Apparently originates from Proto-Iranian *xama-kaθa 'by the whole house' [Abaev 1958: 170].
Digor Ossetic:ɜpːɜt {æппæт} ~ ɜnkːɜt {æнккæт}1
Yaghnobi:hˈama {háma}-1
ALP 1957: 260; Novák 2010: 65. An example: {Aš-Bibí роščóĕ ínčĕ lĭbóstš hámma-š anŭγúnt} "Aš-Bibi put all the clothes of the king's wife on" (MT) [AP 1957: 52]. This word is a Tajik borrowing, compare Tajik hamˈa {ҳама} 'all' [RU 1954: 498]. Yaghnobi speakers normally consider this form plural, so it usually agrees with verbs in the plural number [Khromov 1972: 28].
Phonetic variants: hˈamːa {hámma} ~ hamːˈa {hammá}. ALP also lists more peculiar phonetic variants ˈamːa {ámma} and xˈamːa {xámma} [ALP 1957: 260]. It is possible to find similar phonetic variability in other Tajik loans, compare hamrˈah {hamráh} ~ hamrˈa {hamrá} ~ amrˈa {amrá} ~ χamrˈa {xamrá} ~ hamrˈoː {hamró} 'companion; together' [ALP 1957: 261].
Dictionaries mention that the word yˈakay {yákay} ~ yˈakːay {yákkay} ~ yˈakːi {yákkĕ} [ALP 1957: 365; Novák 2010: 198] also means 'all (omnis)' in some contexts, for example {yákkẹ̆ atẹrór} "all have gone" [ALP 1957: 365]. However, the attested polysemy: 'all / at once' points to the meaning 'all at once, all together'.
Parachi:ho {hu} / hos {hos}2
Efimov 2009: 202; Morgenstierne 1929: 258, 260. The first form is proclitical. Morgenstierne thinks that ho {hu} (and hos {hos} respectively) should be derived from Proto-Iranian {*haru̯a-} 'all' [Morgenstierne 1929: 258].
Distinct from the Arabic borrowing {tamǻm} which means 'all (totus) / whole' [Efimov 2009: 239; Morgenstierne 1929: 294]. In addition, there are some occasionally used Persian loans like kolː {kull} 'all' [Morgenstierne 1929: 265] and kolːagi {kollagi} 'all' [Efimov 2009: 210].
Avestan:wisp-a- {vispa-}3
Bartholomae 1904: 1460-1463. Polysemy: 'all (omnis) / every / all (totus)'. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc.
Distinct from the less frequent ham-a- {hama-} 'every, omnis / whole, totus' [Bartholomae 1904: 1773-1774] and from har-wa- {hauruua-} 'whole' [Bartholomae 1904: 1790-1791].
Continues Proto-Iranian {*u̯iś-u̯a-} and PIE {*u̯ik̑-u̯o-} 'all'; related to Vedic wˈiʆw-a- {víśva-}, Lituanian {vìsas}, OCS {vьsь} 'all' [EWAia II: 562-563].
ALP 1957: 360; Novák 2010: 191. Polysemy: 'ashes / remains'. There are two types of contexts in fairytales recorded by Andreev and Peshchereva. The first one is related to ashes as the product of burning of (wooden) buildings: {Kat xokĭstár víčĕ} "The house turned into ashes" [AP 1957: 149]. The second one is figurative and refers to a dead human body: {Inč xokstár vútax tórta} "The woman (wife) turned into ashes" [AP 1957: 101]. The word in question represents a Tajik loan: cf. Tajik xɔːkistˈar {хокистар} 'ashes' [RU 1954: 424].
Additionally, in Yaghnobi the designation for 'still hot ashes mixed with live coals' qˈur {qŭr} is attested. It is tempting to treat this word as a Turkic loanword: Turkic {*qurum} means ˈsootˈ, and cf. also dial. Khakas {хур} ˈsootˈ and dial. Uyghur {қўpo} ˈsootˈ [ESTJ 6: 170-171]. However, this is somewhat problematic on the semantic side.
Parachi:ǯhoɳɖ {ǰʽoṇḍ}-1
Efimov 2009: 205. No contexts. Judging by its phonetic form, this word was borrowed from one of Northwestern Indian or Dardic languages.
It is impossible to decide whether the main word for 'ashes' is ǯhoɳɖ {ǰʽoṇḍ} or bhɒːʁ {bʽåγ}.
Avestan:aː-tr-ya- {ātriia-}3
Bartholomae 1904: 320. This Young Avestan word occurs only in V. 8, 8; this passage is a later addition to the text [Bartholomae 1904: 320]. However, this lexeme is a member of the Young Avestan compound aː-tr-ya=pati=ris-ta- {ātriio.-paiti.irista-} 'mixed with ashes' and has further etymological connections with Iranian words meaning 'ashes'; compare Pashto {īrá}, Rushan {aθēr} 'ashes' etc. [EDIL 1: 319-320].
The word aː-tr-ya- {ātriia-} is derived from Avestan aː-tar- {ātar-} 'fire' < Proto-Iranian {*ā-tar-} [EDIL 1: 319].
Number:2
Word:ashes
Iron Ossetic:
Digor Ossetic:
Yaghnobi:
Parachi:bhɒːʁ {bʽåγ}2
A problematic case. Morgenstierne translates this word as 'ashes / earth', while Efimov lists it as 'dust / remains'. However, there are no contexts.
Morgenstierne compares Old Indian {bhasman} 'sacred ashes' and reconstructs the protoform {*bahāka-} [Morgenstierne 1929: 240].
Avestan:
Number:3
Word:bark
Iron Ossetic:cʼar {цъар}1
Of unclear origin, cf. [Abaev 1958: 330]. The word resembles certain Caucasian forms, especially Proto-Nakh *čʼʡoːr 'envelope, peel' (> Chechen čʼqʼor, Ingush čʼor, Batsbi čʼar), thus, most likely, a Caucasian loanword.
Digor Ossetic:cʼarɜ {цъарæ}1
Yaghnobi:puːst {pust}2
ALP 1957: 310; Novák 2010: 137. The word pˈuːst {pust} is similar to pˈuːst {pust} 'skin'. This word has a Sogdian (S) parallel {pwst(h)} 'skin, leather' [Gharib 1995: 331]. Absence of the meaning 'bark' in Sogdian together with the existence of Tajik pˈɵːst {пӯст} 'skin, hide/ bark' [RU 1954: 316] does not allow to exactly determine whether the meaning 'bark' for Yaghnobi pˈuːst is inherited or was borrowed from Tajik. However, the absence of such meaning in Sogdian can easily be due to coincidence, so it is preferable to treat it as an inherited word.
Phonetic variants: pˈust {pŭst} [ALP 1957: 310].
A more peculiar word is pustlˈoːq {pŭstlóq} ~ puslˈoːq {pŭslóq} [ALP 1957: 310], meaning 'bark, bast'. It is unquestionably a borrowing from Tajik pɵːstlˈɔːq {пӯстлоқ} 'bark, bast' [RU 1954: 317]. There are no examples in published texts, so it is impossible to describe exact semantic differences between these two words in Yaghnobi. Anyhow, [ALP 1957: 310] is the only source of Yaghnobi pustlˈoːq {pŭstlóq}, so it can hardly represent the basic word for 'bark'.
Parachi:puːst {pust}-1
Efimov 2009: 230; Morgenstierne 1929: 281. Polysemy: 'skin / peel / bark'. It is worth mentioning that Efimov does not list the meaning 'bark' along with the others, while Morgenstierne cites the expression pˈuːst-e bhiːn-ikˈ-e {pūst-e bhīniˈke} 'bark of tree' [Morgenstierne 1929: 53, 281]. Transparent Persian borrowing.
Avestan:
Not attested. It is possible that the word paːs-ta- {pąsta-} 'skin (on the head)' [Bartholomae 1904: 904] could have the second meaning 'bark' (as in many Iranian languages), but there are no data that would definitively prove this.
Number:4
Word:belly
Iron Ossetic:gʷǝbǝn {гуыбын}1
The origin of gʷǝbǝn, gubun is unclear. It belongs to a group of words meaning 'round' [Abaev 1958: 528], which are, according to [Abaev 1979: 330-335], a very broad cross-linguistic class of ideophones that cannot be derived from a single source.
Digor Ossetic:gubun {губун}1
According to Abaev, Digor uses a different word for 'belly' - qɜstɜ (of unknown origin), more often than gubun [Abaev 1973: 298-299]. The shift to gubun might have been due to secondary Iron influence on Digor (at least it can concern our Digor informant, which lives in Vladikavkaz).
Yaghnobi:dˈar-a {dára}2
ALP 1957: 244; Novák 2010: 32. There are some examples in texts: {pódotem áspĕ dárĕ tákĕ vek vant} "Bind my legs under the horse’s belly!" [AP 1957: 139]; {dár-a-m sẹr avǝ́} "I am satiated"; literally, "my belly has become satiated" [AP 1957: 172, 244] (the last phrase belongs to a mouse speaking about itself; however, it is reasonable to think that it speaks from an anthropomorphic perspective).
Efimov 2009: 172; Morgenstierne 1929: 237. Probably of Indo-Iranian origin; Morgenstierne compares Old Indian {stabh-} 'fasten' and reconstructs such dubious protoforms as {*staf-} < {*stebh-} [Morgenstierne 1929: 237]. Anyhow, this word seems to be inherited, judging by its phonetic form and by the absence of similar words in neighbour languages.
Phonetic variants: t can also be retroflex in this word, compare ašʈˈaw {ašṭáw} [Efimov 2009: 172].
The rare word χiːʈ {xīṭ} represents a borrowing from Pashto [Morgenstierne 1929: 301].
The word for 'stomach' is not attested.
Avestan:udar-a- {udara-} #2
Bartholomae 1904: 387. Only as a member of the compound udara=θrans-a- {udarō.θrąsa-} 'creeping on belly', attested in Videvdad.
Distinct from ruθ-wan- {uruθuuan} 'entrails / belly (of Ahuric creatures)' [Bartholomae 1904: 1531-1532] and marš-u- {maršu-} 'belly of daevic creatures' [Bartholomae 1904: 1153-1154].
The word udar-a- {udara-} is related to Vedic udˈar-a- {udára-} 'belly'; Indo-Iranian words cannot be separated from Greek {ὕδερος} 'dropsy', Old Prussian {weders} 'belly / stomach'; it is not clear whether all these cognates are derived from PIE {*ud-er-} 'water' or not [EWAia I: 216].
Number:5
Word:big
Iron Ossetic:štǝr {стыр}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *stuːra- 'great' [Abaev 1979: 159].
Digor Ossetic:ustur {устур}1
Yaghnobi:kˈatː-a {kátta}-1
ALP 1957: 271-272; Novák 2010: 84. Plural kˈatː-oːt {káttot}. The word is used with a wide range of objects: {i kátta sank} 'a big stone' [AP 1957: 130], {kátta kálla} 'a big jug' [AP 1957: 179], {kátta vuz} 'a big goat' [Khromov 1957: 20] etc.
Polysemy: 'big / elder/ famous' [ALP 1957: 271]. Borrowed from Uzbek katːˈa {катта} 'big' [Akabirov et al. 1959: 204].
Efimov 2009: 195; Morgenstierne 1929: 253. Used with a wide range of objects. Polysemy: 'big / great / tall' [Efimov 2009: 195].
Borrowed from one of Northwestern Indian or Dardic languages; compare Lahnda {ghāṇ} 'big' [Morgenstierne 1929: 253].
Avestan:maz-ant- {mazant-}2
Bartholomae 1904: 1157. Polysemy: 'big / great / mighty, powerful / vast, spacious'. Young Avestan: Yasna, Yasht etc. In addition, there is a Gathic stem maz- {maz-} 'big / important' [Bartholomae 1904: 1156].
Distinct from the less frequent Young Avestan mas- {mas-} 'elongate, long, big' [Bartholomae 1904: 1154].
Avestan maz- {maz-} / maz-ant- {mazant-} is related to Greek {μέγα} 'big', Old Hittite {mek-} 'many' etc. These forms can be traced back to the same protoform {*meǵh2-} [EWAia II: 337-339].
Number:6
Word:bird
Iron Ossetic:cʼiw {цъиу}1
See [Abaev 1958: 336] (according to Abaev, an onomatopoeic form).
Digor Ossetic:čʼew {цъеу}1
Yaghnobi:parand-ˈa {parandá}-1
ALP 1957: 303; Novák 2010: 129. This word is a Tajik loanword, compare Tajik parːandˈa {парранда} 'bird' [RU 1954: 300].
Parachi:
Not attested. One should mention the word korʁ {korγ} 'hen' [Efimov 2009: 210; Morgenstierne 1929: 267], which also serves as a member of some expressions designating names of other birds (similar to hens). For example, 'duck' is called kˈorʁ-e ɒːw-iː {ˈkurγ-e âˈwī}, 'wild hen' – kˈorʁ-e dhˈɒːriː {ˈkurγ-e ˈdhârī} [Morgenstierne 1929: 267].
The word is inherited and originates from Proto-Iranian {*kr̥ka-} 'hen / cock' [EDIL 4: 398-401].
Avestan:wi- {vi-} / way- {vay-}3
Bartholomae 1904: 1356-1357. Young Avestan. Occurs in Yasna, Yasht and Videvdad. Attested forms: nom. sg wi-š {vīš}, nom. pl. way-oː {vaiiō-} gen. pl. way-aːm {vaiiąm} etc. An example: Yt. 14, 19 "that is (Verethraghna in the shape of a raven) the swiftest of all birds, the lightest of the flying creatures".
Dictinct from Young Avestan mr̩g-a- {mǝrǝga-} 'big bird / hen', which is also used to form names of bird species [Bartholomae 1904: 1172].
Avestan wi- {vi-} / way- {vaii-} has such cognates as Vedic wi- {vi-} / way- {ve-, vay-} 'bird', Armenian {haw} 'bird / hen, cock', Latin {auis} 'bird' etc. [EWAia II: 507-508]
Number:6
Word:bird
Iron Ossetic:
Digor Ossetic:
Yaghnobi:muːrʁ {murγ}2
ALP 1957: 288; Novák 2010: 110. Polysemy: 'hen/ bird'. In [Lurye 2015] it is made clear that mˈuːrʁ {му́рғ} is not 'a hen'. Inherited term; compare Sogdian (S, M) {mrγ-y} 'bird', Avestan {mǝrǝγa-} 'bird, especially big' [Novák 2013: 177].
The word ǯoːndˈoːr {ǰondór} [ALP 1957: 267; Novák 2010: 76] means 'animal / bird' and occurs only in one text. Borrowed from Tajik ǯɔːndˈɔːr {ҷондор} 'alive / creature (animal or bird)' [RU 1954: 518]. A small bird, especially 'sparrow', is called sˈiːča {síča} [ALP 1957: 321]. The term qˈuš {qŭš} means 'hunting bird' [ALP 1957: 281] and represents an Uzbek loanword, compare Uzbek qˈuš {қуш} 'bird' [Akabirov et al. 1959: 633].
Parachi:
Avestan:
Number:7
Word:bite
Iron Ossetic:χɜs- {хæц-} ~ χɜs-ǝd- {хæцыд-}1
Paradigm: χɜs-, χʷɜc- [pres.] / χɜs-ǝd-, χʷɜs-t- [pret.]. The initial meaning is 'to hold, seize'. Originates from Proto-Iranian *xʷaǯ- [Abaev 1989: 152-154].
Digor Ossetic:χʷɜc- {хуæц-} ~ χʷɜs-t- {хуæст-}1
Yaghnobi:kan- {kan-}2
ALP 1957: 270; Novák 2010: 82. Past participle kˈan-ta {kánta}. Examples: {qozíĕ kut a=kán-ĕm} "The judge's dog bit me", literally "I was bitten by the judge's dog"; {Tĭk qozị́ĕ kut a=kán-ĕm} "The judge's dog bit me again" (PR) [AP 1957: 110].
Polysemy: 'to dig / to tear off / to pinch / to bite / to stummer, stutter' etc. [ALP 1957: 270]. Rich polysemy is usual for other Iranian reflexes of Proto-Iranian {*kan-} 'to dig; to tear of; to strew'; it seems probable that several Proto-Iranian roots contaminated in this form [EDIL 3: 199-214].
It is impossible to distinguish exactly between kan- {kan-} and xišoːy- {xišóy-}.
Efimov 2009: 69; Morgenstierne 1929: 254. Polysemy: 'to bite / to sting'. Unfortunately, the best example is the following: {ˈkhâi͔ ˈzâ-m te ˈgasa} "something bites me" [Morgenstierne 1929: 77]. The form {gōst-} represents a secondary formation. Continues Proto-Iranian {*gaź-} / {*gaiź-} 'to sting / to bite / to be sour / sharp, to be sharp' [EDIL 3: 263].
Avestan:dans- {dąs-} #5
Bartholomae 1904: 454, 653. This verb has no finite forms in Avesta. The root dans- {dąs-} is attested in derivatives tiž-i=dans-u-ra- {tiži.dąsura-} (V. 13. 39, of a dog), tiž-i=dans-tra- {tiži.dąstra-} 'biting sharply, with sharp teeth' (Yt. 14. 15, of a wild boar) [Bartholomae 1904: 653] and kar-ta=dans-u- {karǝtō.dąsu-} 'a name of a cock', literally 'biting with knife' (FrW. 10. 41) [Bartholomae 1904: 454].
This word is related to Vedic daɱʆ- {daṃś-}, Greek {δάκνω} 'to bite', NHG {Zange} 'tongs' etc. and continues PIE {*denḱ-} 'to bite' [EWAia I: 688; LIV2 2001: 117-118].
Number:7
Word:bite
Iron Ossetic:
Digor Ossetic:
Yaghnobi:xišoːy- {xišóy-}3
ALP 1957: 359; Novák 2010: 191. In dictionaries, the verb xišˈoːy- {xišóy-} has the basic meaning 'to chew' as well as two others, 'to gnaw; to bite'. However, no contexts are attested with these two meanings.
Parachi:
Avestan:
Number:8
Word:black
Iron Ossetic:šaw {сау}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *sʸyaːva- 'black' [Abaev 1979: 42-43].
Digor Ossetic:saw {сау}1
Yaghnobi:šoːw {šou̯}1
ALP 1957: 328; Novák 2010: 161. Unambiguously the basic word for 'black' in Yaghnobi. This adjective combines with such nouns as 'lamb': {hazór šοu̯ qašqosár rónẹ̆} "one thousand black lambs with the white star on the forehead", 'horse': {hazór šou̯ ášpĕ} "one thousand black horses" (MT) [AP 1957: 47] etc. In addition, there is a derivative šoːwˈ-i {šow} meaning 'blackness, darkness' [Khromov 1972: 181]. From Proto-Iranian {*śi̯āu̯a- ‘black’} [Novák 2013: 205].
The Tajik loanword siyˈoːh {sĭyóh} (compare Tajik siyˈɔːh {cиёҳ} [RU 1954: 356]) occurs in several texts. The first one was elicited from a person with a very good knowledge of Tajik [AP 1957: 30-37, № 3 (MT)], and others are also marked with Tajik influence. On the whole, it is clear that the loanword siyˈoːh {sĭyóh} has not managed to replace šˈoːw {šou̯} in normal Yaghnobi speech of the 1920s.
Parachi:pˈadoː {pádō}-1
Efimov 2009: 225; Morgenstierne 1929: 278. Etymology is unknown. Judging by the phonetic form, the word must be a borrowing.
Bartholomae 1904: 1631. Young Avestan: Yasht. In addition, there is a Young Avestan (Yasht) adjective saː-ma- {sāma-} 'black' < {*syāma-} [Bartholomae 1904: 1571].
Distinct from wah-u=gawn-a {vohu.gaona-} 'blood-coloured, black' [Bartholomae 1904: 1432].
Continues PIE {*ḱi̯eh1-u̯o-} / {*ḱi̯eh1-mo-} / {*ḱih1-u̯o-} / {*ḱih1-mo-} 'dark, black, grey etc.'; related to Lithuanian {šývas} 'ash grey', {šmas} 'ashy, ash grey', Old Russian {sivъ} 'ash grey' etc. [EWAia II: 661].
Number:9
Word:blood
Iron Ossetic:tug {туг}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *tauka- 'sperm (?)' [Abaev 1979: 309-310].
Digor Ossetic:tog {тог}1
Yaghnobi:wˈaχin {wáxĭn}2
ALP 1957: 351; Novák 2010: 183. Certainly the basic word for 'blood'. An example: {Žútay nẹspočákĕ vekš wáxin avvóu̯} "Blood went from the young man’s nostril" (SQ) [AP 1957: 154, 292]. From Proto-Iranian {*u̯ahu(r)na-} 'blood' [Novák 2013: 182].
The word χˈuːn {xun} was borrowed from Tajik χˈun {хун} 'blood' [RU 1954: 430]). It occurs only in one text, which shows other signs of Tajik influence as well (for example, the same narrator uses the word siyˈoːh {sĭyóh} for ‘black’). An example: {xún-ẹ̆ badán zmákše} '(she) sucks blood of the body out' (SQ) [AP 1957: 127, № 27].
Parachi:hiːn {hin}2
Efimov 2009: 202; Morgenstierne 1929: 259. An example: {hín-om sórkō-a} "I have red blood", literally "my blood is red" [Efimov 2009: 163]. The word is inherited and continues Proto-Iranian {*u̯ahuna-} or {u̯ahuni-} 'blood', compare Avestan {vohunī-} 'blood' [Bartholomae 1904: 1434], but {vohunavant-} 'bloody' [Bartholomae 1904: 1433].
Bartholomae 1904: 1433-1434. Young Avestan: Yasht, Videvdad etc.
Continues Proto-Iranian {*u̯ahu̯ana-} / {*u̯ahu̯ani-}. Cognates of this word for 'blood' can be found in the majority of Iranian languages; however, further etymology is unknown.
Number:10
Word:bone
Iron Ossetic:ǝštɜg {ыстæг} ~ štɜg {стæг}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *astaka 'bone' [Abaev 1958: 190].
Digor Ossetic:ɜstɜg {æстæг}1
Yaghnobi:sitˈak {sták}1
ALP 1957: 322; Novák 2010: 154. Attested in two contexts: {naxáx xokstár sĭták avú} "these ashes have become bone" (Bidéw) (about bones of a woman) [AP 1957: 101] and {man in-núr nĕhĭ́parau̯ pŭsták-t sĭták axwárem} "today I have eaten so many animal skins and bones" (about bones of animals) (SQ) [AP 1957: 172]. An inherited word, from Proto-Iranian {*astaka-} 'bone'.
Distinct from doːnˈak {donák}, which means 'pit, stone' [ALP 1957: 248] and represents a borrowing from Tajik dɔːnˈak {донак} 'pit, stone' [RU 1954: 135].
Parachi:haɖ {haḍ}-1
Efimov 2009: 199; Morgenstierne 1929: 258. An example: "bone is firm like stone" [Efimov 2009: 131]. Borrowed from one of Northwestern Indian or Dardic languages; compare Lahnda haɖː {haḍḍ} 'bone' [Morgenstierne 1929: 258].
Efimov mentions the form ostoχˈɒːn {ostoxån} [Efimov 2009: 224], representing an apparent borrowing from Persian.
Avestan:ast- {ast-}1
Bartholomae 1904: 211-212. Polysemy: 'bone (of men and animals) / skeleton'. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc.
Related to Vedic astʰ-i- {asthi-} / astʰ-n- {asthn-} / astʰ-a- {astha-}; Indo-Iranian words under consideration originate from the old PIE noun reconstructed by M. Mayrhofer as {*h2ost-h2/ -n-}; compare Hittite {haštai} 'bone, bones', Greek {ὀστέον} 'bone', Latin {os}, gen. sg. {oss-is} 'bone, bones' [EWAia I: 150-151].
Number:11
Word:breast
Iron Ossetic:riw {риу}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *raibya- 'ribs (?)' [Abaev 1973: 414-415].
Digor Ossetic:rew {реу}1
Yaghnobi:sˈiːna {sī́na}-1
Bogolyubov 1966: 345; Novák 2010: 153]. No contexts. Borrowed from Tajik sinˈa {сина} [RU 1954: 358].
Distinct from Yaghnobi: čˈič {čĭč} {čĕč} ˈwoman’s breastˈ, which can also mean ˈudderˈ [AP 1957: 238]. The special word for ˈudderˈ is vˈüːna {vúna} {vʉ̄́na} [ALP 1957: 349; Novák 2010: 182].
Parachi:sˈiːz {siz}2
Efimov 2009: 236; Morgenstierne 1929: 289. Polysemy: 'female breast / breast'. In spite of the fact that this word in the first place designates 'female breast', there is one context where a young man uses this word to speak about his own breast [Morgenstierne 1929: 220].
This word does not have a clear etymology. Judging by the phonetic form, it seems to be inherited.
It is impossible to decide whether the main word for 'breast' is sˈiːz {siz} or bˈar {bar}.
Avestan:war-ah- {varah-}3
Bartholomae 1904: 1365. Young Avestan: used once in Frahang and in compounds pati=war-ah- {paiti.varah-} 'neck' (Videvdad; literally 'what is opposite to breast') [Bartholomae 1904: 834] and pr̩θu=war-ah- {pǝrǝθu.varah-} 'having broad breast, broad-chested' (Yt. 15. 54) [Bartholomae 1904: 893].
Distinct from fštaːn-a- {fštāna-} 'woman’s breasts' [Bartholomae 1904: 1030].
The word war-ah- {varah-} is derived from var-u- {vouru-} 'wide'; related to Vedic ˈur-as- {úras-} 'breast'.
Number:11
Word:breast
Iron Ossetic:
Digor Ossetic:
Yaghnobi:
Parachi:bˈar {bar}-1
Morgenstierne 1929: 242. An example: {ō ˈbar tar-om xu ˈâγa} "she came to my breast" [Morgenstirne 1929: 242]. Persian borrowing.
There are also terms exclusively for 'female breast': guˈɒːn {guǻn} ~ guwˈɒːn {guwǻn} 'female breast / udder' [Efimov 2009: 196], siːnˈō {sinō} 'female breast' [Efimov 2009: 235].
ALP 1957: 323; Novák 2010: 156. Past participle: sˈuːš-ta {súšta}. Examples: {xayr, gowóra ŭ́nxoy, suč} "well, break the cradle, burn (it)!" (MT) [AP 1957: 53]; {šou̯ ášpĕ dŭ́meš a=súǰ} "He has burnt a black horse's hair" (Bidéw) [AP 1957: 93]; {kusáĕ kat a=súǰ} "He has burnt the house of Beardless" (SQ) [AP 1957: 149].
Phonetic variants: sˈuǯ- {suǰ-}.
The intransitive verb 'to burn' is suχš- {šŭxš-} [ALP 1957: 324; Novák 2010: 157].
Parachi:theːw- {tʽēw-} / theːy-ˈi- {thēyí}2
Efimov 2009: 242; Morgenstierne 1929: 293. An example: {ē bhin hós-ē thēí} 'he burnt this entire tree' [Efimov 2009: 60]. Phonetic variants: the stem theːw- {tʽēw-} can have the variant theːy- {tʽēy-}; past stem has variants theːy-ˈi- {thēyí} ~ theː-ˈi- {thēí}.
Derived from the- {tʽe-} ~ thiː- {tʽi} 'to burn intr.' (also in figurative use) [Efimov 2009: 242; Morgenstierne 1929: 293]. This verbal root exists in several Eastern Iranian languages and originates from Proto-Iranian {*θu-} ~ {θau̯-} 'to burn' [Steblin-Kamensky 1999: 374].
Avestan:daž- {daž-}3
Bartholomae 1904: 675. Polysemy: 'to burn (atelic) / to burn (telic), to burn down' (also in figurative sense). Present 3 sg. daž-a-ti {dažaiti}, imperfect 3 sg. daž-a-t {dažat̰}. Young Avestan: Yasna, Videvdad etc.
Continues PIE {*dʰegu̯h-} 'to burn'; related to Vedic daɦ- {dah-} / dʰaːk- {dhāk-}, Tocharian AB {tsäk-} 'to burn up, to consume by fire etc.', Lithuanian {degù} 'I burn' etc. [EWAia I: 712-713].
Number:13
Word:claw (nail)
Iron Ossetic:nǝχ {ных}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *naxa- 'fingernail' [Abaev 1973: 217-218].
Digor Ossetic:niχ {них}1
Yaghnobi:nˈaχn-a {náxna}1
ALP 1957: 292; Novák 2010: 113. No examples in published texts. Polysemy: 'nail / claw'. The expression nˈaχna-i sˈar {náxnaĭ sar} means 'nail’s edge' [ALP 1957: 292]. In the secret language, nˈaχna {náxna} means 'rouble, money' [ALP 1957: 292; Khromov 1972: 175; Novák 2010: 113]. The penetration of this word into the secret language is probably due to its final -na, which resembles the present participle suffix -na found in many other secret language lexemes (compare yˈoːz-na {yózna} 'hand', derived from the verb yˈoːz- {yoz-} 'to stretch' [ALP 1957: 366]).
Originates from Proto-Iranian {*nā̆xa-na-}, compare Sogdian {n’γ’n} [Gharib 1995: 230].
Parachi:noːrk {nōrk}1
Efimov 2009: 222; Morgenstierne 1929: 277. It seems that this word continues the protoform *naxra- 'nail' [Morgenstierne 1929: 23, 277].
There is also a word kˈuːk {kūk} 'nail', which occurs only once and represents a borrowing from one of Northwestern Indian or Dardic languages; compare Lahnda {kōkā} 'nail' [Morgenstierne 1929: 265].
Avestan:sr-uː- {srū-} / sr-w-aː- {sruuā-}2
Bartholomae 1904: 1647-1648. Polysemy: 'nail / horn'. Young Avestan: Videvdad.
Number:14
Word:cloud
Iron Ossetic:ɜvraʁ {æврагъ}1
Iron ɜvraʁ may originate from Proto-Iranian *abra 'cloud', although such an etymology runs into phonetic problems [Abaev 1958: 205]. Somewhat differently in [Cheung 2002: 167], where ɜv-raʁ is treated as a compound of arv 'sky' (< Proto-Iranian *abra 'cloud') and raʁ 'back(bone); mountain range'.
Digor Ossetic:meʁɜ {мегъæ}2
Digor meʁɜ originates from Proto-Iranian *maiga 'a k. of cloud' [Abaev 1973: 117].
There is a word tˈiːra {tíra}, translated by APL as 'small cloud' ('облачко') [AP 1957: 335]; Novák translates it in a similar way: ˈsmall cloudˈ (ˈobláčekˈ) [Novák 2010: 171]. This is an odd translation, because in the context {in-nur xawó tíra ĭ́kta} "it is cloudy today" {xawó tíra} literally means ˈdark weatherˈ. The same meaning is seen in Tajik havɔːyˈi tirˈa {ҳавои тира}; {тира} is an adjective and normally means ˈdark, cloudy, gloomyˈ [RU 1954: 394].
The word for ˈfogˈ is tumˈan {tŭmán}; it is a borrowing from Tajik tumˈan {туман} ˈfogˈ [RU 1954: 398].
Parachi:ayˈiːr {ayir}1
Efimov 2009: 173; Morgenstierne 1929: 235. Continues Proto-Iranian {*abr-i̯a-} [EDIL 1: 74]. Phonetic variants: aˈiːr {air} [Efimov 2009: 173]. Distinct from comparatively rare (known only from one informant) tam {tam} 'cloud', connected with Avestan {tǝmah-} 'darkness' [Morgenstierne 1929: 294].
Avestan:mayγa- {maēγa-}2
Bartholomae 1904: 1104-1105. Young Avestan: Yasna, Yasht.
Distinct from Young Avestan aβr-a- {aβra-} 'rain cloud' [Bartholomae 1904: 99], Gathic dwaːn-man- {duuąnman-} 'cloud' [Bartholomae 1904: 766] and dun-man- {dun-man} 'mist, fog' [Bartholomae 1904: 749].
Related to Vedic maygʰ-ˈa- {meghá-} 'cloud'; further cognates include Vedic miɦ- {mih-} 'rain / fog, mist', Greek {ὀμίχλη} 'mist, fog' (not so thick as {νέφος} or {νεφέλη}), Armenian {mēg} 'mist, fog / darkness' etc. [EWAia II: 374-375].
Number:15
Word:cold
Iron Ossetic:wažal {уазал}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian prefix wa- + *zʸal- < Proto-Indo-European *gʸel- 'frost (vel sim.)' [Abaev 1989: 60].
Digor Ossetic:wazal {уазал}1
Yaghnobi:soːrt {sort}2
ALP 1957: 323; Novák 2010: 155. Examples: {dĭ́lĕš sort} "his heart is cold" [AP 1957: 185], {op sort xast} "the water is cold" [Khromov 1972: 34-35].
The word has a secure Iranian etymology: compare Wakhi {sыr}, Tajik sˈard {сард} and Young Avestan {sarǝta} 'cold' [Steblin-Kamensky 1999: 325].
The Tajik loanword χunˈuk {xŭnŭ́k} seems to be applied mostly to weather and is usually encountered as an adverb: {naháranka xunúk oy} 'it was so cold' (MT) [Khromov 1972: 149]; {xunúk-i kar ast} ˈit becomes coldˈ [Khromov 1972: 48]. However, the word sˈoːrt is attested in similar contexts: {ímmay sort ast} means ˈit is so (very) coldˈ [ALP 1957: 324].
Parachi:ešʈˈɒːw {ešṭǻw}3
Efimov 2009: 194; Morgenstierne 1929: 237. Applied to water and weather. Inherited term; connected with Shughni {šeˈtâ} 'cold', Sar. {štu} 'frozen' [Morgenstierne 1929: 237]. Dialectal forms: Shutul ešʈˈɒːwoː {ešṭǻwō}.
Avestan:aw-ta- {aota-}4
Bartholomae 1904: 41. Polysemy: 'cold / frost'. Only of wind in its adjectival meaning. Young Avestan: Yasna
It is impossible to distinguish properly between aw-ta- {aota-} and sar-ta- {sarǝta-}.
Avestan aw-ta- {aota-} is probably related to Proto-Iranian {*au̯ta-} 'breath' [EDIL 1: 271-272].
Number:15
Word:cold
Iron Ossetic:
Digor Ossetic:
Yaghnobi:
Parachi:
Avestan:sar-ta- {sarǝta-}2
Bartholomae 1904: 1566. Applied to months. Young Avestan: V. 1. 3.
Continues PIE {*ḱel-to-} / {*ḱol-to-} 'cold'; related to Lithuanian {šáltas} 'cold' etc. [Mallory-Adams 1997: 112].
Number:16
Word:come
Iron Ossetic:ɜr=sɜw- {æрцæу-} ~ ɜr=sǝ-d- {æрцыд-}1
Paradigm: ɜr=sɜw-, ɜr=cɜw- [pres.] / ɜr=sǝ-d-, ɜr=cu-d- [pret.]. Preverbal derivate from sɜw-/cɜw- 'to go' q.v., which originates from Proto-Iranian *čyaw- 'to go' [Abaev 1958: 307-308].
ALP 1957: 349-350; Novák 2010: 181-182. Past participle: vˈoːw-ta. Examples: {kátĭsa vvóu̯-če} 'he comes home' (BQ) [AP 1957: 184]; {id -oka a-vov-im} 'I came right here / here' [Bird 2007: 48].
Phonetic variants: bilabial pronunciation of the first consonant in several forms. The word has a Sogdian counterpart {β’w} 'to approach, to reach' [Gharib 1995: 99]. Further cognates are unclear.
Distinct from wˈeːs- {wẹs-} 'to descend, to come down from mountains' [ALP 1957: 352; Novák 2010: 184], past participle ˈuːχ-ta {úxta}.
Parachi:žiː- {ži-}3
Efimov 2009: 253-254; Morgenstierne 1929: 303-304. Suppletive paradigm žiː- {ži-} ~ ɒːʁ- {åγ-}. Polysemy: 'to come / to become' [Efimov 2009: 253-254]. The stem žiː- {ži-} originates from Proto-Iranian {*ā-i̯āi̯a-} 'to come' [Morgenstierne 1929: 303].
Avestan:gam- {gam-} / jam- {jam-}4
Bartholomae 1904: 493-502. Polysemy: 'to come / to go away, to leave'. Present 3 sg. ǯa-sa-ti {jasaiti}, imperfect 3 sg. ja-sa-t {jasat̰}, aorist stem ǯam- {jam-} / gǝm- {gm-}, perfect stem ǯa=γm- {jaγm-}, past passive participle (verbal adjective) ga-ta- {gata-} / gm-a-ta- {gmata-}. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc.
Distinct from ap- {ap-} 'to reach, to overtake' [Bartholomae 1904: 70-72] and nas- {nas-} 'to reach, to arrive / to attain' [Bartholomae 1904: 1056].
Continues PIE {*gu̯em-} 'to come / to go'; compare Vedic gam- {gam-} 'to come', Greek {βαίνω} 'I go', Gothic {qiman} 'to come' etc. [EWAia I: 465-466].
Number:16
Word:come
Iron Ossetic:
Digor Ossetic:
Yaghnobi:
Parachi:ɒːʁ- {åγ-}4
Efimov 2009: 253-254; Morgenstierne 1929: 232. Continues Proto-Iranian {*ā-gata-}, past participle of {*gam-} 'to go' [Morgenstierne 1929: 304].
Bartholomae 1904: 1142. Present 3 sg. mir-ya-ti {miryeiti}, past passive participle (verbal adjective) mr̩-ta {mǝrǝta} etc. Young Avestan: Videvdad etc. Applied mostly to daevic creatures.
Distinct from riθ- {iriθ-} 'to die (of Ahuric creatures)' [Bartholomae 1904: 1480-1482], which is tabooed (etymologically related to Gothic {leiþan} 'to go').
Originates from PIE {*mer-} 'to disappear / to die'; related to Vedic etc. [EWAia II: 318-319; LIV2 2001: 439-440].
Number:18
Word:dog
Iron Ossetic:kʷǝz {куыдз}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *kutiː [Abaev 1958: 605].
Digor Ossetic:kuy {куй}1
Yaghnobi:kuːt {kut}1
ALP 1957: 278; Novák 2010: 90. An example: {Tĭk qozị́ĕ kut a=kán-ĕm} 'The judge's dog bit me again' (PR) [AP 1957: 110].
The word has a secure Iranian etymology (Proto-Iranian {*kuta-}), compare Buddhic Sogdian {’kwt}, Sughni {kud} 'dog' etc. [EDIL 4: 413-415].
Bartholomae 1904: 1610-1612. Paradigm: nom. sg. spaː {spā}, acc. sg. spaːn-am {spānǝm}, gen. sg. suːn-oː {sūnō}, nom. pl. spaːn-as {spānas} etc. Young Avestan: Videvdad.
From PIE {*ḱu̯on-} / {*ḱun-} / {*ḱu̯n̥-}; related to Vedic ʆwan- {śván-} / ʆun- {śún-}, Greek {κύων}, Tocharian AB {ku} 'dog' etc. [EWAia II: 674-675].
Number:19
Word:drink
Iron Ossetic:nǝwaž- {ныуаз-} ~ nǝš-t- {нызт-}1
Paradigm: nǝwaž-, niwaz- [pres.] / nǝš-t-,niwas-t- [pret.]. Originates from the Proto-Iranian preverb ni- + Proto-Indo-European *wegʸʰ-, literally 'to flow down (?)' [Abaev 1973: 216].
Efimov 2009: 242; Morgenstierne 1929: 295. Applied to water. Somehow connected with PIE {*ter-s-} 'to be dry' [Morgenstierne 1929: 295].
Dialectal forms: Shutul ter- {ter-}.
Avestan:hwar- {xar-}4
Bartholomae 1904: 1865-1867. Polysemy: 'to eat / to drink' (applied to both men and animals). Present 3 sg. hwar-a-ti {xʷaraiti}, imperfect 3 sg. hwar-a-t {xʷarat̰} etc. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc.
Number:20
Word:dry
Iron Ossetic:χuš {хус}1
Iron χuš originates from Proto-Iranian *xauša 'dry' [Abaev 1989: 250-251]. The second candidate is šur {сур} (cognate to basic Digor sor 'dry'). According to [Abaev 1979: 169], there is a semantic opposition between these two Iron terms, with χuš being used in expressions like 'dry firewood' and šur - in expressions like 'dry land'. In modern Iron, however, χuš appears to be used in all contexts, while šur is rarely used, if ever (at least according to our consultant).
Digor Ossetic:sor {сор}2
Of unclear origin, cf. [Abaev 1979: 169-170].
Yaghnobi:qoːq {qoq}-1
ALP 1957: 280; Novák 2010: 96. Borrowed from Uzbek qˈoq {қоқ} [Akabirov et al. 1959: 626]. Found in many sources.
The word χˈušk {xŭšk} 'dry' is a Tajik borrowing (Tajik χˈušk {хушк} [RU 1954: 433]) and is attested only in [ALP 1957: 363]. There are no examples in published texts.
Morgenstierne erroneously separates these words; he thinks that Shutul guː {gu} is inherited and Nijrau guːš {guš} represents borrowing from Persian [Morgenstierne 1929: 253-254].
Avestan:gawš-a- {gaoša-}1
Bartholomae 1904: 486. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc. Old Persian {gauša-}.
Distinct from special Old and Young Avestan (Yasna, Yasht etc.) uš- {uš-} 'ear (of ahuric creatures) / hearing, an ability to rightly hear and understand' [Bartholomae 1904: 414] and Young Avestan (Yasht) kar-na- {karǝna-} 'ear (of daevic creatures)' [Bartholomae 1904: 455].
Related to Vedic gʰawʂ- {ghoṣ-} 'to sound / to cry / to declare', gʰˈawʂ-a- {ghóṣ-a-} 'noise / cry etc.'; there are no clear cognates outside the Indo-Iranian group [EWAia I: 518-519].
Number:22
Word:earth
Iron Ossetic:šǝǯǝt {сыджыт}1
It might originate from Proto-Iranian *sʸiki-ta- 'dust, sand (vel sim.)' [Abaev 1979: 187-188]. According to [Cheung 2002: 228], rather a Wanderwort.
Digor Ossetic:sigit {сигит} ~ sikʼit {сикъит}1
Yaghnobi:ʁirˈeːk {γrẹ+k}2
ALP 1957: 258; Novák 2010: 58. Examples: {gírdiš γĭrík víččĕ} "he throws soil around" (Q) [AP 1957: 166]; {ípti γirék náčos} "do not throw earth around in this way!" [Khromov 1972: 52]. Polysemy: 'earth / dirt / dust'. Derived from Proto-Iranian {*grai̯(a)-(ka)-} 'clay' [EDIL 3: 283].
Phonetic variants: ʁirˈiːk {γĭrík}.
Distinct from the word zamˈiːn {zamín}, which has the meaning 'ground' [ALP 1957: 366]. Borrowed from Tajik zamˈin {замин} 'earth, ground' [RU 1954: 149].
The word zˈoːy {zoy} means 'land, field': {to tĕráy sólĕ nax zoy nékĭšor} "(people) have not sown this field for three years" (SQ) [AP 1957: 121]; {mox zoy-t du qị́smĭ or} "our lands consist of two parts" (SQ) [AP 1957: 169].
Parachi:dharˈam {dʽarám}-1
Efimov 2009: 187; Morgenstierne 1929: 249. Polysemy: 'earth / soil / ground'. Borrowed from one of Indian or Dardic languages [Morgenstierne 1929: 249].
Dialectal forms: Shutul darˈam {darám}.
Distinct from hɒːʁ {håγ} 'earth / dust', occurring only as a member of the verbal expression hɒːʁ kan- {hâγ kan-} 'to spill', literally 'to make dust'. Efimov 2009: 200; Morgenstierne 1929: 258.
Distinct from kheɳɖ {kʽeṇḍ} 'land / field' [Efimov 2009: 209].
Avestan:zam- {zam-}3
Bartholomae 1904: 1662-1665. Polysemy: 'earth / soil / ground / land' etc. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc. Paradigm: nom. sg. zaː {zā̊}, acc. sg. zaːm {ząm}, gen. sg. zam-oː {zǝmō} etc.
Distinct from a not frequent, predominantly Gathic buːmi- {būmi-} 'earth' [Bartholomae 1904: 969].
Continues PIE {*dʰǵʰem-} 'earth'; compare Hittite {tēkan}, gen. sg. {taknas}, Vedic kʂam- {kṣam-} Greek {χθών}, Latin {humus} 'earth' etc. [Mallory-Adams 1997: 174].
ALP 1957: 364; Novák 2010: 197. Past participle: χwˈoːr-ta {xu̯órta}. An example of usage with basic food products: {das čuwánĕ oč a-xu̯ár, das dastarxónĕ nun a-xu̯ár} "he has eaten ten cauldrons of pilaf; he has eaten ten table-cloths of bread" (SQ) [AP 1957: 154].
An inherited word, compare Sogdian (M, C, S) {xwr-} [Gharib 1995: 436], Avestan {xvar-} 'eat, drink' [Bartholomae 1904: 1865-1867], which point to Proto-Iranian {*hu̯ar-} [Cheung 2007: 147-148].
Parachi:χˈar- {xar-} / χuɽ- {xuṛ-}1
Efimov 2009: 247; Morgenstierne 1929: 299. Applied to such basic food products as bread. From Proto-Iranian {*hu̯ar-} 'to eat' [Cheung 2007: 147-148].
Avestan:hwar- {xar-}1
Bartholomae 1904: 1865-1867. Polysemy: 'to eat / to drink' (applied to both men and animals). Present 3 sg. hwar-a-ti {xʷaraiti}, imperfect 3 sg. hwar-a-t {xʷarat̰} etc. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc.
This root does not have a reliable etymology. According to LIV, it is connected to OHG {swelgan} 'to swallow' < PIE {*su̯el-gʰ-} [LIV2 2001: 609]. However, J. Cheung finds this etymology weak and asserts that Proto-Iranian {*hu̯ar-} 'to eat' is identical to another Proto-Iranian root {*hu̯ar-} with the meaning 'to take' [Cheung 2007: 147-148].
Number:24
Word:egg
Iron Ossetic:ayk {айк}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *aːya-ka- 'egg' [Abaev 1958: 41].
Digor Ossetic:aykɜ {айкæ}1
Yaghnobi:tuχm {tŭxm}-1
ALP 1957: 339; Novák 2010: 169. Examples: {panč tŭxm akŭ́n} "it laid five eggs" (about she-sparrow) (K) [AP 1957: 122]; {múrγi tuxm amonim} "I put an egg under a hen" [Khromov 1972: 78]. The phonetic variant tˈuχm {tŭxm} is practically the same as Tajik tˈuχm {тухм} 'seed / egg' [RU 1954: 400] (compare inherited tˈaχm 'seed'); therefore, the word should be interpreted as a Tajik borrowing.
Connected to Pashto {hā} / {hōya}, Pahlavi {xāyag}, Iron Ossetic ayk {айк} 'egg'; it is not clear whether this word continues the protoform {*ai̯u̯-a-} or {*ai̯-a-} [Vaan 2003: 120].
Number:25
Word:eye
Iron Ossetic:sɜšt {цæст}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *čaš- 'eye' [Abaev 1958: 304-305].
Digor Ossetic:cɜstɜ {цæстæ}1
Yaghnobi:ʁˈurd-a {γŭ́rda}2
ALP 1957: 259; Novák 2010: 61. Examples: {γŭ́rda-š náwẹnĭšt} "eyes do not see him" (Q) [AP 1957: 155]; {nahít nŭmólĕ-pĕ yŭ́rd-ot rant} "wipe your eyes with this kerchief" (Q) [AP 1957: 157]. The word has the plural form ʁˈurd-oːt {γŭ́rdot} with a ~ oː Ablaut [ALP 1957: 259]; the singular usually has the meaning 'eyes'.
The word is inherited. Although comparison with Avestan gǝrǝδa- 'cave, den (of Daevic creatures)' [Bartholomae 1904: 522-523] is not quite certain, it is possible to reconstruct the meaning 'cavity' for gǝrǝδa- and the semantic shift 'cavity' > 'eye' [APL 1957: 259; Novák 2013: 184]. Another possible cognate is the Yaghnobi verb ʁoːr- {γor} 'to look at'.
Parachi:tečh {tečʽ}2
Efimov 2009: 241; Morgenstierne 1929: 292. The exact etymology of this word is unclear.
Bartholomae 1904: 583. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasht, Videvdad etc.
Distinct from specific day-θra- {dōiθra-} 'eye (of Ahuric creatures)' [Bartholomae 1904: 744], Old and Young Avestan aš- {aš-} 'eye (of Daevic creatures)' [Bartholomae 1904: 229] and day-man- {daēman-} 'eyeball' [Bartholomae 1904: 667].
Related to Vedic čˈak-ʂ-us- {cákṣus-} 'seeing / splendent / eye of the Sun and Agni etc.' < čˈak-ʂ- {cakṣ-} 'to light / to see etc.' [EWAia I: 523-524].
ALP 1957: 236; Novák 2010: 23. ALP gloss this word as 'tallowing, smearing with fat' [ALP 1957: 236]. Unfortunately, there are no contexts.
The word originates from Proto-Iranian {*čarpa-}, compare Sogdian (B) {crp} 'fat' [Gharib 1995: 128]. Distinct from rˈuːʁin {rúγĕn} {rúγn} 'butter, oil' [ALP 1957: 316; Novák 2010: 144].
This case is problematic. According to ALP, the word rˈuːʁin {rúγĕn} {rúγn} has the following translation: 'butter, fat, suet' [ALP 1957: 316]. However, all textual contexts point to the meaning 'butter, oil'. In addition, it is not excluded that the meaning 'fat' (if it really exists) represents a semantic borrowing from Tajik ravʁˈan {равған} 'butter / suet / fat' [RU 1954: 318]. Dialectal variants: EY rˈuːʁan {rγan} [Novák 2010: 144, 246].
Parachi:čarbˈiː {čarbí}-1
Efimov 2009: 180; Morgenstierne 1929: 246. Borrowed from Persian.
Phonetic forms: čarbˈuː {čarbú}.
It is impossible to decide whether the main word for 'fat' is čarbˈiː {čarbí} or ʁazd {γazd}, because there are few contexts.
Avestan:uθ-a- {uθa-} / uːθ-a- {ūθa-}4
Bartholomae 1904: 388. Young Avestan: Videvdad, Nirangastan.
Bartholomae 1904: 906-907. Young Avestan: Videvdad (V. 18. 55).
Related to Vedic pˈiː-was- {pī́vas-} 'fat (n.)', pˈiː-wan- {pī́van-} 'fat (adj.)', Greek {πῑГq̇Гɫ}, f. {πῑГɨГḳГöГʁ} 'fat (adj.)' [EWAia II: 139].
Number:27
Word:feather
Iron Ossetic:šiš {сис}1
Of unclear origin, cf. [Abaev 1979: 114]. In both dialects, the plural meaning 'feathers' is normally expressed as suppletive pakʼʷǝ-tɜ, pakʼu-tɜ, literally 'down-pl' with the plural exponent -tɜ and the word pakʼʷǝ {пакъуы} (Iron), pakʼu {пакъу} (Digor) 'down' (without reliable etymology, cf. [Abaev 1973: 236-237]). It should be noted that at least in Iron, the regular pl. form šiš-tɜ 'feathers' is also attested, although it is apparently more marginal than pakʼʷǝ-tɜ.
Digor Ossetic:šes {сес}1
Yaghnobi:par {par}-1
ALP 1957: 302; Novák 2010: 128. An example: {i pár-ĕ safédš atefár} "he gave (him) a white feather" (Q) [AP 1957: 130]. It is worth mentioning that Novák does not list the meaning 'feather' among others in his dictionary, but adds the meaning 'millwheel paddle' [Novák 2010: 128].
Tajik borrowing; compare pˈar {пар} 'feather / down' [RU 1954: 298]. The inherited Proto-Iranian {*parna-} (compare Sogdian {prn}) has a Yaghnobi reflection pˈanː {pann}, which means 'millwheel paddle; spinning wheel spoke' [APL 1957: 302; Novák 2010: 128].
Distinct from the word bˈoːl {bol} ~ bˈal {bal} which means 'wing / feather' [ALP 1957: 232]. However, there are no contexts with the meaning 'feather' in texts. No word for 'down' is attested.
Originates from Proto-Iranian *aːtar, *aːtr 'fire' [Abaev 1958: 69-70].
Digor Ossetic:art {арт}1
Yaghnobi:oːlˈoːw {olóu̯}-1
ALP 1957: 298; Novák 2010: 122. Borrowed from Tajik ɔːlˈav {олав} 'fire' [RU 1954: 285].
ALP and Novák also include the word ˈoːl {ol-} 'fire' in their dictionaries [ALP 1957: 298; Novák 2010: 122]. It seems to be inherited and reflect Proto-Iranian {*ātr-} 'fire', but is used only as an integral component of the derived verb oːlχˈaš {olxáš} ‘to inflame, to light’ [ALP 1957: 298].
Efimov 2009: 174; Morgenstierne 1929: 235. Some examples: "when fire embraced his beard" [Efimov 2009: 124]. Originates from Proto-Iranian {*ātr-} 'fire' [EDIL 1: 318-319].
Avestan:aː-tar- {ātar-}1
Bartholomae 1904: 312-316. Old and Young Avestan. Attested in all the main books of Avesta. Often personified and deified (especially in Gathas); in addition, designates the sacral fire.
There are some other designations of 'fire / flame', but they are rare and mostly represent borrowings.
Avestan:
Number:29
Word:fish
Iron Ossetic:kɜšag {кæсаг}1
A wandering word with Finno-Ugric (an Alan loanword) and Kartvelian comparanda. Etymology of the Ossetic word is unclear, although Proto-Iranian origin cannot be excluded [Abaev 1958: 588].
Digor Ossetic:kɜsalgɜ {кæсалгæ}1
Yaghnobi:mahˈiː {mahí}-1
ALP 1957: 283; Novák 2010: 107. An example: {mahí pŭxšón} "roast fish!" (Q) [AP 1957: 187]. There are no contexts for live fish. According to vocalism, the form mahˈiː {mahí} seems to be a Persian borrowing, compare Persian {māhī} [Gaffarov 1976: 728].
Phonetic variants: mo:hˈiː {mōhī́}. In Tajik we find the form mɔːhˈiː {моҳӣ} 'fish' [RU 1954: 234] which apparently is the source of Yaghnobi moːhˈiː {mōhī́}.
Parachi:mhˈasoː {mʽásō}2
Efimov 2009: 216; Morgenstierne 1929: 273. Unquestionably the main word for fish; there are contexts with the meaning 'live fish', compare "where does fish swim away (lit. go)?" [Efimov 2009: 130]. Inherited; continues Proto-Iranian {*ma(t)sya-} [Morgenstierne 1929: 273].
The Persian loan mɒːhˈiː {måhi} [Efimov 2009: 214; Morgenstierne 1929: 271] occurs only occasionally.
Avestan:masy-a {masiia-}2
Bartholomae 1904: 1155-1156. Young Avestan: Yasht and Videvdad.
Related to Vedic mˈatsy-a- {mátsiia-}; continues IIr {*matsi̯a-} 'fish' [EWAia II: 297-298].
Number:30
Word:fly v.
Iron Ossetic:tɜχ- {тæх-} ~ taχ-t- {тахт-}1
Paradigm: tɜχ- [pres.] / taχ-t- [pret.]. Originates from Proto-Iranian *tak- 'to run, to flow' [Abaev 1979: 286-287].
Digor Ossetic:tɜχ- {тæх-} ~ taχ-t- {тахт-}1
Yaghnobi:par- {par-}-1
APL 1957: 302-303; Novák 2010: 128. Past participle pˈar-ta {párta} Examples: {qŭ́šĕ a-parr-ón-or} "they let the bird fly" (WJ) [AP 1957: 16]; {aрчáи сáри ани́д, а-пáрр аве́с нах нун подшóҳи гáйке атифáр} "(the magpie) sat on juniper, flew in, descended, gave that bread to the king's daughter" [Lurye 2015: 156]. Borrowed from Tajik paridˈan {паридан} 'to fly' [RU 1954: 299].
Phonetic variants: parː- {parr-}.
Parachi:rɒːz- {råz-}3
Efimov 2009: 231; Morgenstierne 1929: 284. An example: {е korγ maṛúk-yå rǻz-ton} (Shutul) 'this hen flies slowly' [Efimov 2009: 214]. This word continues Proto-Iranian {*fra-u̯az} 'to move forward' > 'to fly' [Cheung 2007: 432].
Dialectal forms: Shutul rɒːz- {råz-}.
It is impossible to decide whether the main word for 'to fly' is rɒːz- {råz-} or pharak- {pʽarak-}.
Avestan:pat- {pat-}4
Bartholomae 1904: 819-821. Polysemy: 'to fly / to fall'. Present 3 pl. pat-anti {patǝnti}, imperfect 3 pl. a=pat-aya-n {apataiiǝn} etc. Young Avestan: Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc. Old Persian {pat-}.
Distinct from specific Young Avestan dwan- {duuan-} 'to fly (of Daevic creatures)' [Bartholomae 1904: 764], Young Avestan way- {vay-} 'to fly (of gods)' [Bartholomae 1904: 1356]. In addition, distinct from waz- {vaz-} 'to drive, to carry / to fly (figuratively)' [Bartholomae 1904: 1386-1389] and fraw- {frauu-} 'to swim / to fly (figuratively)' [Bartholomae 1904: 990].
Continues PIE {*pet-} (evidence for a seṭ-root is not convincing); compare Vedic pat- {pat-} 'to fly / to hurry / to fall', Greek {πέτομαι} 'Ι fly', Old Welsh {hed-ant} 'they fly' etc. [EWAia II: 71-72; LIV2 2001: 479].
Number:30
Word:fly v.
Iron Ossetic:
Digor Ossetic:
Yaghnobi:furː- {furr-}2
ALP 1957: 253; Novák 2010: 48. Past participle fˈurː-ta {fúrrta}. There are no contexts. The word is inherited and probably continues {*(fra)-pr̥n-āya-}, like Sogdian (B) {prn’y} 'to fly' [Novák 2013: 193].
Parachi:pharak- {pʽarak-}2
Efimov 2009: 228. Polysemy: 'to fly / to fly up / to fly away' (however, there are no contexts which could prove this) [Efimov 2009: 228]. Some of Efimov’s informants use this word instead of rɒːz- {råz-} to render the same phrase 'this hen flies slowly', for example [Efimov 2009: 154].
Avestan:
Number:31
Word:foot
Iron Ossetic:kʼaχ {къах}1
Probably of North Caucasian origin (cf. [Abaev 1958: 619]), although the exact source of borrowing is unclear.
Digor Ossetic:kʼaχ {къах}1
Yaghnobi:pˈoːd-a {póda}2
ALP 1957: 308; Novák 2010: 134. Plural: pˈoːd-oːt {pódot}, with the a ~ oː Ablaut. Examples: {i barzangí póda-y-pĕš olówĕ kówak ast} "barzangi (a kind of daemonic creature) stirred fire with his feet" (SQ) [AP 1957: 127]; {pód-ot-em áspĕ dárĕ tákĕ vek vant} "Bind my legs under the horse’s belly!" (SQ) [AP 1957: 139]. Polysemy: 'foot / leg': {pódа-у yótaš akán} "he pulled some meat out of his leg" (QW) [AP 1957: 77]; {wúzĕ anós, poda-y tákĕ akŭ́n} "he grasped a (he)-goat and put it under his leg" (Bidéw) [AP 1957: 93].
The Tajik loan pˈoː {po} 'foot' is used only in borrowed expressions [ALP 1957: 308].
Parachi:pɒː {på}2
Efimov 2009: 226; Morgenstierne 1929: 278. Polysemy: 'foot / paw'. It is also possible to suspect polysemy 'foot / leg', compare 'this woman is pregnant', literally, 'this woman has heavy legs' [Efimov 2009: 160].
Distinct from the Persian borrowing leŋg {leŋg} 'leg' [Morgenstierne 1929: 269].
Avestan:pad- {pad-} / paːd- {pād-}2
Bartholomae 1904: 842. Old and Young Avestan: Yasht, Vispered, Videvdad.
Distinct from specific Young Avestan dwari-θra {duuariθra-} 'foot / leg (of daevic creatures)' [Bartholomae 1904: 766] and Young Avestan zbar-aθa- {zbaraθa-} 'foot (of Daevic creatures)' [Bartholomae 1904: 1699].
Continues PIE {*pōd-s} / {*ped-} 'foot'. There are cognates almost in all other Indo-European languages; compare Vedic pad- {pad-} / paːd- {pā́d-} 'foot'; Greek {πους}, gen. sg. {ποδ-ός}; Latin {pēs}, gen. sg. {ped-is} 'foot' [EWAia IΙ: 77-78].
Number:32
Word:full
Iron Ossetic:zag {дзаг}1
Originates from (virtual) Proto-Iranian prefixed *vi=ča(ː)k 'full (vel sim.)' [Abaev 1958: 387-388; Cheung 2002: 181].
Digor Ossetic:iʒag {идзаг}1
Yaghnobi:pun {pŭn}2
ALP 1957: 310; Novák 2010: 137. An example: {vórza pŭ́nn-ĭ ор} "a cup full of water" [ALP 1957: 310]. From Proto-Iranian {*pr̥na-} 'full'.
Distinct from purˈa {purá} 'complete' [Efimov 2009: 229].
Avestan:pr̩-na- {pǝrǝna-}2
Bartholomae 1904: 894. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasht, Videvdad.
Related to such words as Vedic puːr-ɳˈa- {pūrṇá-}, Latin {plē-n-us} and Gothic {full-s} 'full', which continue PIE {*pl̥h1-nó} 'full', a verbal adjective derived from {*pelh1-} / {pleh1-} 'to fill' [EWAia II: 156-157].
ALP 1957: 334; Novák 2010: 164. An example: {yótaš a-tĭfár} "he gave him meat" [AP 1957: 77]. From Proto-Iranian {*fra-bara-}, resulting in Sogdian (B, M, S) {δβr-} 'to give' [Gharib 1995: 138].
Dialectal forms: EY infinitive tafˈarak {tafárak}, past participle sarˈafta {saráfta} [Novák 2010: 164, 246].
Bartholomae 1904: 711-724. Polysemy: 'to give / to put, set'. Present 3 sg. da=δaː-ti {daδāiti}, aorist 2 sg. inj. daː-t {dāt̰} etc. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc.
Originates from Proto-Iranian *hu-warzʸa 'sweet' [Abaev 1989: 217-219].
Digor Ossetic:χʷarz {хуарз}1
Yaghnobi:χub {xŭb}-1
ALP 1957: 362; Novák 2010: 193. Tajik loanword; compare Tajik χˈub {хуб} 'good / beautiful' [RU 1954: 428]. There are many examples with a wide range of objects (town, people, wife, wooden cup etc.).
It is not excluded that Yaghnobi nˈaʁz {naγz} [ALP 1957: 289; Novák 2010: 111] served as a main word for 'good' earlier; it certainly continues Sogdian (B) {nγz} 'good' [Gharib 1995: 238]. It is also possible that Tajik nˈaʁz {нағз} 'good' represents a borrowing from Sogdian [ALP 1957: 289]. However, nˈaʁz {naγz} has limited use in Yaghnobi; there is one case of translation of Tajik nˈaʁz by Yaghnobi χˈub {xŭb} [AP 1957: 213].
Bartholomae 1904: 1395-1399. Nom. sg. m. wah-u {vaŋhu}, nom. sg. n. wah-u {vohu}, nom. sg. f. wah-w-iː {vaŋhuuī}. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc. Used with a wide range of objects.
This word is a cognate of Vedic wˈas-u- {vasu} / wˈas-w- {vas-v-} 'good', Greek gen. pl. {ἐάων} 'goods' etc. [EWAia II: 533-534].
Number:35
Word:green
Iron Ossetic:cʼɜχ {цъæх}1
Polysemy: 'green / blue / grey'. Of unclear origin, cf. [Abaev 1958: 333-334] for possible North Caucasian comparanda.
In both dialects, two terms for 'green' compete with each other: cʼɜχ and the new formation kɜrdɜg-χʷǝž, kɜrdɜg-χuz. We have to treat them as synonyms.
Digor Ossetic:cʼɜχ {цъæх}1
Yaghnobi:sabz {sabz}-1
ALP 1957: 317; Novák 2010: 147. Tajik loanword; compare Tajik sˈabz {сабз} [RU 1954: 332]. The expression sˈabz vˈuː- {sabz vu-} 'to become green (about plants)' proves the definition 'green', compare {sabz návuta vu} "(if) you (apricot stone) don't become green" (Q) [AP 1957: 166].
ALP translate the word kupˈuːta {kŭpúta} (Bidéw) as 'green' [ALP 1957: 277], but there are no contexts. Moreover, this word has a Sogdian (B) parallel {kp’wt}, meaning 'blue, grey blue' [Gharib 1995: 191]. This fact weakens the probability of semantic accuracy in the glossing of Yaghnobi kupˈuːta {kŭpúta}.
Parachi:sawz {sawz}-1
Efimov 2009: 234; Morgenstierne 1929: 289. This word is a Persian borrowing; compare spoken Dari sawz {sawz} [Rees 2008: 258].
Avestan:zar-i- {zairi-}3
Bartholomae 1904: 1680. Young Avestan: Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad. This stem designates the colour of plants in Yt. 7. 4, Yt. 18. 6 and V. 18. 63 (as a member of the compound zar-i=gawn-a- {zairi.gaona-} [Bartholomae 1904: 1680]). Like many other colour designations in Avestan, it seems to have denoted several hues of green and yellow.
Related to Vedic ɦˈar-i- {hári-} 'fawn-coloured, reddish brown etc.', Greek {χλωρός} 'greenish-yellow, pale green', OHG {gelo} 'yellow' etc. [EWAia II: 805-806].
Originates from Proto-Iranian *gauna- 'fur' [Abaev 1973: 326-327].
Digor Ossetic:ʁun {гъун}1
Yaghnobi:dirˈaw {dráu̯}2
ALP 1957: 244; Novák 2010: 33. All researchers give the translation 'a hair', but it means collective 'hair' as well, see contexts: {sárĕ dĭráu̯-š} "hair on (his) head" (MT) [ALP 1957: 244]; {daráu̯-š anós} "(she) grasped his hair" (Gh) [AP 1957: 203]. The word reflects Proto-Iranian {*drau-} / {*drau̯a-} 'a hair' [EDIL 2: 461-462].
It is impossible to decide whether the main word for 'hair' is giːnˈoː {ginṓ} or doːš {dōš}.
Avestan:war-sa- {varǝsa-}4
Bartholomae 1904: 1374. Designates hair of men and animals, especially hair on the head. Young Avestan: Yasht, Videvdad etc.
Distinct from gawn-a- {gaona-} 'body hair (of animals) / colour of hair / colour' [Bartholomae 1904: 482].
Related to Vedic wˈalʆ-a- {válśa-} 'sprout / branch, twig' and OCS {vlasъ} 'a hair'; continues PIE {*u̯olḱ-o-} [EWAia II: 526-527].
Number:36
Word:hair
Iron Ossetic:
Digor Ossetic:
Yaghnobi:pašm {pašm}-1
ALP 1957: 304; Novák 2010: 130. The word pˈašm {pašm}, borrowed from Tajik pˈašm {пашм} 'wool' [RU 1954: 303], means 'wool / hair' [ALP 1957: 304]. There are several contexts with the meaning 'hair' {man inč sárĕ pašm bĭsĭyórx} "my wife has a lot of hair on her head" [ALP 1957: 304]; {av-i sar-i paʃm na-ast} "his head does not have hair" [Bird 2007: 66].
There is also a derivative, pašmˈiː {pašmí}, recorded in one context: {či man sárĕ pašmí} "hair on my head" [ALP 1957: 304].
The loanword tapˈak {tapák} 'hair' occurs in one text that was produced by a person with a very good knowledge of Tajik [AP 1957: 30-37, № 3]. The word tˈor {tor} means 'thread; a hair' and represents another borrowing from Tajik tˈɔːr {тор} 'thread' [RU 1954: 396].
ALP 1957: 244-245; Novák 2010: 34. Examples: {dast-eš i angŭštarín-oy}, literally "there was a ring in his hand" (MT) [AP 1957: 68]; {anóš čẹ̆ dast-š} "(the king) took (the ring) from his hand" (MT) [AP 1957: 68]; {rú-yĕ dĭ́l-ĕš das mónčĕ} "she put her hand onto his heart" (BQ) [AP 1957: 185].
Yaghnobi seems to show polysemy: 'hand / arm', compare the context {dásti-m nī́šta-x} "I have dislocated my arm" (literally "my arm is dislocated") [Khromov 1972: 166]. At the same time, there is also a word čangˈoːl {čangól} 'paw (of predator) / wrist' [ALP 1957: 235], borrowed from Tajik čangˈɔːl {чангол} 'wrist / paw' [RU 1954: 437], and an expression dˈast-i sˈapːa {dástĕ sáppa} 'wrist' [ALP 1957: 245].
The word reflects Proto-Iranian {*dasta-}, compare Old Persian {dasta}, Sogdian (B, M, S) {δst} 'hand', Rushani {δost} etc. [EDIL 2: 371-372]. In addition, this word is similar to Tajik dˈast {даст} 'hand' [RU 1954: 120-121]. However, it has a regular Yaghnobi reflex (compare Yaghnobi dˈas {das} 'ten' < Proto-Iranian {*daśa-} [EDIL 2: 376]) and does not need to be interpreted as a borrowing.
Bartholomae 1904: 1685-1686. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc. Old Persian {dasta-}.
Distinct from specifically Young Avestan (Yasht etc.) gaw- {gav-} 'hand (of Daevic creatures)' [Bartholomae 1904: 505]. In addition, distinct from baːz-uː- {bāzū-} 'arm (of men and gods)' [Bartholomae 1904: 955-956] and ar-ma- {arǝma-} 'arm', attested only in compounds [Bartholomae 1904: 197].
Originates from PIE {*ǵʰes-to-} 'hand'; related to Vedic ɦˈas-ta- {hasta-}, Greek {χείρ} < {*ǵʰes-r} 'hand' etc. [EWAia II: 812].
Number:38
Word:head
Iron Ossetic:šɜr {сæр}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *sʸarah- 'head' [Abaev 1979: 73-76].
Digor Ossetic:sɜr {сæр}1
Yaghnobi:sar {sar}1
ALP 1957: 318-319; Novák 2010: 149. Examples: {i sank-ẹ̆-pĕ sár-ĕš dehčĕ} "he hits him in the head with a stone" (SQ) [AP 1957: 166]; {av -i sar -i paʃm na- ast} "his head doesn't have any hair" [Bird 2007: 66].
Polysemy: 'head / top / over, above', compare the following contexts: {sambaqa nahaβ daraxt -i sar -i a- san} "The frog went up on top that very tree" [Bird 2007: 67]; {γúš-ĕ sár-eš i xol ast} "there is a birthmark above his ear" (SQ) [AP 1957: 145].
From Proto-Iranian {*śarah-} < {*śr̥H-as-}, compare Avestan {sarah-} 'head', Sogdian {sr} 'head' etc. [Abaev 1979: 73-76].
Sometimes Morgenstierne’s and Efimov’s informants use the Persian borrowing kal {kal} ~ kˈala {kala} 'head' [Efimov 2009: 206; Morgenstierne 1929: 265].
Avestan:saːr-a- {sāra-} / sar-ah- {sarah-}1
Bartholomae 1904: 1572, 1565. Young Avestan: Yasht, Nirangastan. Stems saːr-a- {sāra-} and sar-ah- {sarah-} are both hapaxes, but there are some compounds with them. Moreover, cognates of this word point to the meaning 'head'.
Distinct from specific Young Avestan waγδ-ana- {vaγδana} 'head (of Ahuric creatures)' [Bartholomae 1904: 1336] and ka-mr̩d-a- {kamǝrǝda-} 'head (of Daevic creatures)' [Bartholomae 1904: 440].
This word continues the PIE noun {*ḱŕ̥h2-os} / gen. sg. {*ḱr̥h2-s-n-os} 'head'; compare Vedic ʆˈir-as- {śíras-} / ʆiːr-ʂ-ˈaɳ- {śīrṣáṇ-}, Greek {κάρᾱ}, gen. sg. {κρᾱ́ατος} 'head', Latin {cerebrum} 'brain' etc. [EWAia II: 638-639].
Number:39
Word:hear
Iron Ossetic:quš- {хъус-} ~ qʷǝš-t- {хъуыст-}1
Paradigm: quš-, iʁos- [pres.] / qʷǝš-t-, iʁus-t- [pret.]. Polysemy: 'to hear / to listen' in both dialects. Originates from Proto-Iranian prefixed *vi=gauš- 'to listen (vel sim.)' [Abaev 1973: 318].
Digor Ossetic:iʁos- {игъос-} ~ iʁus-t- {игъуст-}1
Yaghnobi:duʁuːš- {dŭγúš-}1
ALP 1957: 249; Novák 2010: 41. An example: {xantákĕ potšó a-duγús} "the king heard (his) laughter" [ALP 1957: 355].
Polysemy: 'to hear (tr.) / to know from some source', compare {Man duγš-ta óyim-k sári-vik ī humosóya gudarót boy višti} "I have heard that if a shadow of (flying) Phoenix flashes over your head, you will be rich" [Khromov 1972: 157].
From Sogdian (B, M, C) {ptγwš} 'to hear' < {*pati-guš-} [Cheung 2007: 116].
Efimov 2009: 200; Morgenstierne 1929: 260. Polysemy: 'to hear / to listen (to)'. The word is inherited; originates from Proto-Iranian {*har-} / {*haru̯a-} 'to take care of / watch / protect' [EDIL 3: 367-369].
Avestan:sraw- {srav-}3
Bartholomae 1904: 1639-1643. Polysemy: 'to hear / to understand'. Present 3 sg. sr̩-n-aw-ti {surunaoiti}, 3 sg. imp. aor. sraw-tu {sraotu}, past passive participle (verbal adjective) sruː-ta- {srūta-} / sru-ta- {sruta-} etc. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc.
Distinct from the (mostly Gathic) root guːš- {gūš-} 'to hear' [Bartholomae 1904: 485-486].
Continues PIE {*ḱleu̯-} 'to hear' (present 3 sg. {*ḱl̥-n-éu̯-ti}, aorist 3 sg. {*ḱléu̯t}); related to Vedic ʆraw- {śrav-} 'to hear', Armenian {ls-em} 'I hear', Greek {ἔ-κλυ-ον} 'heard' etc. [EWAia II: 666-667].
Number:40
Word:heart
Iron Ossetic:žɜrdɜ {зæрдæ}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *zʸr̩d-aya- 'heart' [Abaev 1989: 300-301].
Digor Ossetic:zɜrdɜ {зæрдæ}1
Yaghnobi:dil {dĭl}-1
ALP 1957: 247; Novák 2010: 37. Examples: {rú-yĕ dĭ́l-ĕš das mónčĕ: rú-yĕ dĭ́l-ĕš sort} "she put her hand onto his heart: his heart was cold" (BQ) [AP 1957: 185]. There are also numerous examples of figurative use: {poščó dĭ́l-ĕ ʕŭ́ddaš nívu} "the king's heart could not endure" (MT) [AP 1957: 52], {dĭ́l-ĕ akŭ́n} "he decided in his heart" (SQ) [AP 1957: 139] etc.
The word is borrowed from Tajik; compare Tajik dˈil {дил} 'heart' [RU 1954: 129-130].
Bartholomae 1904: 1692. This root has two stems in Avesta: Gathic zr̩d- {zǝrǝd-} 'heart' and Young Avestan (Videvdad, Frahang ī oīm) zr̩δ-aya- {zǝrǝδaya-} 'heart / core' [Bartholomae 1904: 1692].
This word cannot be separated from PIE {*ḱērd-} / {ḱr̥d-} 'heart' (Hittite {ki-ir} / {kar-ta-aš}, Latin {cor} / gen. sg. {cord-is} etc.), despite its initial z- {z-} instead of s- {s-} [EWAia II: 818].
Number:41
Word:horn
Iron Ossetic:šǝkʼa {сыкъа}1
Originates from the Proto-Iranian suffixal formation *sʸru-ka (> Iron) 'horn' [Abaev 1979: 179-181].
Digor Ossetic:siwɜ {сиуæ}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *sʸru(wa)- 'horn' [Abaev 1979: 179-181].
Yaghnobi:šoːx {šox}-1
ALP 1957: 328; Novák 2010: 161. An example: {Qŭšqórĕ sóх-ĕ nŭt dĕ+htĭšt} "he hits the ram's horn" (QW) [AP 1957: 73].
Polysemy: 'horn / branch' [ALP 1957: 328]; compare the source of this word, Tajik šɔːχ {шох} 'horn / branch' [RU 1954: 461]. However, the forms šˈoːχa {šóxa} ~ šoːχˈa {šoxá} 'branch' [ALP 1957: 328] are more usual.
Parachi:šɒːχ {šax}-1
Morgenstierne 1929: 292. Polysemy: 'horn / branch'. Persian borrowing.
It is hard to decide whether the inherited term šiː {šī} 'horn / branch' is still used along with šɒːχ {šax} 'horn / branch' or not.
This word originates from the Indo-European root {*ḱer-} 'horn' with stem variants {*ḱr̥-no-}, {*ḱer-h2(s)-} and {*ḱ(o)r-u-}; related to Vedic ʆˈr̩ŋg-a- {śr̥ṅga-} 'horn', Greek {κέρας} 'horn', {κορυφή} 'crest' (of mountain or horse), Latin {cornum} 'horn' etc. [Mallory-Adams 1997: 272-273].
ALP 1957: 284; Khromov 1972: 23; Novák 2010: 103. Non-suppletive paradigm: the pronoun has the same oblique stem mˈan {man} [Khromov 1972: 23] and an enclitic form -(i)m {-(i)m } [Khromov 1972: 24].
Bartholomae 1904: 1097-1104. Oblique stem. Old Persian {ma-}.
Originates from PIE {*me-}; compare Vedic ma- {ma-}, Greek {με-} 'me' etc. [EWAia II: 284-285].
Number:43
Word:kill
Iron Ossetic:mar- {мар-}1
Paradigm: mar- [pres.] / mar-d- [pret.]. Originates from Proto-Iranian *maːr-aya- [Abaev 1973: 75], causative from *mar- 'to die' q.v.
Digor Ossetic:mar- {мар-}1
Yaghnobi:tuχoːy- {tŭxóy-}2
ALP 1957: 339-340; Novák 2010: 175. Past participle: tuχˈas-ta {tuxásta}. Examples: {dodóĕmk atŭxóy-ĕ!} "you killed my father!" (PR) [AP 1957: 117]; {vĭrótt-š atuxóy} "(they) killed his brothers" (SQ) [AP 1957: 131].
Originates from Proto-Iranian {*pati-hu̯ah-}, compare Sogdian (B, M) {ptxw’y} 'to kill, put to death', Young Avestan {paiti xvaŋhaiieiti} 'turns out' (Y 57.10) [Cheung 2007: 141-143].
Phonetic variants: sometimes tχˈoːy- {txoy-} without vowel [ALP 1957: 339].
Dialectal forms: Shutul has the past stem mɒːt- {måt-}.
The verbs ǯan- {ǰan-} / ǯoː- {ǰō-} 'to hit, to strike' [Efimov 2009: 204; Morgenstierne 1929: 262] and de {de} ~ deh {deh} 'to beat' / dehˈiː {dehí} [Efimov 2009: 186; Morgenstierne 1929: 248] have the secondary meaning 'to kill'.
Avestan:ǯan- {jan-}3
Bartholomae 1904: 490-493. Polysemy: 'hit, strike / kill, slay etc.' Present 3 sg. ǯan-ti {jainti}, imperfect 3 sg. ǯan-a-t {janat̰}, past passive participle (verbal adjective) ǯa-ta- {jata-}. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc.
Distinct from the more specific mar-k- {marǝk} / mar-č- {marǝc-} 'to kill or destroy Ahuric creatures' [Bartholomae 1904: 1145].
Originates from PIE {*gu̯hen-} 'to kill' (present 3 sg. {*gu̯hén-ti}); related to Hittite {ku-en-zi} 'he kills', Vedic ɦan- {han-} 'to kill', Greek {θείνω} 'I kill' etc. [EWAia II: 800-801].
Number:44
Word:knee
Iron Ossetic:wɜrag {уæраг-}1
May originate from virtual Proto-Iranian *war-aː-ka 'bend, curve' [Abaev 1989: 88-89].
Digor Ossetic:wɜrag {уæраг-}1
Yaghnobi:zonk {zonk}2
ALP 1957: 369; Novák 2010: 206. An example: {čángĕ xok zọ́ñk-ĕ aǰáx} "Dust reached knees" (MT) [AP 1957: 27].
An inherited lexeme. Originates from Proto-Iranian {*zānū̆-kā̆-}, compare Sogdian (M) {znwq}, Persian {zān} 'knee' etc. [Novák 2013: 185-186].
The Tajik loanword zoːnˈuː {zonú} 'knee' is used only in some borrowed collocations; for example, {dú zonú nid-} 'to sit on the ground tucking legs under oneself' [ALP 1957: 369].
Parachi:zɒːnˈuː {zånu}-1
Efimov 2009: 252; Morgenstierne 1929: 302. A Persian borrowing [Morgenstierne 1929: 302].
Distinct from bizˈoːn {bĭzón} 'connaître, recognize' [ALP 1957: 232; Novák 2010: 20]. Compare {rot bĭzóñna odám ast?} 'Is there someone who knows the road?' [ALP 1957: 232].
Parachi:χabˈar bi- {xabar bi-}-1
Efimov 2009: 246. Literally 'to be informed'. The first element of this expression is χabˈar {xabar} 'news / informed', of Persian origin [Morgenstierne 1929: 298].
Distinct from pɒːn- {pån-} / pɒːnt- {pånt-} 'to know / to recognize / to understand' [Efimov 2009: 227; Morgenstierne 1929: 280].
Avestan:wid- {vid-} / wayd- {vaēd-}3
Bartholomae 1904: 1314-1318. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc. Perfect 3 sg. wayd-a {vaēdā} (Old Avestan) / Young Avestan wayδ-a {vaēδa} / wayθ-a {vaēθa}, perfect active participle nom. sg. m. wid-u-š {viduš} etc.
Distinct from zan- {zan-} ' to know (road, man), have knowledge / to become acquainted with / to recognize etc.' [Bartholomae 1904: 1659-1660].
The 3 sg. perfect wayd-a {vaēda} has exact parallels in other Indo-European languages; compare Vedic perfect 3 sg. wˈayd-a {véda}; Greek {οἰ̃δε}, Gothic {wait} 'he knows' etc. Some other formations from the root {*u̯ei̯d-} in PIE and different Indo-European languages mean 'to see' and 'to find' [EWAia II: 579-581].
Number:46
Word:leaf
Iron Ossetic:šǝf {сыф}1
Iron šǝf is of unclear origin, it may goes back to virtual Proto-Iranian *sʸipʰ- [Abaev 1979: 183-184].
Digor Ossetic:tʼaffɜ {тъаффæ}2
Digor tʼaffɜ is of unclear origin, cf. [Abaev 1979: 351]. If its similarity to Adyghe tħaːp, Kabardian tħampa 'leaf' is not accidental, the Digor form is a North-West Caucasian loanword.
Efimov 2009: 229; Morgenstierne 1929: 280. Polysemy: 'feather / leaf'. An example: {bʽin pṓn-e sawz wa sǻx-e por dḗra} "A tree has green leaves and thick branches" [Efimov 2009: 131].
Avestan:wark-a- {varǝka-}4
Bartholomae 1904: 1367. Attested only once in Frahang ī oīm.
Related to Persian {barg} 'leaf' etc. [Bartholomae 1904: 1367]. There are no clear cognates outside the Iranian group.
Number:47
Word:lie
Iron Ossetic:χʷǝšš- {хуысс-} ~ χʷǝšš-ǝd- {хуыссыд-}1
Sometimes present tenses of čhaɽ- {čʽaṛ-} 'to fall' can have the meaning 'to lie' (maybe exactly after fall) [Efimov 2009: 182; Morgenstierne 1929: 245].
Avestan:say- {saē-} / {say-}4
Bartholomae 1904: 1571-1572. Present 3 sg. (med.) say-teː {saēte} etc. Young Avestan: Yasht, Videvdad etc.
Originates from PIE {*ḱei̯-} 'to lie'; related to Hittite {ki-it-a} 'he lies', Vedic ʆay- {śay-} 'to lie', Greek {κει̃-μαι} 'Ι lie' etc. [EWAia II: 613-614].
Number:48
Word:liver
Iron Ossetic:igɜr {игæр}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *yakar 'liver' [Abaev 1958: 541-542].
Digor Ossetic:yegɜr {егæр}1
Yaghnobi:ǯigˈar {jĭgár}-1
ALP 1957: 267; Novák 2010: 75. No contexts. Borrowed from Tajik ǯigˈar {ҷигар} 'liver' [RU 1954: 514].
Parachi:ǯegˈar {ǰegar}-1
Efimov 2009: 205; Morgenstierne 1929: 261. Borrowed from Persian [Morgenstierne 1929: 261].
Avestan:yaːk-ar- {yākarǝ-}1
Bartholomae 1904: 1282. Attested only once in Frahang ī oīm.
The word yaːk-ar- {yākarǝ-} is related to Vedic yˈak-r̩-t {yákr̥t-} / yak-n- {yakn-}, Old Latin {iecur}, gen. sg. {iocineris} 'liver' etc. It originates from the old PIE heteroclitic noun {*(H)i̯eku̯-r-} / {*(H)i̯eku̯-n-} [EWAia II: 391].
Number:48
Word:liver
Iron Ossetic:
Digor Ossetic:
Yaghnobi:šipˈuːrda {šĭpórda} {šiprda}2
ALP 1957: 328; Novák 2010: 162. No contexts. Polysemy: 'liver / spleen'. Possibly connected with Avestan {spǝrǝzan-} 'spleen' [Bartholomae 1904: 1623].
Bartholomae 1904: 693-694. Polysemy: 'long (spatial) / long (temporal)'. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc. Old Persian {darga-}.
Distinct from the less frequent Young Avestan mas- {mas-} 'elongated, long, big' [Bartholomae 1904: 1154].
Related to Hittite {daluki-}, Vedic diːrgʰ-ˈa- {dīrghá-}, Greek {δολιχός} 'long'; Mayrhofer reconstructs its protoform as {*dl̥h1gʰ-o-} [EWAia I: 728-729].
Number:50
Word:louse
Iron Ossetic:šǝšt {сыст}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *spiš- 'louse' [Abaev 1979: 210-211].
Digor Ossetic:šistɜ {систæ}1
Yaghnobi:šipˈuš {špŭ́š}1
ALP 1957: 327; Novák 2010: 163. An example: {ríšayt špŭ́s ĭktá} "your beard became lousy" (PR) (here the collocation šipˈuš kun- {špŭ́s kŭn-} means 'to become lousy' [AP 1957: 110].
Inherited; continues Proto-Iranian {*śu̯iš(a)-} with assimilation, compare Avestan {spiš-}, Sogdian (B) {špšh} 'louse' etc. [Steblin-Kamensky 1999: 330-331].
Efimov 2009: 193; Morgenstierne 1929: 236. Originates from Proto-Iranian {*spiś-} 'louse' with irregular reflexes [Morgenstierne 1929: 236].
Avestan:
Not attested. The Young Avestan (V. 17. 3) word spiš- {spiš} (its cognates in other Iranian languages designate 'louse') means 'moth' [Bartholomae 1904: 1625].
Number:51
Word:man
Iron Ossetic:lɜg {лæг}-1
Resembles a North Caucasian loanword, although the exact source of borrowing is not determined, see [Abaev 1973: 19-21].
Digor Ossetic:lɜg {лæг}-1
Yaghnobi:mˈoːrtiː {mórti}1
ALP 1957: 287; Novák 2010: 108. Contexts: {Ах dŭ – za’ĭ́f-at mórti – vir-at inč avór} "these two – the woman and the man – became husband and wife" (MT) [AP 1957: 26]; {Man mórtĭ vum, tŭ zaíf vu} "I am man, you are woman" (Bidéw) [AP 1957: 107]; {рeštár mórti-t tim bozí kárna vútor} "formerly men also played games" (W) [Khromov 1972: 148].
From Proto-Iranian {*martii̯a-} man’, compare Sogdian (B, M) {mrty}, Old Persian martiya- [Novák 2013: 173].
Distinct from wˈiːr {wir} ~ vˈiːr {vir} 'husband' (inherited, compare Sogdian {wyr} and Avestan {vīra-} 'man, husband') [ALP 1957: 352] and mˈard {mard} 'courageous, brave man' (borrowed from Tajik mˈard {мард} 'man / courageous, brave') [ALP 1957: 284].
Bartholomae 1904: 1047-1053. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc. Nom. sg. naː {nā}, acc. sg. nar-am {narǝm}, gen. sg. nar-š {narš} / nr̩-š {nǝrǝš}, dat. sg. nar-ay {naire} / {narōi}, instr. sg. nar-a {nara}, abl. sg. nr̩-t {nǝrǝt̰}, loc. sg. nar-i {nairi}, voc. sg. nar {narǝ}, nom. du. nar-a {nara}, dat. pl. nr̩-byas {nǝrǝbiias}. The most frequent Avestan word with this meaning.
Distinct from wiːra- {vīra-} 'hero, warrior / man (opposed to cattle in an archaic expression pasu wira {pasu vira})' [Bartholomae 1904: 1453-1454].
This word is related to Vedic nar- {nar-} / nr̩- {nr̥-}, Greek {ἀνήρ}, Armenian {ayr} 'man'; Welsh {ner} 'hero' etc. [EWAia II: 144-145].
Number:52
Word:many
Iron Ossetic:birɜ {бирæ}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *baivar- 'multitude (vel sim.)' [Abaev 1958: 262].
Digor Ossetic:berɜ {берæ}1
Yaghnobi:bisiyˈoːr {bĭsĭyór}-1
ALP 1957: 232; Novák 2010: 16. Borrowed from Tajik bisyˈɔːr {бисьёр} [RU 1954: 72].
Other words are not so common and may not be found throughout all the settlements.
Parachi:ʁolˈuː {γolú}-1
Efimov 2009: 198; Morgenstierne 1929: 255. This word represents an Arabic loan via Persian [Morgenstierne 1929: 255]. It is widespread in modern Iranian languages.
There is also another word of Persian origin, of comparatively limited use, with this exact meaning: ʁalabˈa {γalabá} [Efimov 2009: 197; Morgenstierne 1929: 255]. The word bahˈiː {bahí} means 'very / much' [Efimov 2009: 175].
Avestan:par-u- {pouru-}2
Bartholomae 1904: 854-855. Polysemy: 'many (adj.) / many (adv.) / some / various / often'. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc. Old Persian {pauru-}.
Distinct from Old and Young Avestan buː-ri- {būri-} / bu-ri- {buri-} 'abundant, plentiful / complete, perfect' [Bartholomae 1904: 969].
Continues PIE {*pl̥h1-ú-}; the word has such cognates as Vedic pur-ˈu- {purú-} / puːr-w- {pūrv-} 'many (adj.) / many (adv.) / very (adv.) / often'; Greek {πολύς} 'many (adj.)', {πολύ} 'many (adv.)' [EWAia II: 148-149].
Number:53
Word:meat
Iron Ossetic:ziza {дзидза}1
Iron ziza looks like a nursery word, although it could actually be a Caucasian loanword, cf. similar words for 'meat' in Nakh, Lak, Kartvelian [Abaev 1958: 397].
Digor Ossetic:fid {фид}2
Digor fid originates from Proto-Iranian *pitu- 'foot (vel sim.)' [Abaev 1958: 488-489].
Identical with gaw- {gav-} 'cow / bull / cattle' [Bartholomae 1904: 507-508; EDIL 3: 206].
Number:54
Word:moon
Iron Ossetic:mɜy {мæй}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *maːh- 'moon' [Abaev 1973: 83].
Digor Ossetic:mɜyɜ {мæйæ}1
Yaghnobi:mahtˈoːp {mahtóp}-1
ALP 1957: 283; Novák 2010: 102. An example: {na xur wẹ+not, na mahtóp} "let them see neither sun, nor moon" (BQ) [AP 1957: 186]. Borrowed from Tajik mɔːhtˈɔːb [моҳтоб] [RU 1954: 234]. Phonetic variants: mahtˈoːb {mahtób}.
Distinct from mˈoːh {moh} ~ mˈoχ {mox} ~ mˈoː {mo} 'month' [ALP 1957: 286; Novák 2010: 108], compare {nаu̯ moh, nau̯ mẹ+tĕ, nau̯ šoátẹ̆ azán} "she gave birth to babies after nine months, nine days, nine hours" (N) [AP 1957: 89]. This word was borrowed from Tajik mˈɔːh {моҳ} 'moon; month' [RU 1954: 234].
Bartholomae 1904: 1170-1171. Polysemy: 'moon / month'. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc. Old Persian {māh-}. Nom. sg. maː {mā̊}, gen. sg. maːhoː- {mā̊ŋhō}, nom.-acc. pl. mahoː- {mā̊ŋhō} etc.
Originates from Proto-Iranian {*maHah-} < PIE {meh1-n̥s-}; related to Vedic maːs- {mās-} 'moon / month', Greek {μήν}, gen. sg. {μηνός} 'moon', Latin {mēnsis} 'month' etc. [EDIL 5: 338-339; EWAia II: 352-353].
Number:55
Word:mountain
Iron Ossetic:kʼɜzɜχ {къæдзæх}1
Of unclear origin, cf. [Abaev 1958: 623]. In both dialects, this item competes with another word for 'mountain': Iron χoχ {хох}, Digor χonχ {хонх} (< Proto-Iranian *kauka- 'salience, prominence (vel sim.)' [Abaev 1989: 222-223]), more archaic than kʼɜzɜχ, kʼɜʒɜχ or encountered in bound status (e.g., χoχ, χonχ are retained in the expression 'to go to the mountains' or in the names of specific mountains).
Digor Ossetic:kʼɜʒɜχ {къæдзæх}1
Yaghnobi:ʁar {γar}2
ALP 1957: 256; Novák 2010: 56. Examples: {γár-t-ĕ rŭgáhẹ̆ wafr iporáx} "there is a lot of snow on the mountains' tops" [ALP 1957: 316]; {či Worsowút nī́mi šаbi aǰexn} "He made us climb a mountain from Worsowut" (P) [Khromov 1972: 154]. Polysemy: 'mountain / pass' [ALP 1957: 256].
Efimov 2009: 187; Morgenstierne 1929: 248. Borrowed from Indian or Dardic languages; compare Pashai {dār} 'mountain / hill' [Morgenstierne 1929: 248].
The Persian loan koːh {kōh} [Efimov 2009: 210] also occurs occasionally.
Avestan:gar-i- {gairi-}2
Bartholomae 1904: 513-514. Young Avestan: Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc.
Distinct from Young Avestan barz-ah- {barǝzah-} 'peak, mountain (in figurative sense)' [Bartholomae 1904: 950].
Related to Vedic gir-ˈi- {girí-} 'mountain', Albanian {gur} 'stone / rock, cliff', OCS {gor-a} 'mountain' etc. [EWAia I: 487].
Number:56
Word:mouth
Iron Ossetic:zǝχ {дзых}1
Of unclear origin, probably a North Caucasian loanword, cf. [Abaev 1958: 408-409].
Digor Ossetic:ʒuχ {дзух} ~ cʼuχ {цъух}1
Yaghnobi:raχ {rax}2
ALP 1957: 312-313; Novák 2010: 140. An example: {i tŭxm bĭrĭyón rax nŭtš apártou̯} "he threw a baked egg into his mouth" (SQ) [AP 1957: 130].
The word seems to continue the dubious Sogdian (S) form {rγ’h} 'mouth' [Gharib 1995: 341; Novák 2013: 180]. Further cognates are not clear.
Parachi:šoɳɖ {šoṇḍ}-1
Efimov 2009: 238; Morgenstierne 1929: 290. An Indian or Dardic loan [Morgenstierne 1929: 290]. Phonetic variants: šoɳ {šuṇ}, šoːɳɖ {šōṇḍ} [Morgenstierne 1929: 290].
Avestan:aːh-an- {ā̊ŋhan-}3
Bartholomae 1904: 357-358. Young Avestan: Videvdad. In addition, there is an Old Avestan root noun aːh- {ǝ̄ǝāŋh-}with the same meaning [Bartholomae 1904: 345].
Distinct from Young Avestan zaf-ar- {zafar-} 'mouth of Daevic creatures' [Bartholomae 1904: 1657] and Young Avestan (Videvdad) staman- {staman-} "dog’s mouth" [Bartholomae 1904: 1592]. Also worth mentioning is a rare Young Avestan word θranh- {θraŋh-} 'mouth, corners of the mouth' [Bartholomae 1904: 801].
The words aːh- {ǝ̄ǝāŋh-} and aːh-an- {ā̊ŋhan-} continue an old PIE noun, reconstructed by M. Mayrhofer as {*h1eh3-s-} (traditionally {*ōs-}). There are such cognates as Hittite nom. sg. {a-i-iš}, gen. sg. {iš-ša-a-aš}, Vedic aːs- {ās-}, Latin {ōs}, gen. sg. {ōr-is} 'mouth' etc. [EWAia I: 181-182].
Number:57
Word:name
Iron Ossetic:nom {ном}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *naːma 'name' [Abaev 1973: 187-188].
Digor Ossetic:nom {ном}1
Yaghnobi:noːm {nom}1
ALP 1957: 295; Novák 2010: 116. An example: {i wazírš vúta, Xasán-ĕ Gŭlríz nom-š vúta} "there was a vizier, his name was Xasan Gulriz" (MT) [AP 1957: 60].
Although this word practically coincides with Tajik nˈɔːm {ном} 'name' [RU 1954: 271], it would be excessive to postulate borrowing; compare Iron, Digor Ossetic {ном}, Sogdian {n’m}, Avestan {nąman-}, {nāman-} 'name', all pointing to Proto-Iranian {*nāma-} [Novák 2013: 213].
Dialectal forms: Kashi (CY) nˈuːm {num} [ALP 1957: 295]. It is worth mentioning that the phoneme /oː/ itself has a phonetic variant close to [uː] before nasals [Novák 2010: 221].
Bartholomae 1904: 1062-1064. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc. Old Persian {nāman-}.
Related to Hittite {la-a-ma-an}, Greek {ὄνομα}, Latin {nōmen}, Gothic {namo} 'name' etc. [EWAia II: 35-37].
Number:58
Word:neck
Iron Ossetic:bɜržɜy {бæрзæй}1
Of unclear origin, cf. [Abaev 1958: 254].
Digor Ossetic:bɜrzɜy {бæрзæй}1
Yaghnobi:kˈam-a {káma}2
ALP 1957: 270; Novák 2010: 81. Examples: {kúti káma novastá} "you have not bound the dog’s neck" (W) [Khromov 1972: 142]; {káma-š qózi kámа-х} "his neck is like a goose neck" [Khromov 1972: 171].
Problematic etymology. Seems to be inherited, but further cognates are not so clear; possible comparanda in [Steblin-Kamensky 1999: 231].
Parachi:maɳɖˈa {manḍá}-1
Efimov 2009: 213; Morgenstierne 1929: 272-273. Borrowed from one of Indian or Dardic languages [Morgenstierne 1929: 273].
Avestan:man-aw-θri- {manaoθri-}3
Bartholomae 1904: 1126. Ahuric word. Young Avestan: Yasht, Videvdad.
Distinct from Young Avestan griːw-aː- {grīuuā-} 'neck of Daevic creatures' [Bartholomae 1904: 530] and Young Avestan pat-i=var-ah- {paiti.varah-} 'area opposite the breast, i. e. neck' [Bartholomae 1904: 834].
Number:59
Word:new
Iron Ossetic:nɜwɜg {нæуæг} ~ nog {ног}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *nawa-ka- 'new' [Abaev 1973: 174-175].
Digor Ossetic:nɜwɜg {нæуæг}1
Yaghnobi:nˈav-a {náva}1
ALP 1957: 292; Novák 2010: 113. An example: {sár-at tánšĭnt náva akŭ́n} "he clothed them with new clothes" (BQ) [AP 1957: 187].
Bartholomae 1904: 1044. Young Avestan: Yasht, Videvdad.
The form naw-a- {nava-} originates from PIE {néu̯-o-} 'new'; compare Vedic nˈaw-a- {náva-}, Greek {νέος} 'young', Latin {nou-us}, OCS {nov-ъ} 'new' etc. [EWAia II: 25].
Number:60
Word:night
Iron Ossetic:ɜχšɜv {æхсæв}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *xšap- 'night' [Abaev 1989: 230-231].
Digor Ossetic:ɜχsɜvɜ {æхсæвæ}1
Yaghnobi:χišˈap {xišap}1
ALP 1957: 361; Novák 2010: 190. An example: {ax xšap ráxšĭn vútẹ̆št, tĭk sántẹ̆št} "when that night dawned, she came again" (MT) [AP 1957: 47].
It is impossible to decide whether the main word for 'night' is χawˈɒːn {xawån} or weˈɒːr {weǻr}.
Avestan:xšap- {xšap-}1
Bartholomae 1904: 548-550. Old and Young Avestan. The root xšap- {xšap-} forms four stems: xšap- {xšap-}, xšap-an- {xšapan-}, xšap-ar- {xšapar-} / xšaf-n- {xšafn-} and xšap-aː- {xšapā-}. The latter occurs in Gathas. Old Persian {xšap-}.
Old IE {neku̯t-} / {noku̯t-} survives in Avestan only in the adjective upa=naxt-ar- {upa.naxtar-} 'bordering the night' [Bartholomae 1904: 391].
Related to Vedic kʂap- {kṣáp-} 'night' (mostly in adverbial sense) [EWAia I: 424].
Number:60
Word:night
Iron Ossetic:
Digor Ossetic:
Yaghnobi:
Parachi:weˈɒːr {weǻr}-1
Efimov 2009: 246; Morgenstierne 1929: 298. Borrowed from Indian or Dardic languages [Morgenstierne 1929: 298].
Of unclear origin. Probably a North-West Caucasian loanword (Abkhaz a-pˈǝ-ncʼa, Abaza pǝ-ncʼa 'nose'), cf. [Abaev 1958: 497].
Digor Ossetic:fiy {фий}1
Yaghnobi:nays {nays}2
ALP 1957: 292; Novák 2010: 114. Dialectal forms: EY nˈεːs {nẹs}, CY nˈεːys { nɛ̝̂i̯s} [Novák 2010: 114, 245].
Parachi:neːšʈ {nēšṭ}2
Efimov 2009: 221; Morgenstierne 1929: 277. Continues Proto-Iranian {*nās-t-} 'nose'; a similar form can be found in Pashto. However, there may be some influence on the part of Indian or Dardic languages (compare Pashai obl. nast- {nast-} 'nose') [Morgenstierne 1929: 277].
Avestan:naːh- {nā̊ŋh-}2
Bartholomae 1904: 1067. Young Avestan: Haδōxt Nask, Frahang ī oīm, Pursišnīhā. Old Persian {nāh-}. Forms of the singular and the dual number.
In addition, Frahang ī oīm records the stem naːh-an- {nā̊ŋhan-} [Bartholomae 1904: 1079].
It is impossible to distinguish properly between naːh- {nā̊ŋh-} and wayn-a- {vaēna-}.
Related to Vedic nas- {nas-} / naːs- {nās-} 'nose / nostrils / muzzle', Latin {nār-is} 'nostril (sg.) / nose (pl.)', Lithuanian {nós-is}, OCS {nos-ъ} etc. [EWAia II: 30-31].
Number:61
Word:nose
Iron Ossetic:
Digor Ossetic:
Yaghnobi:
Parachi:
Avestan:wayn-aː- {vaēnā-}3
Bartholomae 1904: 1325. Young Avestan: Yasna and Yasht. Two similar contexts; this word is applied to a dragon.
Related to Middle Persian {vēnīk} 'nose', Balochi {gīn} 'breath'; Kurdic {bēn} 'smell/ breath' [Bartholomae 1904: 1325] and further to wayn- {vaēn-} 'to see' and Vedic wˈayn-a-ti {vénati} 'cares or longs for / is anxious, yearns for' [EWAia II: 582-583].
Number:62
Word:not
Iron Ossetic:nɜ {нæ}1
A particle, originating from Proto-Iranian *na 'no' [Abaev 1973: 163-164].
The prohibitive negation is ma in both dialects.
Digor Ossetic:nɜ {нæ}1
Yaghnobi:na- {na-}1
ALP 1957: 288-289; Novák 2010: 111. An example: {γŭ́rda-š náwẹnĭšt} "eyes do not see him" (Q) [AP 1957: 155]. Polysemy: 'negative / prohibitive / no'. Always bears stress when used with finite verb [Khromov 1972: 17].
Bartholomae 1904: 1072-1079. Old and Young Avestan.
In addition, there are other negations formed from IIr {*na-} 'not'; compare Old Avestan na-yda- {naēdā-} / Young Avestan na-yδa- {naēδa-} 'and not / still, yet' [Bartholomae 1904: 1034-1035] etc.
Distinct from the prohibitive negation maː- {mā-} (Old and Young Avestan) [Bartholomae 1904: 1095-1097].
Originates from PIE {*ne-} 'not'; compare Vedic na- {na-} 'not', Latin {ne-sciō} 'I do not know', OCS {ne} 'not' etc. [EWAia II: 1-2].
Number:63
Word:one
Iron Ossetic:iw {иу}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *aiwa 'one' [Abaev 1958: 557-558].
Digor Ossetic:yew {еу}1
Yaghnobi:iː {i}1
ALP 1957: 261-262; Novák 2010: 70. Examples: {i – du tóbау akĭ́š, hĭč darák nívǝ} "he ploughed up one, then two belts of land" (QW) [AP 1957: 77]; {i met agŭdár} "one day is gone" (SQ) [AP 1957: 131].
Distinct from yˈak {yak} ~ yˈag {yag} [ALP 1957: 365; Novák 2010: 198], borrowed from Tajik. The latter word is used mostly with borrowed measures of length and time.
Bartholomae 1904: 22-24. Polysemy: 'one / single / alone'. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc. Old Persian {aiva-}.
Continues PIE {oi̯-u̯o-} 'one', a stem that shares the same root with such other protoforms as {oi̯-ko-} and {oi̯-no-} with the same meaning (compare Vedic ˈayk-a- {éka-} 'one' and Gothic {ains} 'one' respectively) [EWAia I: 262-263].
Number:64
Word:person
Iron Ossetic:adɜym-ag {адæймаг}-1
Wandering Oriental (originally Arabic) words for 'person, human being' [Abaev 1958: 29], modified with the common suffix -ag.
Digor Ossetic:adɜym-ag {адæймаг}-1
Yaghnobi:oːdˈam {odám}-1
ALP 1957: 297; Novák 2010: 120. Borrowed from Tajik ɔːdˈam {одам} [RU 1954: 283]. The word mardˈum {mardŭ́m} means 'people' [ALP 1957: 284; Novák 2010: 103].
Parachi:mɒːnˈeš {måneš}-1
Efimov 2009: 215; Morgenstierne 1929: 272. Borrowed from Indian or Dardic languages [Morgenstierne 1929: 272].
Avestan:maš-ya- {mašiia-}1
Bartholomae 1904: 1148-1150. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc. Old Persian {martiya-}.
Continues PIE {u̯eh1-r-}; related to Luvian {wār(sa)} 'water', Vedic waar {vār} 'water / stagnant water / moisture', Latin {ūr-īnārī} 'to plunge into the water', Old Norse {ur} 'fine rain' etc. [Mallory-Adams 1997: 636].
Number:66
Word:red
Iron Ossetic:šǝrχ {сырх}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *sʸux-ra- 'bright (vel sim.)' [Abaev 1979: 208-210].
Digor Ossetic:surχ {сурх}1
Yaghnobi:suːrχ {surx}-1
ALP 1957: 324; Novák 2010: 157. Examples: {хаu̯z sib-súrx agárd} 'the pond became very red' (from dragon’s blood) (QW) [AP 1957: 76]; {xүr арár, surх avú} 'the sun set and became red' [Khromov 1972: 72]. Borrowed from Tajik sˈurχ {сурх} [RU 1954: 369].
The inherited form kimˈeːr {kimḗr} ~ kamˈeːr {kamḗr} 'red' [Novák 2010: 85] is archaic and can be found only in toponyms like kimˈeːr sˈank {Kimḗr Sank} 'Red Stone' [Novák 2010: 212].
Parachi:sork {sork} / sˈorkoː {sórkō}1
Efimov 2009: 236; Morgenstierne 1929: 288. An example: {hín-om sórkō-a} 'I have red blood', literally 'My blood is red' [Efimov 2009: 163]. Continues Proto-Iranian {*suxra-} 'red'.
Phonetic variants: Morgenstierne cites a form with aspiration and stress on the second syllable, sorˈkhoː {surˈkhō}. The last vowel can also have a different value, i. e. sˈorkho {ˈsurku}.
Avestan:rauδi-ta- {raoiδita-}2
Bartholomae 1904: 1495-1496. Young Avestan: Yasht, Videvdad. Used to denote a mountain in Yt. 19. 2.
Continues PIE {*h1reudʰ-} / {*h1rudʰ-} 'red / to be red'; related to Vedic lˈawɦ-i-ta- {lóhita-} / rˈawɦ-i-ta- {róhita-}, Greek {ἐρυθρός}, Latin {ruber} 'red' etc. [EWAia II: 471].
Number:67
Word:road
Iron Ossetic:fɜnd-ag {фæндаг}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *pantaː 'road' [Abaev 1958: 445-446], modified with the common suffix -ag.
Digor Ossetic:fɜnd-ag {фæндаг}1
Yaghnobi:roːt {rot}2
ALP 1957: 315; Novák 2010: 143. An example: {čо kará rot šáu̯tĭšt?} "how does he walk down the road?" (MT) [AP 1957: 27]. Polysemy: 'road / way / path' is noted in [ALP 1957: 314]; however, there are no clear contexts.
Another word, rˈah {rah} ~ rˈoːh {roh} 'road', borrowed from Persian {rāh}, Tajik rˈɔːh [роҳ] [RU 1954: 328], is used only in collocations [ALP 1957: 311].
Bartholomae 1904: 843, 847. Polysemy: 'road / path / way, track'. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc. Old Persian {paθi-}.
Distinct from Old Avestan ad-wan- {aduuan-} / Young Avestan aδ-wan- {aδuuan-} 'way, track' [Bartholomae 1904: 62].
Related to Greek {πάτος} 'path, way'; Latin {pons} 'bridge'; Old Prussian {pint-is}, OCS {pǫt-ь} 'path, way', etc. [EWAia II: 81-83].
Number:68
Word:root
Iron Ossetic:widag {уидаг}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *wai-taː-ka- 'twined, twisted' [Abaev 1989: 106].
Digor Ossetic:wedagɜ {уедагæ} ~ yedagɜ {едагæ}1
Yaghnobi:rˈiːš-a {ríša}2
ALP 1957: 313; Novák 2010: 142. An example: {čanór ríša-y-pĕš aǰáx} "(a horse) pulled the plane tree with its root out" (SQ) [AP 1957: 140]. Polysemy: 'beard / root', compare {ríša-š atóš} "(he) shaved his beard off" (MT) [AP 1957: 67].
This case is problematic, since a semantic borrowing from Tajik reːšˈa {реша} 'root' [RU 1954: 325] is possible. However, as can be seen from examples, this word has the same form as rˈiːša {ríša} 'beard', which continues Sogdian {ryš’kk} 'beard' [Gharib 1995: 348] (Novák treats it as a borrowing from Persian [Novák 2013: 180]). Moreover, the polysemy 'beard / root' is typologically possible; for instance, it is attested in Grosseto Italian, compare bˈarb-a {barba} 'root / beard' in the respective word list for Romance languages.
Parachi:ʁiːχ {γīx}1
Morgenstierne 1929: 258. Originates from Proto-Iranian {*u̯ai̯-xa-}, compare Persian bix {bix} 'root' [Morgenstierne 1929: 258].
Avestan:warš-a=ǯi- {varǝša.ji-}2
Bartholomae 1904: 1379. Young Avestan: Yasna, Yasht.
It is possible that this compound consists of two parts, wars-a- {varǝša-} 'tree' and ǯi- {ji-} 'to live'; literally 'that which gives life to a tree' [Bartholomae 1904: 1379].
Number:69
Word:round
Iron Ossetic:tǝmbǝl {тымбыл}1
Polysemy: 'round 3D / round 2D'. Of unclear origin, cf. [Abaev 1979: 330-335].
Digor Ossetic:tumbul {тумбул}1
Yaghnobi:lˈuːnd-a {lúnda}-1
ALP 1957: 283; Novák 2010: 101. Tajik borrowing.
Parachi:
Not attested.
Avestan:skar-na- {skarǝna-}3
Bartholomae 1904: 1587. Young Avestan: thrice in Yasht; applied to earth.
This word has no clear etymology.
It is impossible to distinguish properly between skar-na- {skarǝna-} and zgr̩-sna- {zgǝrǝsna-}.
Number:69
Word:round
Iron Ossetic:
Digor Ossetic:
Yaghnobi:ʁˈiːl-a {γī́la}2
Novák 2010: 58. There are no contexts. The word is derived from Yaghnobi verb ʁiːl- {γīl-} 'to roll'.
Parachi:
Avestan:zgr̩-sna- {zgǝrǝsna-}4
Bartholomae 1904: 1698. Polysemy: 'round / convexly rounded'. This word is attested once in Frahang ī oīm and once in Videvdad as a member of the compound zgr̩-sna=waγδ-ana- {zgǝrǝsnō.vaγδana-} (V. 14. 10) 'with a convexly rounded head' [Bartholomae 1904: 1698-1699].
Possibly continues Iranian {*uz-gr̥t-sna-}, derived from {*gart} 'to turn round, to rotate, to spin etc. / round'; compare Wakhi {γ̆ǝrt}, Pashto {γwǝnd} ~ {γ(w)und}, Modern Persian {gerd} 'round' etc. [EDIL 3: 196-203].
Number:70
Word:sand
Iron Ossetic:žmiš {змис}1
Originates from the Proto-Iranian prefixal formation *uzʸ=maisʸa 'mixture, blend' [Abaev 1989: 281-282].
Novák 2010: 97. This word designates 'soft sand'; borrowed from Uzbek {қум} [Akabirov et al. 1959: 630].
Parachi:seʁˈa {seˈγa}-1
Morgenstierne 1929: 287. This word probably represents an early borrowing from one of Iranian, Indian or Dardic languages; Morgenstierne reconstructs the protoform {*sikátā-} 'sand / sandy' [Morgenstierne 1929: 287]. No contexts.
It is impossible to decide whether the main word for 'sand' is seʁˈa {seˈγa} or riːg {rīg}.
Avestan:
Not attested. It is possible that pans-nu- {pąsnu-} / pans-anu- {pąsanu-} 'dust / rubbish' [Bartholomae 1904: 904] had the meaning 'sand'; compare Vedic Sanskrit paːɱs-ˈu- {pāṃsú-} 'dust / sand' and OCS {pěsъ-kъ} 'sand' [EWAia II: 114-115].
Number:70
Word:sand
Iron Ossetic:
Digor Ossetic:
Yaghnobi:reːg {reg}-1
ALP 1957: 313; Novák 2010: 141. According to dictionaries, this word designates 'hard sand'. Borrowed from Tajik rˈeːg {рег} 'sand' [RU 1954: 326].
It is impossible to clarify which word represents the main Yaghnobi lexeme for 'sand'.
Parachi:riːg {rīg}-1
Morgenstierne 1929: 284. Borrowed from Persian.
Avestan:
Number:71
Word:say
Iron Ossetic:žɜʁ- {зæгъ-} ~ žaʁ-d- {загъд-}1
Paradigm: žɜʁ-, zɜʁ- [pres.] / žaʁ-d-, zaʁ-d- [pret.]. Originates from Proto-Iranian *zʸag- 'to scream (vel sim.)' [Abaev 1989: 292-293].
Digor Ossetic:zɜʁ- {зæгъ-} ~ zaʁ-d- {загъд-}1
Yaghnobi:woːv- {wou̯-}2
ALP 1957: 353; Novák 2010: 185. Past participle wˈoːv-ta {wóvta} ~ wˈoːf-ta {wófta}. An example: {awóv аní: man ósirim} "he said so: I am freezing" [Khromov 1972: 69]. Here the word anˈi {аní} is the marker of direct speech.
Compared with Avestan {uf-} 'to sing' [Novák 2013: 195].
Bartholomae 1904: 1192-1196. Present 3 sg. mraw-ti {mraoiti}, imperfect 3 sg. mraw-t {mraot̰}, past passive participle (verbal adjective) mruː-ta- {mrūta-} etc. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc.
Suppletive verb: aorist, perfect and future are formed mostly from a root wak- {vak-} / wač- {vac-}.
Distinct from specific Young Avesta waš- {vaš-} 'to say (of Ahuric creatures)' [Bartholomae 1904: 1392] and daw- {dav-} 'to say (of Daevic creatures)' [Bartholomae 1904: 687-688].
Avestan mraw- {mrav-} originates from PIE {*mleu̯H-} 'to say / to speak'; it is related to Vedic braw- {brav-} 'to say', Old Russian {mlъviti} 'to speak' etc. [EWAia II: 235-236].
Bartholomae 1904: 1330-1336. Future 1 sg. wax-šy-aː {vaxšyā}, aorist 3 sg. wa-wc-at {vaocat̰}, perfect 3 sg. wa-wač-a {vavaca-}. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc.
Continues PIE {*u̯ek-} 'to say, speak etc.'; related to Vedic wak- {vak-} / wač- {vac-} / wa=wč- {voc-} 'to speak / to say / to utter / to announce, declare / to proclaim etc.' and Greek {εἴπον} 'I said, spoke' [EWAia II: 489-491].
ALP 1957: 351; Novák 2010: 184. Past participle wˈeː-ta {wẹ+ta}. Examples: {γŭ́rda-š náwẹnĭšt} "eyes do not see him" (Q) [AP 1957: 155]; {na xur wẹ+not, na mahtóp} "let them see neither sun, nor moon" (BQ) [AP 1957: 186].
Efimov 2009: 179; Morgenstierne 1929: 239. Suppletive paradigm: bhoč- {bʽoč-} / dhor- {dʽor-} [Efimov 2009: 179]. Borrowed from some Indian or Dardic source; compare Tirahi {bīc-} 'to see' [Morgenstierne 1929: 239].
Avestan:wayn- {vaēn-}1
Bartholomae 1904: 1323-1325. Present 3 sg. wayn-a-ti {vaēnaiti}, imperfect 3 sg. wayn-a-t {vaēnat̰} etc. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas,
Suppletive verb: perfect is formed from the root dars- {darǝs-}.
Related to Vedic wˈayn-a-ti {vénati} 'cares or longs for / is anxious, yearns for', Sogdian {wyn} 'to see' etc. [EWAia II: 582-583].
Number:72
Word:see
Iron Ossetic:
Digor Ossetic:
Yaghnobi:
Parachi:dhor- {dʽor-}2
Efimov 2009: 188; Morgenstierne 1929: 249. Originates from Proto-Iranian past participle {*dr̥š-ta} 'seen' [EDIL 2: 352].
Phonetic variants: dor- {dor-} in all dialects [Efimov 2009: 188]; doːr- {dōr-} [Morgenstierne 1929: 249].
Avestan:dars- {darǝs-}2
Bartholomae 1904: 696-697. Perfect 3 sg. daː-dars-a {dādarǝsa}, past passive participle (verbal adjective) dr̩š-ta- {dǝrǝšta-} etc. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Y. 9 (Hom Yasht).
Originates from PIE {derḱ-} 'to look at, to glance'; compare Vedic darʆ- {darś-} 'to see', Greek {δέ=δορκ-α} 'I have looked at', Old Irish {derc} 'eye' etc. [EWAia I: 704-706].
Number:73
Word:seed
Iron Ossetic:mǝkː-ag {мыггаг}1
Synchronic derivation from the word for 'sperm' (Iron myg, Digor mugɜ) with the common suffix -ag [Abaev 1973: 137-138].
Digor Ossetic:mukː-ag {муггаг}1
Yaghnobi:taχm {taxm}2
ALP 1957: 333; Novák 2010: 169. The word is inherited, compare Sogdian (B, S) {tγm} 'seed, descendant, family' [Gharib 1995: 386-387], Avestan {taoxman-} 'seed; kinship' [Bartholomae 1904: 623]. Proto-Iranian {*tau̯xman-} [Novák 2013: 180].
Parachi:phoːɽ {pʽōṛ}-1
Efimov 2009: 229; Morgenstierne 1929: 279. Plural: phaɽ {pʽōṛ}. Polysemy: 'seed / grain / stone'. Borrowed from one of Indian or Dardic languages [Morgenstierne 1929: 279].
Efimov 2009: 221; Morgenstierne 1929: 276. The two stems of this verb continue Proto-Iranian {*ni-hd-na-} / {*ni-has-ta-} 'to sit' [Morgenstierne 1929: 276].
Phonetic variants: all forms occur with initial n.
Avestan:aːh- {ā̊ŋh-} / aːs- {ās-}2
Bartholomae 1904: 344-345. Present 3 sg. med. aːs-teː {āste} etc. Young Avestan: Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc.
Distinct from had- {had-} / šad- {šad-} 'to sit down', used only with preverbs [Bartholomae 1904: 1753-1754].
Related to Hittite {e-eš-zi} 'he sits', Vedic aːs- {ās-} 'to sit', Greek {ἡ̃μαι} 'I sit; I am situated'; Mayrhofer reconstructs the PIE root {h1eh1s-} 'to sit' [EWAia I: 181].
Number:75
Word:skin
Iron Ossetic:sarm {царм}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *čar-man- 'skin (vel sim.)' [Abaev 1958: 290].
Digor Ossetic:car {цар}1
Yaghnobi:puːst {pust}2
ALP 1957: 310; Novák 2010: 137. This word has a Sogdian (S) parallel: {pwst(h)} 'skin, leather' [Gharib 1995: 331]; it reflects Proto-Iranian {*pau̯(a)sta-} [Novák 2013: 182]. Similarity with Tajik pˈɵst {пӯст} 'skin' is due to close relationship.
Parachi:puːst {pust}-1
Efimov 2009: 230; Morgenstierne 1929: 281. Polysemy: 'skin / peel / bark'. Apparent Persian borrowing. In addition, there is a phonetic variant puːšt {pūšt}, found in such expressions as {pūšt-i tečiˈkē} 'eyelid', {gūiˈkī pūšt} 'cow-hide' which Morgenstierne doubtfully treats as genuine [Morgenstierne 1929: 281]. However, it is not probable that Proto-Iranian {*pau̯asta-} would yield Parachi puːšt {pūšt}: other examples show the phonetic change PIr. {*ā̆u̯ā̆-} > Parachi oː [Morgenstierne 1929: 28].
Avestan:suːr-i- {sūri-}3
Bartholomae 1904: 1585. This word is attested only in Frahang ī oīm.
Distinct from Young Avestan čar-man- {carǝman-} 'fell, leather' [Bartholomae 1904: 582-583], Young Avestan (Frahang ī oīm) ayδ-a- {aēδa-} [Bartholomae 1904: 20] 'skin (on the head)' and Young Avestan (Frahang ī oīm) paːs-ta- {pąsta} 'skin (on the head)' [Bartholomae 1904: 904].
Related to Old Indian cʰaw-ˈiː- {chavī́-} 'skin / cuticle' [EWAia I: 557]. Further cognates are not clear.
Number:76
Word:sleep
Iron Ossetic:fǝn-ɜy kɜn- {фынæй кæн-}1
Literally 'to do from a dream' with abl. of fǝn, fun 'sleep, dream' (< Proto-Iranian *xʷaf-na 'sleep, dream' [Abaev 1958: 496]) plus the verb 'to do' [Abaev 1958: 579].
Digor Ossetic:fun-ɜy kɜn- {фунæй кæн-}1
Yaghnobi:ufs- {ŭfs-}1
ALP 1957: 340; Novák 2010: 176. Past participle ˈuf-ta {ŭ́fta}.
Phonetic variants: sometimes with a long vowel, i. e. uːfs- {ufs-}.
Distinct from nipˈiːd- {nĕpíd} 'to lie / to lie down / to go to bed' [ALP 1957: 293; Novák 2010: 115].
Parachi:χˈοːm kan- {xōm kan-}1
Efimov 2009: 249; Morgenstierne 1929: 299. An example: {tån xí-yå хṓm kánta} "my sister is sleeping" [Efimov 2009: 131].
Distinct from rhiːz- {rʽiz-} / rhiːziː- {rʽizi-} 'to lie down / to go to bed' [Efimov 2009: 232; Morgenstierne 1929: 284] and from ɖogor- {ḍogor-} 'to go to bed' [Efimov 2009: 190].
Avestan:hʷap- {xap-}1
Bartholomae 1904: 1862-1863. Polysemy: 'to sleep / to fall asleep'. Present 2 sg. imperative hʷaf-sa {xafsa} etc. Young Avestan: Yasna, Videvdad etc.
Continues PIE {*su̯ep-} / {*sup-} 'to sleep'; compare Hittite {supp-} 'to sleep', Latin {sōp-īre} 'to fall asleep', Old English {swef-an} 'to sleep' etc. [EWAia II: 791].
Number:77
Word:small
Iron Ossetic:čǝšǝl {чысыл}1
Iron čǝšǝl is of unclear origin, cf. [Abaev 1958: 614].
Digor Ossetic:mingi {минги} ~ minkʼi {минкъи}2
Digor mingi ~ minkʼi may originate from Proto-Iranian *man-k- 'small (vel sim.)' [Abaev 1973: 122].
Yaghnobi:maydˈ-a {maydá}-1
Novák 2010: 105. Used with a wide range of objects. Borrowed from Tajik maydˈa {майда} 'small, little' [RU 1954: 211]. This word also forms a derivative: maydahˈak {maydahák} ~ maydaˈak {maydaák} [ALP 1957: 285; Novák 2010: 105], which means 'very small / small child' and is considerably well represented in fairy-tales.
Distinct from pˈulː-a {pŭ́lla} 'child / boy / small, little' [ALP 1957: 309; Novák 2010: 136]. The first two of these meanings are featured in many contexts; the last meaning is archaic and can be found in the toponym pˈulː-a rˈoːwt {Pŭ́lla Róu̯t} 'Small River (?)' [ALP 1957: 309]. The word is inherited and originates from Proto-Iranian {*puθra-} ˈsonˈ [Novák 2013: 171-172].
Parachi:čiːnˈoː {činṓ}-1
Efimov 2009: 184; Morgenstierne 1929: 246. Borrowed from one of Indian or Dardic languages [Morgenstierne 1929: 246].
It is impossible to decide whether the main word for 'small' is čiːnˈoː {činṓ} or rˈiːza {riz}.
Avestan:kas-u- {kasu-}3
Bartholomae 1904: 460. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Videvdad.
Possibly related to Greek {κακός} 'bad / awful etc.' and Vedic proper name kaʆ-ˈu- {kaśú-} [EDIL 4: 333-334].
Number:77
Word:small
Iron Ossetic:
Digor Ossetic:
Yaghnobi:
Parachi:rˈiːza {riza}-1
Efimov 2009: 233. Persian borrowing [Morgenstierne 1929: 286].
Originates from Proto-Iranian *pazda-ka-, derived from the verb *pazda- 'to blow' [Abaev 1958: 467].
Digor Ossetic:fɜzdɜg {фæздæг}1
According to [Abaev 1958: 467; Abaev 1973: 320], in Digor the more frequently used word for 'smoke' is the unetymologizable qʷɜcɜ, whereas our data suggest that the default Digor term is fɜzdɜg. It is possible that modern Digor fɜzdɜg has acquired its basic status under the influence of Iron fɜždɜg 'smoke' (or at least such is the case with our Digor informant).
Paradigm: lɜww- [pres.] / lɜww-ǝd, lɜw-d- [pret.]. Apparently an inherited verb, although its exact Proto-Iranian source is not entirely clear, see [Abaev 1973: 37-39].
Digor Ossetic:lɜww- {лæуу-}1
Yaghnobi:uːšt- {ušt-}2
ALP 1957: 342; Novák 2010: 177. Past participle ˈuːš-ta {úšta}. An example: {хéli оlówi-ríti a-úšt-or} "they stood by the fire for a long time" [Khromov 1972: 143].
Parachi:papˈɒː bi- {papǻ bi-}3
Efimov 2009: 225; Morgenstierne 1929: 280. The word papˈɒː 'standing' continues Proto-Iranian {*pati-pāda-} 'fallen' > 'standing' [Morgenstierne 1929: 280].
Sometimes encountered as a reflex of other former participles: apˈɒː {apǻ} < {*ā-pāda-}, wapˈɒː {wapǻ} < {*upa-pāda-} 'fallen' [Efimov 2009: 172; Morgenstierne 1929: 36].
Distinct from oːšt- {ōšt-} / oːštɒː- {ōštå-} 'to rise, to stand up' < Proto-Iranian {*us-stā-} [Efimov 2009: 224; Morgenstierne 1929: 236; Cheung 2007: 360].
Avestan:staː- {stā-} / šta- {šta-}2
Bartholomae 1904: 1600-1605. Present 3 sg. =hi-šta-ti {-hištaiti}, hi-šta-teː {hištaite} etc. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc.
Originates from PIE {steh2-} 'to stand'; compare Vedic stʰaː- {sthā-} 'to stand', Latin {stāre} 'to stand', OCS {stati} 'to stand up' etc. [EWAia II: 764-766].
Number:80
Word:star
Iron Ossetic:štʼalǝ {стъалы}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian suffixed *star- 'star' [Abaev 1979: 160-162].
Digor Ossetic:ɜstʼalu {æстъалу}1
Yaghnobi:sitˈoːr-a {sĭtóra}1
ALP 1957: 322; Novák 2010: 154. An example: {sĭtóra arúš} "a star has fallen" [ALP 1957: 316].
This word resembles Tajik sitɔːrˈa {ситора} 'star' [RU 1954: 360]. However, Sogdian (B, M) {‘st’r’k} [Gharib 1995: 67], Khotanese {stāray}, Pashto {storay} 'star' from Proto-Iranian {*stāraka-} [ALP 1957: 322] also strongly resemble it. Phonetically {*stāraka-} could yield sitˈoːra, compare viyˈoːra {vĭyóra} 'evening' < {*abi-ai̯āra-ka-} [Novák 2013: 126].
The words biːldˈiːng-a {bildínga} [ALP 1957: 231] and parvˈiː {parví} [ALP 1957: 303] mean 'Ursa Major'.
Dialectal forms: according to ALP and Novák, in Central Yaghnobi (Q) biːldˈiːng-a {bildínga} of unclear origin serves as the equivalent for 'star' [ALP 1957: 303; Novák 2010: 246].
Parachi:estˈeːč {estḗč}1
Efimov 2009: 193; Morgenstierne 1929: 236. This word should originate from {*star-či-} 'star'; compare Shughni ʂitˈeːrǯ {itˈērj} 'star' [Morgenstierne 1929: 236].
Avestan:star- {star-}1
Bartholomae 1904: 1598-1599. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc. Applied to stars in general and to certain stars.
This word is related to Hittite {ḫa-aš-te-er-za}, Vedic taːr- {tār-} / str̩- {str̥-} and tˈaːr-ak-aː- {tā́rakā-}, Greek {ἀστήρ}, Gothic {stair-no} 'star' etc. [EWAia II: 755-756].
Number:81
Word:stone
Iron Ossetic:dur {дур}1
Of unclear origin, cf. [Abaev 1958: 376]. According to [Cheung 2002: 180], it could originate from the adjective 'hard'.
Digor Ossetic:dor {дор}1
Yaghnobi:sank {sañk}2
ALP 1957: 318; Novák 2010: 149. Examples: {i sank-ẹ̆-pĕ sár-ĕš dehčĕ} "he hits him in the head with a stone" (SQ) [AP 1957: 166]; {arĭwẹ+š sánkĕ vek} "she spinned (a rope) onto a stone" (Q) [AP 1957: 126]; {i kátta sank asuxoy – dĕhót, pahlawónĕ tuxoyot} "he took a big stone, beat the hero with it and killed him" (Q) [AP 1957: 130].
Proto-Iranian {*aśanga-} [Novák 2013: 198].
Phonetic variants: sˈang {sáñg}. Should be due to Tajik influence; compare Tajik sˈang {санг} 'stone' [RU 1954: 339]. The word toːbˈ-a {tobá} means 'flat stone' [ALP 1957: 337; Novák 2010: 172]. Borrowed from Tajik tɔːbˈa {тоба} 'pan' [RU 1954: 395].
Bartholomae 1904: 1847-1848. Polysemy: 'sun / sunlight'. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc.
Related to Vedic sˈuwar- {súvar-} / sur- {sur-} and sˈuːr-ya- {srya-} / sˈuːr-iya- {sriya-}, Greek dial. {ἀέλιος} < {*hαέλιος}, Gothic {sauil} and {sunno} 'sun' etc. [EWAia II: 742].
Number:83
Word:swim
Iron Ossetic:lenk kɜn- {ленк кæн-}1
Literally 'to do swimming' with the verb kɜn- 'to do' [Abaev 1958: 579]. Iron lenk 'swimming' is of unclear origin [Abaev 1973: 41].
Digor Ossetic:nakɜ kɜn- {накæ кæн-}2
Digor nakɜ 'swimming' may originate from Proto-Iranian *snaː-ka-, from the verb *snaː- 'to bath' [Abaev 1973: 152] (cf. also Proto-Nakh *naːki 'swimming').
Yaghnobi:quloːčˈak deːh- {qulōčák déh-}3
Novák 2010: 96-97. Also quloːčˈakχas- {qulōčák xas-} [Novák 2010: 97]. These collocations literally mean 'to move hands'. No contexts. The form quloːčˈak represents borrowing. According to Novák, another collocation, oːbːoːzˈiː kun- {ōbbōzī́ kun-}, has the meaning 'to bathe / to swim' [Novák 2010: 120]. It also represents a Tajik borrowing.
Parachi:awˈbɒːziː kan- {auˈbâzī kan-}-1
Morgenstierne 1929: 102. Persian loan, widespread in Iranian languages. No contexts.
Avestan:fraw- {frav-}4
Bartholomae 1904: 990. Present 3 sg. med. fraw-a-teː {fravaite} etc. Polysemy: 'to swim / to fly (figuratively) / to move'. Young Avestan: Y. 9 (Hom Yasht), Yasht, Videvdad.
Apparently a suffixal derivative from Iron kʼɜz 'crooked, curved' [Abaev 1958: 623].
Digor Ossetic:kʼɜǯelɜ {къæдзелæ}1
Apparently a suffixal derivative from Digor kʼɜʒɜ 'crooked, curved' [Abaev 1958: 623].
Yaghnobi:düːym {dʉ̄i̯m}2
ALP 1957: 250; Novák 2010: 42. An example: {múšay dum čak adór} (WY) "she caught the mouse tail" [AP 1957: 68]. From Proto-Iranian {*dū̆ma-} [Novák 2013: 183].
Iron paradigm: wǝy ~ wǝ-sǝ [nom.] / wǝ-(m)- [obl.]. Originates from Proto-Iranian *awa-, gen. *awa-hya 'that (vel sim.)' [Abaev 1989: 13].
Digor Ossetic:ye {е} ~ ye-či {еци}2
Suppletive paradigm: ye ~ ye-ci [nom.] / wo-y ~ wo- ~ wo-m- [obl.]. The direct stem ye originates from Proto-Iranian demonstrative *ay- [Abaev 1958: 410]. The oblique stem is cognate to the Iron pronoun.
Dialectal/ phonetic forms: hoː {hō} predominantly in Gujulan, rare in Nijrau and Shutul [Efimov 2009: 202].
Avestan:aw-a- {ava-}1
Bartholomae 1904: 163-168. This stem is the main equivalent for 'that' in Avesta; Young Avestan haːw- {hāu-}means 'the farthest (from speaker)' and is not as actively used as in Old Persian [Bartholomae 1904: 1730-1732].
Related to Slavic {*ov-ъ} 'that' etc.
Number:85
Word:that
Iron Ossetic:
Digor Ossetic:
Yaghnobi:ˈawi {áwẹ̆}1
ALP 1957: 227-228; Novák 2010: 8. This form continues Proto-Iranian plural genitive {*au̯ai̯šām-} [EDIL 1: 273-276].
Dialectal/ phonetic forms: heː {hē} predominantly in Gujulan, rare in Nijrau and Shutul [Efimov 2009: 201].
Avestan:a- {a-}1
Bartholomae 1904: 1-11. The semantic and syntactic antonym of aw-a- {auua-} 'that'. This stem is supplemented by i-ma- {ima-}, iː {ī} (related to each other) and an-a- {ana-} in oblique cases [Reichelt 1909: 280].
Distinct from ha- {ha-} / ta- {ta-} 'this' (antonymous to haːw- {hāu-} and often opposed to ya- {ya-} 'what, which') [Bartholomae 1904: 613-623; 1718-1721] and ay-ta- {aēta-} / ay-ša- {aēša-} 'this' (usually pointing to an aforementioned thing) [Bartholomae 1904: 12-17; 32-34].
Paradigm: dǝ, du [nom.] / dɜw- [obl.]. Originates from Proto-Iranian *tu 'thou' [Abaev 1958: 378].
Digor Ossetic:du {ду} ~ dɜw- {дæу-}1
Yaghnobi:tu {tu} ~ taw {tau̯}1
ALP 1957: 338-339; Khromov 1957: 23; Novák 2010: 173. Paradigm: tˈu [nom.] / tˈaw [obl.]. Examples: {tŭ tat čo kŭnĭ́št?} "what are you doing here?" (Bidéw) [AP 1957: 106]. Nominative originates from Proto-Iranian {*tu-}. Oblique stem has a protoform {*tava} (it reflects the Old Iranian genitive, compare Avestan gen. sg. {tava} 'you' [Bartholomae 1904: 787-788]).
Bartholomae 1904: 660-662. Paradigm: nom. tw-am {tvǝ̄m} (Old Avestan) / tuː-m {tūm} (Young Avestan), acc. θβ-aːm {θβąm}, gen. taw-a {tava} / {tavā}, dat. ta-byaː {taibiiā} / ta-byoː {taibiiō}, instr. θβ-a {θβa} / θβ-aː {θβā}, abl. θβ-at {θβat̰} / {θβāt̰}. Enclitic forms: acc. θβaː {θβā}, gen.-dat. tay {tōi} / teː {tē}. In addition, there is an Old Avestan enclitic form of the nominative case tuː {tū} [Bartholomae 1904: 654-655].
Related to Vedic tuw-ˈam {tuvám} / tw-am {tvám}, Latin {tū}, Gothic {þu}, OCS {ty} 'you (thou)' etc. [EWAia I: 682-683].
Number:88
Word:tongue
Iron Ossetic:ɜvžag {æвзаг}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *zʸwaː-ka- 'tongue' [Abaev 1989: 279-280].
Digor Ossetic:ɜvzag {æвзаг}1
Yaghnobi:zivˈoːk {zivók}1
ALP 1957: 368; Novák 2010: 205. Polysemy: 'tongue / language', compare yaʁnoːbˈiː zivˈoːk {yaγnobí zĭvók} 'Yaghnobi language' [ALP 1957: 368]. An inherited word; compare Buddhic Sogdian {zb’’k}, Iron Ossetic {æвзаг}, Digor Ossetic {æвзаг} 'tongue / language' etc. from Proto-Iranian {*(hi)zwāka-} [EDIL 3: 404].
The loanword zabˈoːn {zabón} 'tongue / language' occurs only in borrowed collocations [ALP 1957: 366].
Parachi:bɒːn {bån}1
Efimov 2009: 176; Morgenstierne 1929: 241. An example: {bǻn-o danǻn ma šoṇḍ si} "tongue and teeth are located in the mouth" [Efimov 2009: 131]. Probably continues an intermediate protoform {*zbān-} 'tongue' or borrowed from Persian [Morgenstierne 1929: 241; EDIL 3: 404].
Distinct from the rarely occurring Persian borrowings zabˈɒːn {zabån} ~ zobˈɒːn {zobån} 'tongue' [Efimov 2009: 251], lawz {lawz} 'language' [Efimov 2011: 211], lesˈɒːn {lesån} 'language' [Efimov 2009: 212].
Avestan:hiz-uː- {hizū-}1
Bartholomae 1904: 1815. Polysemy: 'tongue / speech'. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna.
In addition, there are such stems as hiz-v-ah {hizvah-} and hiz-v-aː- {hizvā-} 'tongue' [Bartholomae 1904: 1816].
Cannot be separated from Vedic ǯiɦw-aː- {jihvā-} 'tongue', Old Latin {dingua}, Latin {lingua} 'tongue / tongue as the organ of speech / speech', Old Prussian {insuwis} 'tongue' etc.; details of reconstruction of the first consonant are not clear [EWAia I: 591-593].
ALP 1957: 368; Novák 2010: 205. Unambiguously the main word for 'tooth' in Yaghnobi. However, the second -d- may be due to Tajik influence [Novák 2013: 118].
The Tajik loanword dandˈoːn {dandón} 'tooth' is used only in borrowed collocations [ALP 1957: 243].
Parachi:danˈɒːn {danǻn}1
Efimov 2009: 185; Morgenstierne 1929: 250. An example: {bǻn-o danǻn ma šoṇḍ si} "tongue and teeth are located in the mouth" [Efimov 2009: 131]. Continues Proto-Iranian stem {*dantan-} : {*dantān-} 'tooth' [EDIL 2: 329-330].
Avestan:dant-an- {dantan-} / daːt-aː- {dātā-}1
Bartholomae 1904: 683, 728. The stem dant-an- {dantan-} is attested in Frahang ī oīm; the stem daːt-aː- {dātā-} occurs in V. 15. 4.
In addition, there is a derivative dat-i-ka- {daitika-} 'wild animal' < {*dn̥tika-} [Bartholomae 1904: 678], literally 'toothy, with teeth'.
Related to Vedic dant- {dant-} / dat- {dat-}, Greek {ὀδούς}, gen. sg. {ὀδόντ-ος}, Latin {dens}, gen. sg. {dent-is} 'tooth' etc. [EWAia I: 693-694].
Number:90
Word:tree
Iron Ossetic:bɜlaš {бæлас}1
Of unclear origin. Cf. [Abaev 1958: 247] with possible Old Indic or Caucasian comparanda.
Digor Ossetic:bɜlasɜ {бæласæ}1
Yaghnobi:dirˈaχt {diráxt}-1
ALP 1957: 244; Novák 2010: 33. An example: {gášta ах dĭráxt arrá amúnor} "Then that tree was sawn down" (PR) [AP 1957: 121]. Borrowed from Tajik darˈaχt {дарахт} 'tree' [RU 1954: 116].
Bartholomae 1904: 1354. Young Avestan: Yasht, Videvdad etc. An example to illustrate the meaning: V. 5. 2 "he comes to the tree whereon the bird is sitting; from that tree he intends to take wood for the fire. He fells the tree, he hews the tree, he splits it into logs, and then he lights it in the fire, the son of Ahura Mazda".
Distinct from Young Avestan (V. 19. 21) warš-a- {varǝša-} 'tree' or 'forest' [Bartholomae 1904: 1379]. Compare Darmstetter's translation: "Quickly was it done, nor was it long, eagerly set off the vow-fulfilling Airyaman, towards the mountain of the holy Questions, towards the forest of the holy Questions". Although warš-a- {varǝša-} does mean 'tree' in the compound warš-a=ǯi- {varǝša.ji-} 'root', it would be wrong to transfer this meaning automatically onto the simple stem warš-a- {varǝša-}.
Related to Vedic wˈan-a- {vana-} 'forest / forest tree / wood, timber'; further etymology is uncertain [EWAia II: 500].
Number:91
Word:two
Iron Ossetic:dǝwwɜ {дыууæ}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *duwa- 'two' [Abaev 1958: 385].
Digor Ossetic:duwwɜ {дууæ}1
Yaghnobi:düː {d}1
ALP 1957: 249; Novák 2010: 41. Examples: {Ах dŭ – za’ĭ́f-at mórti – vir-at inč avór} "these two, the woman and the man, became husband and wife" (MT) [AP 1957: 26]; {Mox zoy-t du qị́smĭ or} "Our lands consist of two parts" (SQ) [AP 1957: 169].
Phonetic variants: forms with short vowel are attested.
ALP 1957: 326; Novák 2010: 159. Past participle ˈe:-ta {ẹ+ta} ~ šˈaw-ta {šáu̯ta}.
Distinct from tir- {tir-} 'to go away, to depart' [ALP 1957: 335; Novák 2010: 171].
Parachi:par- {par-}2
Efimov 2009: 225-226; Morgenstierne 1929: 280. Polysemy: 'go / become'. Borrowed from Pashai par- {par-}'to go / to become' [Morgenstierne 1929: 280].
Suppletive paradigm par- {par-} / čhiː- {čʽi-}.
Avestan:i- {i-} / ay- {ay-}3
Bartholomae 1904: 147-154. Present 3 sg. ay-ti {aēiti}, present 3 pl. y-anti {yeinti} etc. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc. Unquestionably the main verb with the meaning 'to go' in Avestan.
Distinct from kar- {kar-} / čar- {car-} 'to move (to) / to arrive' [Bartholomae 1904: 449-451], šyaw- {šiiauu-} 'to start moving / to go forward / to leave etc.' [Bartholomae 1904: 1714-1716]. In addition, distinct from the specific Old and Young Avestan verb dwar- {duuar-} 'to go (of daevic creatures)' [Bartholomae 1904: 765-766].
Originates from PIE {*(h1)ei-} 'to go, to walk' [EWAia I: 102].
Number:92
Word:walk (go)
Iron Ossetic:
Digor Ossetic:
Yaghnobi:
Parachi:čhiː- {čʽi-}1
Efimov 2009: 182-183; Morgenstierne 1929: 244-245. Inherited term; originates from Proto-Iranian {*či̯au̯-} 'to move / to go' [Cheung 2007: 40-42].
Avestan:
Number:93
Word:warm (hot)
Iron Ossetic:qarm {хъарм}1
Meaning 'warm'. Originates from Proto-Iranian *garma- 'warm' [Abaev 1973: 266-267].
Digor Ossetic:ʁar {гъар}1
Yaghnobi:šiːragˈarm {širagárm}-1
ALP 1957: 327; Novák 2010: 160. A problematic case. This word seems to be used only with liquids; more universal contexts are not attested. The actual word is a Tajik borrowing; compare širgˈarm {ширгарм} 'warm' [RU 1954: 458].
The inherited word ʁˈarm {γarm} (Sogdian {γrm} 'hot' [Gharib 1995: 169], Proto-Iranian {*gar-ma-} 'warm, hot; heat' [EDIL 3: 161-162]) means 'hot' [ALP 1957: 257; Novák 2010: 56].
Parachi:tapˈoː {taˈpō}2
Morgenstierne 1929: 294. Polysemy: 'warm / hot'. Morgenstierne mentions Pashai tapˈeː {taˈpē} [Morgenstierne 1929: 294]. However, the verb tap- {tap-} / tapiː- {tapí-} 'to become warm, warm up' < Proto-Iranian {*tap-} 'to warm up, heat' [Efimov 2009: 239; Cheung 2007: 378-380] indicates that it is better to treat the word under consideration as inherited.
Avestan:gar-ma- {garǝma-}1
Bartholomae 1904: 515. Polysemy: 'hot / warm (both noun and adjective)'. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasht, Videvdad.
Originates from PIE {gu̯he/or-mo-} 'hot / warm'; compare Vedic gʰar-mˈa- {gharmá-} ' heat, warmth (of the sun or of fire) / sunshine', Greek {θερμός} 'hot' etc. [EDIL 3: 161-162].
Number:94
Word:water
Iron Ossetic:don {дон}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *daːnu- 'flowing (vel sim.)' [Abaev 1958: 366-367].
Efimov 2009: 174; Morgenstierne 1929: 237. An inherited word; from Proto-Iranian {*āp-} water’ [ESIJ 1: 311-315]. Dialectal forms: Shutul ˈɒːwoː {ǻwō} ~ ɒːwˈoː {åwṓ}, Gujulan aw {aw} [Efimov 2009: 174].
Avestan:aːp- {āp-} / ap- {ap-}2
Bartholomae 1904: 325-329. Polysemy: 'water / stream, flow'. Often personified and deified. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc. Paradigm: nom. sf. aːf-š {afš}, acc. sg. aːp-am {āpǝm}, gen. sg. ap-oː {āpō}, abl. sg. aːp-at {āpat̰}, nom. pl. aːp-oː {āpō}, gen. pl. ap-aːm {apąm} etc.
Related to Vedic ap- {ap-} / aːp- {āp-} 'pl. the Waters considered as divinities', Tocharian AB {āp} 'water / flood / river', Old Prussian {ape} 'brook / small river' etc. [EWAia I: 81-82].
Number:95
Word:we
Iron Ossetic:maχ {мах}1
Non-suppletive paradigm. Originates from the Proto-Iranian genitive form *ahmaː-ka-m 'we' [Abaev 1973: 77-78].
Digor Ossetic:maχ {мах}1
Yaghnobi:moːχ {mox}1
APL 1957: 287; Khromov 1972: 23; Novák 2010: 108. Non-suppletive paradigm: the pronoun has the same oblique stem mˈoːx {mox} [Khromov 1972: 23] and an enclitic form -(i)mˈoːx {-(i)mox} [Khromov 1972: 24].
An inherited word, compare Ossetic {мах} from the Proto-Iranian genitive form {*ahmā-ka-m} 'we' [Abaev 1973: 77-78].
Bartholomae 1904: 1357. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasht, Videvdad etc. Old Persian {vayam}. Suppletive paradigm: nom. way-am {vaēm}, acc. ahm-aː {ahmā} / {ǝ̄hmā}, gen. ahm-aːk-am {ahmākǝm}, dat. ahm-aːy {ahmāi} / ahm-a-y-byaː {ahmaibyā}, abl. ahm-a-t {ahmat̰}. Enclitic form of oblique cases is naː {nō} / {nǝ̄} / {nā̊}.
The form of the nominative case way-am {vaēm} is related to Vedic way-ˈam {vayám}, Gothic {weis} 'we' etc. [EWAia II: 508].
Paradigm: sǝ, či [nom.], sɜj, cɜj [gen.] / sɜ-(m)-, cɜ-(m)- [obl.]. Originates from Proto-Iranian *či-d 'what?' [Abaev 1958: 319].
Digor Ossetic:či {ци}1
Yaghnobi:čoː {čo}1
ALP 1957: 239-240; Novák 2010: 26. Oblique stem: čˈoːy {čoy}, čˈoːyi {čóyĕ} [ALP 1957: 239]. Examples: {čo kŭnóm?} "what will I do?" [ALP 1957: 239-240]; {čo-š tĭfárišt} "what will you give to him?" (PR) [AP 1957: 115].
ALP derive it from Proto-Iranian {*či-āka-} [ALP 1957: 239].
Parachi:če {če}1
Efimov 2009: 181; Morgenstierne 1929: 244. Polysemy: 'interrogative what / conjunction what, which / in order to etc.' [Efimov 2009: 181].
Avestan:ka-t {kat̰} / či-t {cit̰}1
Bartholomae 1904: 422-427. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc.
Formally, ka-t {kat̰} represents the neuter gender of ka- {ka-} 'who' and continues PIE {*ku̯o-d}; či-t {cit̰} reflects {*ku̯o-d}. This situation resembles Latin {qui-s} 'who' / {qui-d} 'what'.
Number:97
Word:white
Iron Ossetic:urš {урс}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian aruša- 'white (vel sim.)' [Abaev 1989: 18-19].
Digor Ossetic:wors {уорс}1
Yaghnobi:safˈeːd {safẹ+d}-1
ALP 1957: 317; Novák 2010: 147. Examples: {safẹ+t aspĕš vóra avú} "he mounted a white horse" [AP 1957: 93]; {i yoč xast: šou̯ xu̯órtišt, safét xĭrd} "there is one thing: it eats black and throws white" [AP 1957: 211]. This word means 'milk' in the secret language [ALP 1957: 317; Novák 2010: 147].
Loan from Tajik safˈeːd {сафед} 'white' [RU 1954: 349]
Phonetic variants: safˈeːt {safˈẹ+t} ~ sapˈeːd {sapḗd} ~ sapˈeːt {sapét} ~ sapːˈeːt {sappét} ~ sipˈeːd {sipḗd}. Some of these variants may be due to contamination with the archaic form sipˈeːta {sipḗta} 'white'.
The inherited term sipˈeːt-a {sipḗta} 'white' [Novák 2010: 153] is archaic and can be found only in toponyms like sipˈeːta rˈoːwt {sipḗta rōu̯t} 'White Gorge' [Novák 2010: 215]. It also means 'flour' in the secret language.
Parachi:čhˈačoː {čʽáčō}-1
Efimov 2009: 182; Morgenstierne 1929: 245. Borrowed from one of Northwestern Indian or Dardic languages [Morgenstierne 1929: 245].
Phonetic variants: čhaʈˈoː {čhaˈtō}, čˈasoː {čásō} and several more variants with different positions of stress and alternation čh ~ č in the first syllable and oː ~ a in the second syllable.
Avestan:spay-ta- {spaēta-}2
Bartholomae 1904: 1609. Young Avestan: Yasht, Videvdad.
Distinct from aru-ša- {auruša-} 'white, whitish (applied mostly to a colour of animal skin)' [Bartholomae 1904: 190-191].
This word continues PIE {ḱu̯ei̯to-} 'light, bright' and is related to Vedic ʆwayt-ˈa- {śvetá-} 'white', OCS {světъ} 'light' etc. [EWAia II: 679-680].
Number:98
Word:who
Iron Ossetic:či {чи}1
Paradigm: či, ka [nom.] / kɜy, ke [gen.] / kɜ-(m)- [obl.]. The k-forms originate from Proto-Iranian *ka- 'who?', Iron nom. či and Digor gen. ke go back to Proto-Iranian genitive *ka-hya [Abaev 1958: 595].
In contexts where someone asks another person to tell about himself the word čˈoːkara {čṓkara} 'what sort of' [ALP 1957: 240; Novák 2010: 27] is widely attested.
Bartholomae 1904: 422-427. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc.
This stem continues PIE {*ku̯o-} 'who'; compare Vedic ka- {ká-}, Gothic {ƕa-s}, Lithuanian {kà-s} 'who' etc. [EWAia I: 284-285].
Number:99
Word:woman
Iron Ossetic:uš {ус}1
Probably inherited, cf. [Abaev 1989: 20; Cheung 2002: 234] for Old Indic comparanda.
Digor Ossetic:wosɜ {уосæ}1
Yaghnobi:zaʕˈiːf {za’íf}-1
ALP 1957: 366 Novák 2010: 202. Examples: {Ах dŭ – za’ĭ́f-at mórti – vir-at inč avór} "these two, the woman and the man, became husband and wife" (MT) [AP 1957: 26]; {Man mórtĭ vum, tŭ zaíf vu} "I am man, you are woman" (Bidéw) [AP 1957: 107].
A borrowing from Tajik zayˈif {заиф} 'weak' or Uzbek {заифа} 'wife / woman' [Akabirov et al. 1959: 162]. These languages have in turn borrowed these words from Arabic {ḍaʕīf-un} 'weak' [Baranov 1977: 460].
Phonetic variants: zaˈiːf {zaíf} ~ zaˈiːf-a {zaífa} ~ zaiːf-á {zaifá} [ALP 1957: 366]. Contexts do not allow to distinguish between zaˈiːf {zaíf} and ˈiːnč-ak {ínčak}.
Parachi:zaˈiːf {zaíf}-1
Efimov 2009: 251; Morgenstierne 1929: 302. An Arabic borrowing via Persian.
Phonetic variants: sometimes with pharyngeal zaʕˈiːf {zaʽíf}.
Bartholomae 1904: 1065. Polysemy: 'woman / wife'. In addition, there is a stem naːr-i-k-aː- {nāirikā-} with the same meaning.
Distinct from Young Avestan xša-θr-iː- {xšaθrī-} 'female (of men and animals)' [Bartholomae 1904: 603-604], Young Avestan ǯan-i- {jani-} / Old Avestan {jǝ̄ni-} 'wife' [Bartholomae 1904: 603-604], str-iː- {strī-} 'female (of men and animals)' [Bartholomae 1904: 1609], Young Avestan haːr-i-š-iː- {hāirišī-} 'female (of men and animals)' [Bartholomae 1904: 1806-1807]. In addition, distinct from specific Young Avestan ǯah-iː- {jahī-} / ǯah-ik-aː {jahikā-} 'woman (daevic)' [Bartholomae 1904: 606-607].
The word naːr-iː- {nāirī-} is the feminine formation from nar- {nar-} 'man'.
Number:99
Word:woman
Iron Ossetic:
Digor Ossetic:
Yaghnobi:ˈiːnč-ak {ínčak}2
ALP 1957: 264; Novák 2010: 71. Examples: {it ínč-ak-ĕ ipĭ́t ruγn ču ĭktá?} "how did that woman make so much butter?" (SQ) [AP 1957: 170]; {íncak-ĕ bŭγŭ́š-ta} "he has stolen a woman" (Bidéw) [AP 1957: 101].
These words are distinct from ˈiːnč {inč} 'wife' [ALP 1957: 264; Novák 2010: 71]. Sometimes it occurs instead of ˈiːnč-ak {ínčak}: {tik avár i ínčẹ̆ rítẹ̆} "then he carried (wool) to a woman" (K) [AP 1957: 123].
The word ˈiːnč {inč} (and ˈiːnč-ak {ínčak} as its derivative) continues Proto-Iranian {*i̯au̯ni-kā-}, compare Yazgulyam {wenǰ}, Shughni {wānīc} 'calf (f)' [Novák 2013: 173].
Parachi:
Avestan:
Number:100
Word:yellow
Iron Ossetic:bur {бур}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *bur 'a k. of color' [Abaev 1958: 271-272].
Digor Ossetic:bor {бор}1
Yaghnobi:zard {zard}-1
ALP 1957: 367; Novák 2010: 203. An example: {zard asp avvóu̯, zard lĭbósĕ-pĕ avvou̯} "Yellow (i. e. bay) horse went, with yellow clothes it went" (SQ) [AP 1957: 143]. A borrowing from Tajik zˈard {зард} 'yellow' [RU 1954: 151].
The inherited word is zˈeːrt-a {zẹ+rta}, marked as archaic by Novák [Novák 2010: 204]. It is used mostly as part of the idiomatic expression zˈeːrta rˈuːʁin {zẹ+rta rúγĕn} 'melted butter', literally 'yellow butter' [ALP 1957: 316; Novák 2010: 204].
Bartholomae 1904: 1680. Young Avestan: Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad.
In addition, the stem zar-i-ta {zairita-} [Bartholomae 1904: 1681] is attested thrice in Y. 9 (Hom Yasht) and once in Videvdad. The word zar-i- {zairi-} seems to designate both green and yellow colours in the Avesta.
Number:101
Word:far
Iron Ossetic:dard {дард}1
Originates from the Proto-Iranian prefixed deverbative *vi=tar-ta- 'moved away (vel sim.)' [Abaev 1958: 344].
Digor Ossetic:idard {идард}1
Yaghnobi:düːyr {dʉ̄i̯r}2
ALP 1957: 249; Novák 2010: 42. An example: {dur šáu̯čĕ} 'he went far' (SQ) [AP 1957: 150]. Inherited word, compare Sogdian {dwr} {dwrh} 'far' [Gharib 1995: 146], Proto-Iranian {*dūra-}.
Bartholomae 1904: 750. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc. The stem duːr-a- {dūra-} is attested in two cases, locative and ablative. Loc. sg. duːr-ay- {dūraē-} means 'far, in the far'; abl. sg. duːr-aːt {dūr-āt} means 'from the far'.
The adjective duːr-ˈa- {dūrá-} has such cognates as Hittite {tūu̯a-} 'far', Vedic duːr-ˈa-y {dūré} 'far, in the far', Greek {δηρός} 'long, too long', Armenian {erkar} 'long' [EWAia I: 739].
Number:102
Word:heavy
Iron Ossetic:wɜžžaw {уæззау}1
Synchronic derivation from wɜž, wɜz 'weight, load' (< Proto-Iranian *wazʸ-(y)-a- 'weight, load' from *wazʸ-'to carry') with the help of the adverbial suffix -aw [Abaev 1989: 101-102, 105]. Less probable is the virtual Proto-Iranian source *wazʸ-y-aː-want-.
Digor Ossetic:wɜzzaw {уæззау}1
Yaghnobi:wazmˈiːn {wazmín}-1
ALP 1957: 351; Novák 2010: 184. An example: {vort wazmín vútax} "your burden is heavy" (SQ) [AP 1957: 166]. A loanword from Tajik vaznˈin {вазнин} 'heavy; solid, respectable' [RU 1954: 88] with dissimilation. The Tajik word itself was borrowed from Arabic {wazīn-un} 'heavy' [Baranov 1977: 886]. According to Novák, this word also has such meanings as 'low, still / deaf' [Novák 2010: 184].
It is impossible to decide whether the main word for 'heavy' is gerˈɒːn {gerån} or bheˈɒːn {bʽeån}.
Avestan:gar-u- {gouru-} #3
Bartholomae 1904: 524. Attested only as a member of the compound gar-u=zaw-θra- {gouru.zaoθra-} 'whose libations are heavy(-flowing)' [Bartholomae 1904: 524]. However, this passage is dubious; it is possible that the word under consideration should be amended to par-u=zaw-θra- {pouru.zaoθra-} [Vaan 1997].
This word continues PIE {*gu̯r̥h2-ú} 'heavy' and has such cognates as Vedic gur-ˈu- {guru-} / gur-v- {gurv-}, Greek {βαρύς}, Latin {grauis} 'heavy' etc. [EWAia I: 490-491].
Number:102
Word:heavy
Iron Ossetic:
Digor Ossetic:
Yaghnobi:
Parachi:bheˈɒːn {bʽeån}2
Efimov 2009: 178.
Phonetic forms: bheyˈɒːn {bʽeyån}.
Avestan:
Number:103
Word:near
Iron Ossetic:χɜštɜg {хæстæг}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *ašta-ka- 'close, near (vel sim.)' [Abaev 1989: 190-191].
Digor Ossetic:χɜstɜg {хæстæг}1
Yaghnobi:qarˈiːb {qaríb}-1
APL 1957: 279; Novák 2010: 93. An Arabic loan (Arabic {qarīb-un} [Baranov 1977: 630]), probably via Tajik; compare Tajik qarˈib {қариб} 'near' [RU 1954: 486]. According to Novák, attested in many sources [Novák 2010: 93].
Phonetic variants: qarˈiːp {qaríp}.
There is also an alternate word nazdˈiːk {nazdík} 'near' [Khromov 1972; Novák 2010: 113]. This item is much more rare; it occurs only in texts recorded by Khromov and Mirzozoda [Novák 2010: 113]. An example from speech: {magazín nazdíg vot, ī patinká nos} "if a shop is near, buy shoes" [Khromov 1972: 39]. Borrowed from Tajik nazdˈik {наздик} 'near' (adjective and adverb) [RU 1954: 255]. The Yaghnobi must have borrowed this word comparatively recently (no earlier than the 20th century).
Parachi:nazdˈiːk {nazdik}-1
Efimov 2009: 219; Morgenstierne 1929: 278. A Persian borrowing [Morgenstierne 1929: 278].
Another Persian loan, karˈiːb {kaˈrīb}, occurs only sporadically [Morgenstierne 1929: 266].
Avestan:asn-ay- {asne}2
Bartholomae 1904: 220. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasht etc. Comparative nazd-ya {nazdiiō} 'nearer, closer', superlative nazd-išta- {nazdišta-} 'nearest' [Bartholomae 1904: 1060-1061]. The stem asn-a- {asna-} is attested in two cases, locative and ablative. Loc. sg. duːr-ay- {dūraē-} means 'far, in the far'; abl. sg. duːr-aːt {dūr-āt} means 'from the far'.
A problematic case. The stem asn-a- {asna-} can continue IIr {*a-zd-na-} < {*n̥-zd-na-}; another similar Iranian formation, {*na-zd-}, found in nazd-ya {nazdiiō}, nazd-išta- {nazdišta-} and in other Iranian languages, may be related to asn-a- {asna-} [Bartholomae 1904: 220; 1060-1061]. Another etymology is possible: asn-a- {asna-} can be related to Old Persian {ašna-} 'near' and IIr {*naś-} / {*aś-} 'to reach' [EDIL 5: 531].
Number:104
Word:salt
Iron Ossetic:sɜχχ {цæхх}1
Of unclear origin, probably a North Caucasian loanword, cf. [Abaev 1958: 310-311].
Digor Ossetic:cɜnχɜ {цæнхæ}1
Yaghnobi:namˈak {namák}-1
APL 1957: 292; Khromov 1972; Novák 2010: 112. An example: {namák-i-pi xoaríšt yo be namák?} "Do you eat with salt or without salt?" [Khromov 1972: 55]. Tajik loan, compare Tajik namˈak {намак} 'salt' [RU 1954: 256]. Sogdian {nm’δkh} 'salt' [APL 1957: 292; Gharib 1995: 239] shows that the inherited word could to some extent resemble the borrowing.
Henning 1940: 8; Bartholomae 1904: 1068. Bartholomae translates this word as 'brushwood'. However, Henning argues that it means 'salt' and explains that it was thrown into the fire to change its colour [Henning 1940: 8].
Related to Middle Persian {namak} 'salt', Parachi {namå} etc. [EDIL 5: 464-466]. This word has no reliable cognates outside the Indo-Iranian group.
Number:105
Word:short
Iron Ossetic:sǝbǝr {цыбыр}1
Of unclear origin, cf. [Abaev 1958: 319-320].
Digor Ossetic:cubur {цубур}1
Yaghnobi:kuːtˈah- {kūtá(h)-}-1
Novak 2010: 90. Judging by the vocalism, this seems to be a loan from Persian {kūtāh} [Gaffarov 1976: 672], not Tajik kɵːtˈɔːh {kӯтоҳ} [RU 1954: 199].
There is also another loanword, kaltˈa {kaltá}; ALP translate it as 'short; dock-tailed' [APL 1957: 269]. The same meaning is found in colloquial Tajik kaltˈa {калта} [RU 1954: 177]. An example: {i kaltá rŭbá vúta} "there was one fox with a short tail", literally "there was one short/ dock-tailed fox" [AP 1957: 104]. In Tajik kaltˈa {калта} is itself a borrowing from Uzbek {калта} 'short' [Akabirov et al. 1959: 198].
Morgenstierne also cites the form koːʈ {kōṭ}, possibly borrowed from Persian [Morgenstierne 1929: 268].
Avestan:
Not attested. The word kut-aka- {kutaka-} (V. 14. 5) (its cognates in other Iranian languages designate 'short') means 'small, little' [Bartholomae 1904: 472]. The Young Avestan stem mr̩z-u- {mǝrǝzu-} in such words as mr̩z-u=ǯiː-ti- {mǝrǝzujīti-} and mr̩z-u=ǯw-a- {mǝrǝzujuua-} 'short living' means 'short (of time)' [Bartholomae 1904: 1174].
Number:106
Word:snake
Iron Ossetic:kalm {калм}1
Originates from Proto-Iranian *kr̩mi- 'worm' [Abaev 1958: 569].
A second term for 'thin' is Iron lǝšt-ɜg {лыстæг}, Digor list-ɜg {листæг} with polysemy: 'thin 1D / small in size (мелкий), split up, comminuted' (apparently an inherited form, although its Proto-Iranian source is not entirely clear; it could go back to Proto-Iranian *fris-ta- 'crushed, split up', *riš-ta- 'torn up' and so on [Abaev 1973: 57-58]).
As follows from Abaev's data, the archaic Ossetic opposition was tɜn-ɜg 'thin 2D' / lǝšt-ɜg, list-ɜg 'thin 1D', although in modern dialects lǝšt-ɜg, list-ɜg is not used or very rarely used for 'thin', having been superseded by tɜn-ɜg.
Digor Ossetic:tɜn-ɜg {тæнæг}1
Yaghnobi:tunˈuk {tŭnŭ́k}-1
ALP 1957: 339; Novák 2010: 174. An example: {kátĕ dĕwól tŭnŭ́k, wafrák adĕ+h} "the house wall is thin, so there is hoar-frost (on it)" [ALP 1957: 350]. Borrowed from Tajik tunˈuk {тунук} 'thin' [RU 1954: 399].
Distinct from the Tajik borrowing boːrˈiːk {borík} 'narrow' [ALP 1957: 233] and tˈank {tank} ~ tˈang {tang} 'narrow' (mainly about clothes) [ALP 1957: 332].
ALP 1957: 353; Novák 2010: 185. The only example is dubious: {wót-ĭ šáwiš} "go (run) like wind!" can represent {wat šáwiš} "go there!" (Sh) [AP 1957: 91]. However, this word is attested in many sources [Novák 2010: 185] and continues Proto-Iranian {*u̯āta-} < {*Hu̯aHata-}; compare Avestan vāta- (trisyllabic) 'wind' [Novák 2013: 200].
Morgenstierne 1929: 255. This word continues Proto-Iranian {*u̯āta-} 'wind' [Morgenstierne 1929: 256]. Additionally, there is also a compound form ʁɒː-phonˈeː {γâphuˈnē} < Proto-Iranian {*u̯āta-} 'wind' + {*pāšnu-} 'dust' [Morgenstierne 1929: 256].
In texts recorded by Efimov the main word for 'wind' is šamˈɒːl {šamål}.
Avestan:waː-ta- {vāta-}2
Bartholomae 1904: 1408-1409. Old and Young Avestan: Gathas, Yasna, Yasht, Videvdad etc. Sometimes deified.
Continues IIr {*Hu̯aHata-} < PIE {*h2u̯eh1-n̥t-o-} 'wind'; compare such cognates as Hittite {ḫu-u-u̯a-an-t} < {*h2uh-ent-}, Vedic wˈaː-ta- {vā́ta-}, Latin {uentus} 'wind' etc. [EWAia II: 542].
Number:108
Word:wind
Iron Ossetic:
Digor Ossetic:
Yaghnobi:šamˈoːl {šamól}-1
ALP 1957: 325; Novák 2010: 158. An example: {šаmól vot, ke mī́rtiš} "when the wind blows, it will die (about some beetle)" [Khromov 1972: 39]. Figurative use: {šamól-ĭ ránkĕ avvóu̯} "it came as fast as wind" (about the horse) (Bidéw) [AP 1957: 93].
A loan from Arabic {šamāl-un} (also {šamūl-un}) 'north wind' [Baranov 1977: 417] via Tajik šamˈɔːl {шамол} 'wind' [RU 1954: 451]. Unfortunately, it is impossible to properly distinguish between meanings of wˈoːt {wot} and šamˈoːl {šamól}.
Parachi:šamˈɒːl {šamål}-1
Efimov 2009: 237. A loan from Arabic {šamāl-un} (also {šamūl-un}) 'north wind' [Baranov 1977: 417] via Persian.
Avestan:
Number:109
Word:worm
Iron Ossetic:wallon {уаллон}1
Iron wallon is of unclear origin; theoretically it can represent a recent derivative from war- 'to rain' [Abaev 1989: 47, 52].
Digor Ossetic:zolkʼɜ {золкъæ}2
Digor zolkʼɜ was ultimately borrowed from a Turkic form for 'leech' (< Proto-Turkic *sülük 'leech'), cf. [Abaev 1989: 316], but even so the meaning shift 'leech' > '(earth)worm' seems to be an inner Ossetic development; therefore, we treat Digor zolkʼɜ '(earth)worm' as a full-fledged item.
Yaghnobi:kirm {kĭrm}3
AP 1957: 273; Novak 2010: 88. An example: {naháu̯tĭtĕ atuxóĭk kĕ du kírm-ĕ ástĕ darúntĕšĭnt} "when you kill them (doves), then two worms will be inside them" (SQ) [AP 1957: 128]. The word strongly resembles Tajik kˈirm [кирм] 'worm' [RU 1954: 187]. The form kirˈim-čak {k} means 'small worm' [AP 1957: 272; Novák 2010: 87].
Phonetic variants: kirˈim {kĭrĭ́m}. It is possible that the pronunciation variant kˈirm {kĭrm} is due to Tajik influence, while the variant kirˈim {kĭrĭ́m} is inherited; compare Sogdian {kyrm} 'snake, worm' [Gharib 1995: 203].
Parachi:kerm {kerm}-1
Efimov 2009: 208; Morgenstierne 1929: 267. Polysemy: 'worm / snake'. The word is borrowed from Persian [Morgenstierne 1929: 267].
Efimov also mentions the word kawɒːrˈoːk {kawåṛṓk} [Efimov 2009: 207], which could possibly be the main designation for 'worm'.
Avestan:kr̩m-a- {kǝrǝma-} #3
Bartholomae 1904: 469. Young Avestan: Yasht. This word is attested only once, in a bound context with staːr-oː {stārō} 'stars' (Yt. 8. 8 "We sacrifice unto Tishtrya, the bright and glorious star, that afflicts the Pairikas, that vexes the Pairikas, who, in the shape of worm-stars, fly between the earth and the heavens, in the sea Vouru-Kasha"). Such translation is supported by Chr. Bartholomae [Bartholomae 1904: 469] and M. de Vaan [Vaan 2003: 164]; the latter translates this passage as follows: "the worm stars which fall between earth and heaven in the lake Vouru-Kasha".
Continues PIE {*ku̯ŕ̥mi-}; compare Vedic kˈr̩-m-i- {kŕ̥mi-}, Old Irish {cruim}, Lith. {kirmìs} 'worm', etc. [EWAia I: 394-395].
Number:109
Word:worm
Iron Ossetic:
Digor Ossetic:
Yaghnobi:
Parachi:kawɒːrˈoːk {kawåṛṓk}4
Efimov 2009: 207. No contexts. This word seems to be derived from kawˈɒːra {kawåra} ~ kawˈɒːr {kaˈwār} 'mouse' [Efimov 2009: 207; Morgenstierne 1929: 268].
Avestan:
Number:110
Word:year
Iron Ossetic:až {аз}1
May originate from Proto-Iranian *asʸ-maːn 'sky' [Abaev 1958: 95-96] or *azʸ-na- 'day' [Cheung 2002: 155].
In both dialects, it is opposed to the second term for 'year' - Iron afɜz, Digor afɜy - which denotes 'year' as a period. Normally afɜz, afɜy are used in expressions with the general meaning 'during the year'.
Digor Ossetic:anz {анз}1
Yaghnobi:soːl {sol}-1
ALP 1957: 323; Novák 2010: 200. An example: {naháx žúta i mẹtónaš yak sól-ay dódĕ kátta avú} "that boy grew up in one day as if over one year" (MT) [APL 1957: 323]. The word is borrowed from Tajik sˈɔːl {сол} [RU 1954: 363].
There is also an alternate word yˈoːsoː {yóso}, probably continuing Proto-Iranian {*āśaka-} (Iron Ossetic {аз}, Digor Ossetic {анз} 'year') [Novák 2013: 207], but Yaghnobi speakers use it only as part of adverbial expressions, iːyˈoːsoː {iyóso} 'this year' and the like [AP 1957: 366]. Novák considers this word archaic [Novák 2010: 200].
Morgenstierne’s informants also use Persian borrowing sɒːl {sâl} [Morgenstierne 1929: 287].
Avestan:yaːr- {yār-}3
Bartholomae 1904: 1287. Young Avestan: Videvdad, Nirangastan; in addition, some compounds with yaːr- {yār-} in Yasht and some other Young Avestan books are attested.
Distinct from Young Avestan (Vendidad and fragments) sarδ- {sarǝδ-} 'year (of somebody’s age)', etymologically 'autumn' [Bartholomae 1904: 1566].
Continues PIE {*i̯ēr-} 'year'; compare Greek {ὡ̃ρος}, OHG {jār} 'year' etc. [Mallory-Adams 1997: 654].
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