼˈiyokʼˌon.
Central Hill Nisenan:pʼi-ɗep1
Paul 1967: 20, 22. Polysemy: 'hot / warm'. Words for 'warm' and 'hot' are not attested in [Eatough 1999].
Number:94
Word:water
Maidu:mˌo-m-ˈi1
Shipley 1963: 153, 259. Polysemy: 'water / stream'. Derived from mo- 'to drink' with the synchronically non-productive nominalizer -m (cf. ȶʼˌu-m-ˈi 'urine' from the root ȶʼu- 'to urinate' [Shipley 1963: 102, 258]).
Konkow:mˈo-m-i1
Ultan 1961: 6. Derived from mˈo 'to drink' with the synchronically non-productive nominalizer -m (cf. wˈo-m-i 'tears' from wˈo 'to cry' and čʼˈu-m-i 'urine' from čʼu 'to urinate') [Ultan 1967: 138].
Central Hill Nisenan:mo-m1
Eatough 1999: 49; Paul 1967: 22.
Number:95
Word:we
Maidu:nˌi-sˈe1
Shipley 1963: 156, 259. Glossed as 'we three or more'. Cf. the dual form nˌi-sˈa 'we two'. 'We' has the same root as 'I' q.v.
Konkow:nˈi-se1
Ultan 1967: 134. Plural form. Cf. the dual form nˈisaː [ibid.]. 'We' has the same root as 'I' q.v.
Central Hill Nisenan:neːs1
Eatough 1999: 23. Quoted as nes 'we' in [Paul 1967: 22]. Plural form (opposed to dual). Case forms: nominative neːs, accusative niseː, genitive niseːk. Cf. dual forms: nominative naːs ~ nisaːm, accusative nisakʼa, genitive nisakʼak.
Number:96
Word:what
Maidu:hˌes-ˈi1
Shipley 1963: 114, 259; Shipley 1964: 60. Probably related to the root hˈes- 'thing, things' [Shipley 1963: 114].
Konkow:hˈes-i1
Ultan 1967: 16, 172. Polysemy: 'what / (some)thing'. According to Ultan, "[t]he /s/ is probably to be identified historically with the nominalizer {si}" [Ultan 1967: 172-173].
Central Hill Nisenan:homaː2
Eatough 1999: 24, 49. Glossed as 'what / something'. Quoted as homaɓe 'what' in [Paul 1967: 22].
Number:97
Word:white
Maidu:ɗˈal=ɗˌal1
Shipley 1963: 104, 260. A reduplicated form. Cf. kˈok=kˌok 'white' in the speech of one of the informants, Marie Potts [Shipley 1963: 134, 260].
Konkow:ʔˈe=waw-i2
Ultan 1961: 6.
Central Hill Nisenan:koːw #3
Eatough 1999: 50. Alternative candidate: kokok 'white' [Paul 1967: 22].
Number:98
Word:who
Maidu:homˈo-ni1
Shipley 1963: 260; Shipley 1964: 61.
Konkow:mˈene2
Ultan 1967: 172.
Central Hill Nisenan:mene2
Eatough 1999: 24. Glossed as 'who / someone'. Quoted as meneɓe 'who' in [Paul 1967: 22]. Cf. also homokuɓe 'who (who's that?)' [Paul 1967: 22].
Ultan 1961: 2. Secondary synonym: kˈonoː ~ kˈonoy (the form is given by Ultan in morphophonological notation: {kónoJ}) 'wife / woman' [Ultan 1967: 160].
Central Hill Nisenan:kɨle1
Eatough 1999: 50. Polysemy: 'woman / wife'. Quoted as kɨleʔ in [Paul 1967: 22].
Number:100
Word:yellow
Maidu:ȶʼu-lˈalˌak1
Shipley 1963: 102, 261. Polysemy: 'yellow / brown'. Literally 'urine (color)-reddish'. From the roots ȶʼu- 'urinate' and ʔe=lˈalak 'reddish' [Shipley 1963: 144] (see also 'red').
Konkow:
Not attested properly. The positions for 'yellow' and 'gray' in the California Survey List are filled with ʔˈe=ɗal-i 'light-colored' [Ultan 1961: 6].
Central Hill Nisenan:cʼuː-pap-pap #2
Eatough 1999: 46, 47, 50. Glossed as 'red (bright)' on p. 47, as 'orange (color)' on p. 46, and as 'yellow (bright)' on p. 50.
Number:101
Word:far
Maidu:haɗˈa-ɗi1
Shipley 1963: 109, 224. Glossed as 'far away'. haɗˈa-ɗi is the locative case form of the noun haɗˈa 'the far-away place / deep (in water)'. Cf. also haɗˈa-ɗaw 'out of reach, far away' and haɗˈa-ɗoy 'far up high, high up' [ibid.], derived from the same noun with the motion-location auxiliaries -ɗaw- 'down and away with no interest in the goal of movement' and -ɗoy- 'upward' [Shipley 1964: 42].
Konkow:pˈeːla-ɗi2
Ultan 1961: 8. -ɗi is the locative case form of the noun pˈeːla 'far' [Ultan 1967: 20].
Central Hill Nisenan:haʔɗa-ɗi1
Paul 1967: 20. Glossed as 'far off'. Not attested in [Eatough 1999].
Number:102
Word:heavy
Maidu:wihˈɨl- #1
Shipley 1963: 189, 230. Glossed as 'be heavy'. Adjectival use is confirmed by the following example: 'Then I picked up a club, a heavy one' (wihˈɨl-pe) [Shipley 1963: 26-27]. Another candidate is he=hˈek-pe 'heavy' [Shipley 1963: 113, 230].
Konkow:
Not attested.
Central Hill Nisenan:lɨs=lɨs2
Paul 1967: 20. Not attested in [Eatough 1999].
Number:103
Word:near
Maidu:heɗˈen #1
Shipley 1963: 113, 238. Glossed as 'close, near'. Another candidate is nˈakʼ-a ~ nˌakʼ-ˈa 'vicinity / near, nearby' [Shipley 1963: 155, 238].
Konkow:ʔˈattˌeː #2
Ultan 1961: 8. Morphophonologically written as {ʔàttéH} in [Ultan 1967: 151]. Alternative candidate: ʔˌam-hˈoy-i 'near' [ibid.], containing the suffix -hoy 'near, close to' [Ultan 1967: 153].
Central Hill Nisenan:nik=hoy-ɗi #3
Paul 1967: 21. Glossed as 'near (close by me)'. Apparenly consists of nik 'me', -hoy- 'near' (suffix) and -ɗi locative suffix. Not attested in [Eatough 1999].
Number:104
Word:salt
Maidu:ɓˈa1
Shipley 1963: 87, 246.
Konkow:ɓˈa1
Ultan 1961: 11.
Central Hill Nisenan:ɓa1
Eatough 1999: 47; Paul 1967: 21.
Number:105
Word:short
Maidu:tʼˈes1
Shipley 1963: 179, 248. Polysemy: 'short / brief'. The English-Maidu section of the dictionary also lists tʼˈes-pe 'short (in stature)', tʼˈes-tʼˌes-pe 'id.'.
Konkow:nˈu=nus-pˌe #2
Ultan 1961: 12. A reduplicated form. It is unclear whether the word means 'short (as opposed to long)', 'short (as opposed to tall)', or both.
Central Hill Nisenan:nus2
Paul 1967: 22. Not attested in [Eatough 1999].
Number:106
Word:snake
Maidu:hˈus-kɨ1
Shipley 1963: 122, 250. Cf. hˈus-ɓillˌayto 'snake' in the speech of one of the informants, Marie Potts [Shipley 1963: 122, 250].
Konkow:
Not attested properly. The position for 'snake' in the California Survey List is filled in [Ultan 1961: 9] with the word sˈola in parentheses. The same word, but without parentheses, fills the position for 'rattlesnake'. In [Ultan 1967: 23], sˈola is glossed as 'rattlesnake', but the same word is translated as 'snake' in the following sentences: "a snake might bite you!" [Ultan 1967: 110] and "kill the snake!" [Ultan 1967: 113].
Central Hill Nisenan:kapi2
Eatough 1999: 48. Glossed as 'snake (generic)'. Quoted as kapiː 'snake' in [Paul 1967: 22]. Cf. sola 'snake (rattle)' [Eatough 1999: 48] and huskɨ 'snake (water)' [Eatough 1999: 48].
Number:107
Word:thin
Maidu:tʼˈot=tʼˌot1
Shipley 1963: 180, 255. Glossed as 'thin (in dimension)'. A reduplicated form. A synonym with the same root is tʼotʼˈo 'thin (in dimension)' [ibid.]. Cf. also yɨnˈo 'thin, slim, as a man, a tree, etc.' [Shipley 1963: 131, 255].
Konkow:
Not attested.
Central Hill Nisenan:
Not attested. Cf. cʼukʼu 'thin (people)' [Paul 1967: 22].
Number:108
Word:wind
Maidu:ɓˈɨ-wo1
Shipley 1963: 95, 260. Derived from the verb ɓˈɨ- 'blow (as breath)' [Shipley 1963: 95, 215]. The stem ɓˈɨ-wo- also functions as a verb with the meaning 'blow, as wind'.
Konkow:mˈunuː2
Ultan 1961: 7.
Central Hill Nisenan:munuː2
Eatough 1999: 50. Glossed as 'wind (noun)'. Quoted as monoː in [Paul 1967: 22].
Number:109
Word:worm
Maidu:kʼayhˈi1
Shipley 1963: 138, 261. Glossed as 'earthworm'.
Konkow:
Not attested.
Central Hill Nisenan:kʼaye1
Eatough 1999: 43. Glossed as 'earthworm'. Quoted as kʼayeː 'earthworm' in [Paul 1967: 20].
Number:110
Word:year
Maidu:kʼˈoɗo ~ kʼˈoɗoy1
Shipley 1963: 140, 261. Polysemy: 'district / country / area / place / time / year'. Distinct from yˈok-mˌen-i 'springtime / year' [Shipley 1963: 128, 261]. The English-Maidu section of the dictionary glosses kʼˈoɗo as 'year (of time)' and yˈok-mˌen-i as 'year (of age)'.
Konkow:kʼˈum-men-i2
Ultan 1961: 7, 17. Polysemy: 'winter / year'.
Central Hill Nisenan:kʼaw3
Eatough 1999: 43, 44, 47, 50; Paul 1967: 23. Polysemy: 'earth / ground / place / year' [Eatough 1999: 43, 44, 47, 50]. In the meaning 'year' the word is marked as a potential loanword in [Paul 1967: 23], but there is no evidence for this.
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