North Atlantic family: Fula-Serer group (1 list) : Query result

Number: 1

Word: all

Serer: fop ¹

Crétois 1972: II, 403; Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 44. Adverb. Cf. tiɗ ka fop 'all the birds', etc.

Number: 2

Word: ashes

Serer: ndaw ¹

Crétois 1972: IV, 423. K-class. Quoted as ndaːv in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 98].

Number: 3

Word: bark

Serer: xoɓ # ¹

Crétois 1972: VI, 338. Ol-class. Plural: qoɓ a...ak (with consonantal gradation). Polysemy: 'leaf / empty vessel / certain types of bark'. In [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 63], quoted as hob in the meanings 'tree bark' and 'empty vase'. Not quite clear if this is really the default equivalent for generic 'bark', but no better candidate found so far.

Number: 4

Word: belly

Serer: fud ¹

Crétois 1972: II, 426. Ol-class. Plural: pud a...ak (with consonantal gradation). Quoted as fuːd in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 45].

Number: 5

Word: big

Serer: magin ¹

Crétois 1972: IV, 8. Verbal root: 'to be large, enormous, great, imposing, etc.'. Quoted as maːgin 'to be big' in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 84].

Number: 6

Word: bird

Serer: ndiːɗ ¹

Crétois 1972: IV, 459. N-class. Plural: tiːɗ k- (with consonantal gradation). Polysemy: 'bird / child (fig.)'. Quoted as ndid in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 98].

Number: 7

Word: bite

Serer: ŋat ¹

Crétois 1972: V, 105; Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 54. Plural form: a ŋat-a.

Number: 8

Word: black

Serer: ɓaːl ¹

Crétois 1972: I, 234. Quoted as baːl in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 4]. Cf. also ɗok 'to be very black, deep black' [Crétois 1972: II, 188].

Number: 9

Word: blood

Serer: fo=ʔoːy ¹

Crétois 1972: II, 402. Ol-class. Plural: po=ʔoːy k- (with consonantal gradation). Contains the same fused prefix (of liquids) as 'water' q.v.

Number: 10

Word: bone

Serer: hiːʄ ¹

Crétois 1972: IV, 38. Ol-class. Plural: kiːʄ a...ak (with consonantal gradation). Quoted as hid (possibly a misprint for hiʓ) in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 62].

Number: 11

Word: breast

Serer: ŋgaŋ ¹

Crétois 1972: IV, 520; Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 103. N-class. Plural: kaŋ k- (with consonantal gradation). Cf. ɗen 'breast, nipple' [Crétois 1972: II, 166].

Number: 12

Word: burn tr.

Serer: dox ¹

Crétois 1972: II, 97. Transitive and intransitive use. Quoted as doh in [Exanno & Greffier 1960: 20].

Number: 13

Word: claw(nail)

Serer: mbambaːɲ ¹

Crétois 1972: IV, 190. N-class. Plural: pambaːɲ k-. Polysemy: 'claw / nail / hoof'. Quoted as mbɛnbaɲ in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 87] (cf. also the dialectal Petit-Côte variant mbembaːɲ in [Crétois 1972: IV, 230]).

Number: 14

Word: cloud

Serer: eːl ~ yeːl ¹

Crétois 1972: II, 222; Crétois 1972: VI, 447. L-class. Plural: eːl a...ak. Quoted as el ~ yɛl in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 34].

Number: 15

Word: cold

Serer:

Not properly attested. The closest candidate is the verbal root ɓuːɓ, glossed in [Crétois 1972: I, 299] as 'to be freshː to cold (of weather)'. Contexts, however, show that it is mostly used in the meaning 'fresh, cool' rather than '(unpleasantly) cold'. In [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 10], it is glossed simply as bub 'to be fresh'. Cf. also ʓogoɲ 'to be cold (of weather)', ʓogoɲ-el 'to be cold (of smbd.)' [Crétois 1972: III, 225], not eligible semantically. For the moment, we prefer to leave the issue unresolved and the slot empty.

Number: 16

Word: come

Serer: gar ¹

Crétois 1972: II, 488. Plural form: a ngara.

Number: 17

Word: die

Serer: xon ¹

Crétois 1972: VI, 344. Plural: a nɢon-a. Quoted as hon in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 64]. Cf. also the marked term saːy 'to die (of a king)' [Crétois 1972: V, 552].

Number: 18

Word: dog

Serer: ɓox ¹

Crétois 1972: I, 276. L-class. Plural: ɓox a...ak. Quoted as boh in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 9].

Number: 19

Word: drink

Serer: yer ¹

Crétois 1972: VI, 439. Plural: a yer-a. Quoted as yɛr in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 161]. Polysemy: 'to drink / to smoke'.

Number: 20

Word: dry

Serer: weːr-u ¹

Crétois 1972: VI, 234. Adjectival derivate from the verbal root wer 'to be dry'. Quoted as wɛr 'to be dry' in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 155].

Number: 21

Word: ear

Serer: nof ¹

Crétois 1972: IV, 372; Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 106. N-class. Plural: nof k-.

Number: 22

Word: earth

Serer: lanɢ ¹

Crétois 1972: III, 530. N-class. Plural: lanɢ k-. Polysemy: 'earth / soil / ground'. Quoted as lãg in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 76].

Number: 23

Word: eat

Serer: ɲaːm ¹

Crétois 1972: V, 27. Quoted as ɲam in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 108]. Cf. also ɲam 'to taste (smth.)' [Crétois 1972: V, 8] (with a short vowel).

Number: 24

Word: egg

Serer: ɓoːf ¹

Crétois 1972: I, 285. L-class. Plural: ɓoːf a...ak. Quoted as bof in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 8].

Number: 24

Word: egg

Serer: gin ²

Crétois 1972: II, 544. L-class. Plural: kin a...ak. Quoted as gin in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 51]. Semantic difference between ɓoːf and gin is unclear (most of the contexts are quite similar).

Number: 25

Word: eye

Serer: ŋgid ¹

Crétois 1972: IV, 542; Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 104. Al-class. Plural: kid a...ak.

Number: 26

Word: fat n.

Serer: daːr ¹

Crétois 1972: II, 40. K-class. Quoted as dar in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 16].

Number: 27

Word: feather

Serer: laːl ¹

Crétois 1972: III, 564. Al-class. Plural: laːl a..ak. Quoted as sg. lah (lah al) 'feather' in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 76].

Number: 28

Word: fire

Serer: fiɗel ¹

Crétois 1972: II, 359. L-class. Plural form: piɗel k- (with consonantal gradation). Polysemy: 'fire / Hell'. Quoted as fidɛl in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 42]. Distinct from kaɓ 'flame / to be lit, to be in flames' [Crétois 1972: III, 296].

Number: 29

Word: fish

Serer: liɓ ¹

Crétois 1972: III, 597. N-class. Plural: liɓ k-. Quoted as lip in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 80].

Number: 30

Word: fly v.

Serer: et ¹

Crétois 1972: II, 217; Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 35. Has the form yet in the Fadiouth dialect [Crétois 1972: VI, 442].

Number: 31

Word: foot

Serer: ʓaf ¹

Crétois 1972: III, 86. Ol-class. Plural: ɕaf a...ak. Polysemy: 'foot / leg'. Quoted as dʸaf in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 24].

Number: 32

Word: full

Serer: may ¹

Crétois 1972: IV, 42. Verbal root. Polysemy: 'to be full / to be many / to be abundant'.

Number: 33

Word: give

Serer: ɕi ¹

Crétois 1972: I, 369; Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 149. Plural: a ɕi-a.

Number: 34

Word: good

Serer: faːx ¹

Crétois 1972: II, 312. Verbal stem: 'to be good'. Plural form: a mbaːxa. Quoted as fah in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 36]. Cf., with consonantal gradation: paːx 'well (adv.) / that which is good, good thing/s/ (n.)' [Crétois 1972: V, 220].

Number: 35

Word: green

Serer:

Not attested. Cf. the verbal root nep 'to be full of sap; to be verdant' and the derived nep-and 'to make green, to paint green' [Crétois 1972: IV, 348-349].

Number: 36

Word: hair

Serer: wiːl ¹

Crétois 1972: VI, 240. Ol-class (in the singulative meaning), l-class (in the collective meaning). Plural: biːl a...ak (with consonantal gradation). Used both in the meanings 'head hair' and 'body hair'. Quoted as vil in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 156].

Number: 37

Word: hand

Serer: ɓay ¹

Crétois 1972: I, 226. Quoted as bay in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 6]. Ol-class. Plural form: ɓay a...ak. Distinct from naːx 'arm' [Crétois 1972: IV, 338].

Number: 38

Word: head

Serer: xoːx ¹

Crétois 1972: VI, 369. L-class. Plural: qoːx a...aq. Polysemy: 'head / chief'. Quoted as hoh in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 64].

Number: 39

Word: hear

Serer: nan ¹

Crétois 1972: IV, 303; Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 96. Polysemy: 'to hear / to understand'.

Number: 40

Word: heart

Serer: xoŋ ¹

Crétois 1972: VI, 345. L-class. Plural: koŋ a...ak (with consonantal gradation). Quoted as hõg in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 64].

Number: 41

Word: horn

Serer: ʓan ¹

Crétois 1972: III, 114. Ol-class. Plural: ɕan a...ak. Quoted as ʓan in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 27].

Number: 42

Word: I

Serer: mi ¹

Crétois 1972: IV, 99; Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 90. Used both as independent subject pronoun and as possessive adjective ('my').

Number: 43

Word: kill

Serer: war ¹

Crétois 1972: VI, 187. Quoted as vaːr in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 153].

Number: 44

Word: knee

Serer: ŋguɓay ¹

Crétois 1972: IV, 567. N-class. Plural: kuɓay k-. Quoted as ŋgubay in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 105].

Number: 45

Word: know

Serer: and ¹

Crétois 1972: I, 38; Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 2.

Number: 46

Word: leaf

Serer: xoɓ ¹

Crétois 1972: VI, 338. Ol-class. Plural: qoɓ a...ak (with consonantal gradation). Polysemy: 'leaf / empty vessel / certain types of bark'. In [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 63], quoted as hob in the meanings 'tree bark' and 'empty vase'.

Number: 46

Word: leaf

Serer: taːɗ ²

Crétois 1972: VI, 42. Ol-class. Plural: daːɗ l- (with consonantal gradation). Polysemy: 'leaf / grass'. Quoted as tad in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 140].

Number: 47

Word: lie

Serer: wond-nel ¹

Crétois 1972: VI, 246. Plural: a mbond-ne. Glossed as static 'to lie (be lying)'; cf. wond-ox 'to lie down' [ibid.]. Quoted as vond-oh 'to lie down' in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 157].

Number: 48

Word: liver

Serer: xeːɲ ¹

Crétois 1972: VI, 326. L-class. Plural: qeːɲ a...ak (with consonantal gradation). Polysemy: 'liver / heart (fig.)'. Quoted as hɛɲ in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 61].

Number: 49

Word: long

Serer: ʓagid ¹

Crétois 1972: III, 92. Plural: a nʓagda. Meaning glossed as 'to be long, to be big'. Verbal stem; the derived adjectival form is ɕagdu 'long' (with consonantal gradation). Dialectal variants: ʓagaːd (Palmarin), ʓahaːd (Petite-Côte). Cf. also the intensive form: ʓigid 'to be very long, very large' [Crétois 1972: III, 193]. Quoted as dʸagid ~ dʸigid in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 25].

Number: 50

Word: louse

Serer: ɓaːl ¹

Crétois 1972: I, 235. Plural: ɓaːl k-. Quoted as bal in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 4]. Also used as a verbal root: 'to delouse'.

Number: 51

Word: man

Serer: koːr ¹

Crétois 1972: III, 444. Ox-class or ol-class. Plural: goːr w- (with consonantal gradation). Polysemy: 'man (male) / husband'. Quoted as kor in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 73].

Number: 52

Word: many

Serer: bet ¹

Crétois 1972: I, 148. Verbal root. Polysemy: 'To be many / to be excessive / to be extreme'. Quoted as bɛt in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 6]. Cf. also ʓaːk 'to be abundant, to be many, numerous' [Crétois 1972: III, 154]; fuːf 'many, a lot' (intensive form) [Crétois 1972: II, 454]; may 'to be many, to abound, to be full' [Crétois 1972: IV, 72].

Number: 53

Word: meat

Serer: tegeʄ ¹

Crétois 1972: VI, 57. Plural form (with consonantal gradation) from regeʄ (l-class) 'a piece of meat' [Crétois 1972: V, 374]. Quoted as tegɛʓ in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 142]. Should be kept distinct from nex 'muscle, flesh, piece of meat' [Crétois 1972: IV, 352].

Number: 54

Word: moon

Serer: nɢoːl ¹

Crétois 1972: IV, 610. Onɢ-class. Plural: qoːl a...ak (with consonantal gradation). Polysemy: 'moon / month'. Cf. also the same form belonging to oŋg-class: nɢoːl, pl. nɢoːl fu...n 'light'.

Number: 55

Word: mountain

Serer: pimb ¹

Crétois 1972: V, 243; Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 114. Al-class. Plural: pimb a...ak. Polysemy: 'mountain / hill / elevation'. Cf. also ndaŋgor [Crétois 1972: IV, 417], plural: taŋgor k- (with consonantal gradation). Polysemy: 'hill / mountain'. Quoted as ndãgoːr 'hill, mountain' in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 97], where the word is marked as a borrowing from Wolof.

Number: 56

Word: mouth

Serer: don ¹

Crétois 1972: II, 90; Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 21. Ol-class. Plural: ton a...ak. Polysemy: 'mouth / beak / opening / orifice'.

Number: 57

Word: name

Serer: gon ¹

Crétois 1972: III, 573; Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 52. L-class. Plural form: kon a...ak.

Number: 58

Word: neck

Serer: faʄ ¹

Crétois 1972: III, 292. Ol-class. Plural: paʄ a...ak. Quoted as faʓ [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 36], usually in the pl.: a pad aka.

Number: 58

Word: neck

Serer: ɕok ²

Crétois 1972: II, 389; Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 150. Ol-class. Plural: ɕok a...ak. Polysemy: 'neck / nape of neck / collar'.

Number: 59

Word: new

Serer: xas ¹

Crétois 1972: VI, 289. Plural: a nɢas-a. Verbal stem: 'to be new'. Quoted as has in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 59].

Number: 60

Word: night

Serer: yeŋ ¹

Crétois 1972: VI, 437. Ol-class. Plural: yeŋ a...ak. Also in the verbal meaning: 'to be night'. Quoted as yɛŋ in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 160].

Number: 61

Word: nose

Serer: ɲis ¹

Crétois 1972: V, 57; Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 109. Ol-class. Plural: ɲis a...ak. Polysemy: 'nose / to smell / life'.

Number: 62

Word: not

Serer: =er ¹

Crétois 1972: II, 215. Negative suffix that forms the negative active base of the verb (e. g. and 'to know', and-er 'not to know', 'he does not know'). Quoted as ɛr in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: XVIII]. The corresponding suffix for the passive voice is -and (e. g. fex-el 'to be loved', fex-and 'not to be loved') [Crétois 1972: I, 36].

Number: 63

Word: one

Serer: leŋ ¹

Crétois 1972: III, 586. Quoted as lɛŋ in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: XVI].

Number: 64

Word: person

Serer: kiːn ¹

Crétois 1972: III, 403. Ox-class. Suppletive plural: wiːn w-. Quoted as kin in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 72].

Number: 65

Word: rain

Serer: teɓ ¹

Crétois 1972: VI, 52. Al-class. Plural: teɓ a...ak. Nominal derivative from the verbal root deɓ 'to rain' [Crétois 1972: II, 49], with consonantal gradation. Quoted as tɛb 'rain', dɛb 'to rain' in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 16].

Number: 66

Word: red

Serer: yaxg-u ¹

Crétois 1972: VI, 411. Adjectival derivate from yaxig 'to be red'. Quoted as yahig 'to be red', yag-u 'red' in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 159].

Number: 67

Word: road

Serer: ɗat ¹

Crétois 1972: II, 140. Al-class. Plural: ɗat a...ak. Polysemy: 'road / path / passage / law, justice'. Quoted as dat in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 16].

Number: 68

Word: root

Serer: paʄ ¹

Crétois 1972: V, 207. Al-class. Plural: paʄ a...ak. Quoted as paʓ in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 112].

Number: 69

Word: round

Serer:

Not properly attested. Cf., perhaps, moːl 'to make a ball, make round', moːl-ox 'to be rounded' [Crétois 1972: IV, 137-138].

Number: 70

Word: sand

Serer: fuːʄ ¹

Crétois 1972: II, 462. Ol-class. Plural: puːʄ a...ak (with consonantal gradation). Quoted as fuʓ in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 46].

Number: 71

Word: say

Serer: lay ¹

Crétois 1972: III, 551; Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 78. Cf. also lemb 'to say' [Crétois 1972: III, 584].

Number: 72

Word: see

Serer: ga ~ gi ¹

Crétois 1972: II, 463, 532; Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 47, 50. Plural: a n=ga-a ~ a n=gi-a. The difference between the two stems seems to be dialectal (gi is marked as Petit-Côte in the source).

Number: 73

Word: seed

Serer: ax ¹

Crétois 1972: I, 72. Plural: ax k-. Quoted as ah in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 1]. Polysemy: 'seed (for sowing) / grain / human seed (fig.)'.

Number: 74

Word: sit

Serer: moːf ¹

Crétois 1972: IV, 135. Polysemy: 'to sit down / to keep still / to dwell / to rest'. Quoted as mof in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 91].

Number: 75

Word: skin

Serer: ɗoːl ¹

Crétois 1972: II, 194. N-class. Plural: ɗoːl k-. Quoted as dol (l-class) in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 21].

Number: 76

Word: sleep

Serer: ɗaːn ¹

Crétois 1972: II, 148. Polysemy: 'to sleep / to go to sleep / to rest'. Quoted as dan in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 15].

Number: 77

Word: small

Serer: neːw ¹

Crétois 1972: IV, 358. Verbal root: 'to be small'. Quoted as nɛv in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 102].

Number: 78

Word: smoke

Serer: fo=suːn ¹

Crétois 1972: V, 734. Ol-class. Derived from the verbal root suːn 'to smoke'. Quoted as fo=sun in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 138].

Number: 79

Word: stand

Serer: sipox ¹

Crétois 1972: V, 622. Polysemy: 'to stand upright / to be planted / to rise up'. Quoted as sipoh in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 134].

Number: 80

Word: star

Serer: xoːr ¹

Crétois 1972: VI, 366. Ol-class. Plural: koːr a...ak. Quoted as hoːr in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 65].

Number: 81

Word: stone

Serer: ɓil ¹

Crétois 1972: I, 253. Plural: ɓil a...ak. L-class. Quoted as bil in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 7].

Number: 82

Word: sun

Serer: nʓeːʄ ¹

Crétois 1972: IV, 653. N-class. Quoted as nʓɛʓ ~ sɛʓ in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 101, 129].

Number: 83

Word: swim

Serer: weʄ ¹

Crétois 1972: VI, 230. Plural: a mbeʄ-a (with consonantal gradation). Quoted as vɛʓ in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 154].

Number: 84

Word: tail

Serer: las ¹

Crétois 1972: III, 537; Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 78. Al-class. Plural: las a...ak. Polysemy: 'tail / end / extremity'.

Number: 85

Word: that

Serer: =n=a ~ =g=a ¹

Crétois 1972: V, 164; Ezanno & Greffier 1960: XIV. These two, apparently more or less synonymous, bimorphemic combinations (-n- and -g- are "semantically empty" pronominal formants, while the monovocalic morpheme =a expresses the idea of distance from the speaker) are usually appended to the various class forms of the definite article, e. g. o kin oxa-n-a 'that person', a koy ala-g-a 'that monkey'.

Number: 86

Word: this

Serer: =n=e ~ =k=e ¹

Crétois 1972: V, 167; Ezanno & Greffier 1960: XIV. These two, apparently more or less synonymous, bimorphemic combinations (-n- and -k- are "semantically empty" pronominal formants, while the monovocalic morpheme =e expresses the idea of proximity to the speaker) are usually appended to the various class forms of the definite article, e. g. o kin oxe-n-e 'this person', a koy ale-k-e 'this monkey'.

Number: 87

Word: thou

Serer: wo ¹

Crétois 1972: VI, 241. Quoted as vo in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 156]. Used both as independent subject pronoun and as possessive adjective ('my').

Number: 88

Word: tongue

Serer: ɗelem ¹

Crétois 1972: II, 164. L-class. Plural: ɗelem a...ak. Quoted as delɛm in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 17].

Number: 89

Word: tooth

Serer: ɲiːɲ ¹

Crétois 1972: V, 60. L-class. Plural: ɲiːɲ a...ak. Quoted as ɲiɲ in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 109].

Number: 90

Word: tree

Serer: ndaxar ¹

Crétois 1972: IV, 425. N-class. Plural: taxar k- (with consonantal gradation). Polysemy: 'tree / plant'. Quoted as ndahar in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 97].

Number: 91

Word: two

Serer: ɗik ¹

Crétois 1972: II, 176. Quoted as dik in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 16]. Has the form ɗaq when accompanied by the article a ('those two') [Crétois 1972: II, 138].

Number: 92

Word: walk (go)

Serer: ret ¹

Crétois 1972: V, 378. Plural: a ndet-a (with consonantal gradation). Quoted as rɛt in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 119]. Cf. ɲaxan 'to hurry; to go' [Crétois 1972: V, 21], quoted simply as ɲahan 'to go' in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 107]. Cf. also taːr 'to go (somewhere)' [Crétois 1972: VI, 47], e.g. in ta taːr-a "where are you going?".

Number: 93

Word: warm (hot)

Serer: sum-u ¹

Crétois 1972: V, 712. Polysemy: 'hot / warm / boiling'. Derived from the verbal root sum 'to be hot, etc.' [Crétois 1972: V, 709; Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 138].

Number: 94

Word: water

Serer: foː=fi ¹

Crétois 1972: II, 415. L-class. Plural form: poːfi k- (with consonantal gradation). Quoted as fi (fo-, -ol) in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 41] (indicating that fo- is a fossilized class marker).

Number: 95

Word: we

Serer: in ¹

Crétois 1972: III, 64; Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 67. Used both as independent subject pronoun and as possessive adjective ('our'). No clusivity.

Number: 96

Word: what

Serer: xar ¹

Crétois 1972: VI, 285. Quoted as har in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 58].

Number: 97

Word: white

Serer: ran ~ rand ¹

Crétois 1972: V, 354-355. Cf. the verbal stem: ran-ig ~ ran-g 'to be white' [Crétois 1972: V, 356-358]. Quoted as ran-ig 'to be white', ran-gu 'white', ndan 'white' (with consonantal gradation) in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 117].

Number: 98

Word: who

Serer: an ¹

Crétois 1972: I, 34; Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 2.

Number: 99

Word: woman

Serer: tew ¹

Crétois 1972: VI, 67. Ox-class. Plural: rew w- (with consonantal gradation). Quoted as tɛv in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 143].

Number: 100

Word: yellow

Serer: xoylar ¹

Crétois 1972: VI, 357. Verbal stem: 'to be (become) yellow'. Quoted as hoylar in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 65].

Number: 101

Word: far

Serer: koɗ-u ¹

Crétois 1972: III, 412. Adverbial form, derived from the verbal stem goɗ 'to be far away' [Crétois 1972: II, 565]. Quoted as goːd 'to be far away', koːd-u 'far' in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 52].

Number: 102

Word: heavy

Serer: meɗ ¹

Crétois 1972: IV, 79. Verbal root, with polysemy: 'to be heavy / to be important, serious'. Quoted as mɛd in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 89].

Number: 103

Word: near

Serer: mat ¹

Crétois 1972: IV, 35; Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 86. Verbal root: 'to be near, to come close'. Plural: a mat-a.

Number: 104

Word: salt

Serer: fo=ʓem ¹

Crétois 1972: III, 182. Ol-class. Nominal derivate from the verbal root ʓem 'to be salted'. Quoted as fo=ʓɛm in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 29].

Number: 105

Word: short

Serer: raɓ ¹

Crétois 1972: V, 346. Quoted as rab in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 116].

Number: 106

Word: snake

Serer: fa=ŋol ¹

Crétois 1972: II, 261. Plural: pa=ŋol k- (with consonantal gradation). The first syllable is a fossilized class marker; the root =ŋol is also listed by itself in [Crétois 1972: V, 126], where it is mentioned as part of the complex form ŋol-fa-ɲan 'worm'. Quoted as fa=ŋol in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 56].

Number: 107

Word: thin

Serer: xoʄ ¹

Crétois 1972: VI, 358. Plural: a nɢoʄ-a. Verbal stem: 'to be thin'. Quoted as hoʓ in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 63].

Number: 108

Word: wind

Serer: qeɲ ¹

Crétois 1972: V, 319. Al-class. Plural: qeɲ a...ak. Polysemy: 'wind / cholera / k. of sickness'. Dialectal variant: keɲ. Formally derived from the verbal root xeɲ 'to be windy, make wind' (impersonal) [Crétois 1972: VI, 317]. Quoted as kɛɲ in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 61].

Number: 109

Word: worm

Serer:

Not attested.

Number: 110

Word: year

Serer: hiːd ¹

Crétois 1972: IV, 36. Ol-class. Plural: kiːd a..ak (with consonantal gradation). Polysemy: 'year / old' (in the latter meaning, functions as a verbal root). Quoted as hid in [Ezanno & Greffier 1960: 62].