Enrico 2005: 1305, 1888. A ʡáy-.it, ʡáy-it, ʡay-íːt.
Common Haida notes:
A compound of two bound morphemes: qay- 'to burn (vel sim.)' + χiːt / χata 'wood (vel sim.)'. The first element is compared by Enrico with PA *qʼan 'burn', Eyak qʼa 'burn', Tlingit gaan 'burn'.
Number:3
Word:bark
South Haida (Skidegate):qʼal1
Enrico 2005: 1495, 1892.
North Haida (Masset):qʼal1
Enrico 2005: 1495, 1892. A qʼál.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'skin / pelt / outer bark or skin of plants and fruits / outside surface of a hard object / surface of waves'. Out of many specific terms with the meaning 'bark' this is the word that seems to be the more universally used. Same word as 'skin' q.v.
Number:4
Word:belly
South Haida (Skidegate):tal1
Enrico 2005: 30, 1896.
North Haida (Masset):tal1
Enrico 2005: 30, 1896. A tál.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'mammalian abdomen / belly / stomach (internal organ)'. Distinct from S & M qʰay, A qʰáy 'belly of fish (from gills to anus)' [Enrico 2005: 1425, 1896]. Cf. M qʰan-ku 'from the belly, at the belly (of fish)' from S & M qʰan, A qʰán 'front of body; the part of a tree facing the water (having the thickest bark and most limbs)' [Enrico 2005: 1408, 1896]. Haida qʰan is compared by [Enrico 2005: 30] with PA *kyaan, *kyAn 'belly, base'.
Number:5
Word:big
South Haida (Skidegate):ʔyuː-ʔaːn1
Enrico 2005: 1616, 1664, 1897. Complex verbal stem 'to be big', formed with the classifier ʔyuː 'big' (not intrinsically small objects like buttons, berries; not persons; otherwise, 3-dimensional extended objects: cloud, house, box, dog, etc.; infinitival clauses are also possible subjects) + the verb cl=ʔaːn 'to be of classifier size'.
North Haida (Masset):ʔiw-ʔwaːn ~ ʔiw-.aːn1
Enrico 2005: 1665, 1897. A ʔíw-ʔwaːn.Complex verbal stem 'to be big', formed with the classifier ʔiw 'big' (the subject must extend in two or three dimensions, except for persons: thus hands, ears, houses, boats, gardens, blankets, animals, but not sticks, ropes, roads, fingers, etc. Inherently small objects like buttons or berries are also excluded. But if one is focusing on width or diameter, then objects classed as 1-dimensional can occur) + the verb cl=ʔaːn 'to be of classifier size'.
Common Haida notes:
Apparently S ʔyuː and M & A ʔiw are cognates.
Number:6
Word:bird
South Haida (Skidegate):χitʔiːt1
Enrico 2005: 1600, 1897.
North Haida (Masset):ħitʔiːt ~ ħitʼiːt1
Enrico 2005: 1600, 1897. A ħitʼíːt.
Common Haida notes:
Morphologically unclear.
Number:7
Word:bite
South Haida (Skidegate):qʼu1
Enrico 2005: 1536, 1898.
North Haida (Masset):qʼu ~ qʼut1
Enrico 2005: 1536, 1898. A qʼu.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'biting / chewing / eating / gripping with a beak or a jaw-like tool'. This seems to be the main root with the meaning 'to bite' (said of both humans and animals). Cf. also S xit, M & A .it 'to pinch, bite, pull hair' (obj.: person, animal or body part) [Enrico 2005: 1182, 1898]. Enrico compares Haida qʼu with some Na-Dene forms: Ahtena qʼon 'crunch, gnaw', Koyukon qʼusg 'chew', qʼuʔ 'grind', Eyak qʼAtsʼ 'bite', qʼeʔs 'be jammed in'.
Number:8
Word:black
South Haida (Skidegate):ɬqaɬ1
Enrico 2005: 792, 1898.
North Haida (Masset):ɬʡaɬ1
Enrico 2005: 792, 1898. A ɬʡaɬ.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: '(to be) dark / (to be) black'. A second stem, S χasaː, M ħasaː, A ħasáː 'to be dark / black' [Enrico 2005: 1559, 1898] has limited compatibility and cannot be considered the main word for 'black' (χasaː is a denominative formation from the incorporated noun χas 'rain cloud'). Enrico compares Haida ɬqaɬ with the following Na-Dene forms: PA *hl-Ghetlʼ 'become dark', Eyak hl-Xeʔtlʼ 'get dark', Tlingit dzi-Giid 'dark'.
Number:9
Word:blood
South Haida (Skidegate):qay1
Enrico 2005: 1303, 1899.
North Haida (Masset):ʡay1
Enrico 2005: 1303, 1899. A ʡáy.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'blood / kidney of salmonid'.
Number:10
Word:bone
South Haida (Skidegate):skʰuci1
Enrico 2005: 528, 1901.
North Haida (Masset):skʰuc1
Enrico 2005: 528, 1901. A skʰuc.
Number:11
Word:breast
South Haida (Skidegate):qʰan skʰuci1
Enrico 2005: 529, 1913.
North Haida (Masset):qʰan skʰuc1
Enrico 2005: 529, 1913. A qʰán skʰuc.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'human chest / human torso'. From qʰan 'front of body' + skʰuci 'bone'. Browsing through the dictionary suggests that the meaning 'breast' can also be expressed by the simple stem S qʰan, qʰana, M qʰan, A qʰán [Enrico 2005: 1408]. Cf. a different word for 'female breast': ƛʼln-ʔu, M ƛʼan-.u, ƛʼan-ʔu, A ƛʼán-ʔu 'breast / teat / udder / milk', from ƛʼin 'to suck (milk)' [Enrico 2005: 708, 1904].
Number:12
Word:burn tr.
South Haida (Skidegate):qu1
Enrico 2005: 1355, 1906. Patient = food, house, forest, etc. Contrary to M, in S the simple verb is not applicable to fire. For 'fire' a complex verbal stem qu-χakaŋ is used [Enrico 2005: 1568] (the suffix -χakaŋ normally forms iterative or distributive stems [Enrico 2005: 1567]).
North Haida (Masset):ʡu1
Enrico 2005: 1355, 1906. A ʡu. Patient = food, house, forest, fire, clothing, hair, person, lamp and by extension electric power (meaning 'be on'), etc.
Common Haida notes:
The stem is used for both tr. and intr. 'to burn'.
Number:13
Word:claw(nail)
South Haida (Skidegate):sƛʼl-kʼun1
Enrico 2005: 483, 1132, 2009.
North Haida (Masset):sƛʼa-kʼun1
Enrico 2005: 483, 1132, 2009. A sƛʼa-kʼún.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'fingernail / claw'. The semantics of the first element is hardly possible to establish, but kʼun seems to be the original root morpheme here, whereas sƛʼl could be a fossilized classifier. The synchronic meaning of the basic classifier S sƛʼl, M & A sƛʼa is 'fragment or scrap of wood or pitch or dried fish fillet' [Enrico 2005: 483].
Number:14
Word:cloud
South Haida (Skidegate):yaːn1
Enrico 2005: 1757, 1917.
North Haida (Masset):yaːn1
Enrico 2005: 1757, 1917. A yáːn.
Number:15
Word:cold
South Haida (Skidegate):tʰat1
Enrico 2005: 109, 1773, 1918.
North Haida (Masset):tʰat-a1
Enrico 2005: 110, 1773, 1918. The exact Alaskan term is unknown.
Common Haida notes:
Verbal root: 'to be cold'. Cf. also S & M kʼaw 'to be ice-cold; be very cold' [Enrico 2005: 1109].
Number:16
Word:come
South Haida (Skidegate):qʰaː1
Enrico 2005: 1433, 1919.
North Haida (Masset):qʰaː1
Enrico 2005: 1433, 1919. The basic term in Alaskan is unknown.
Common Haida notes:
Same word as 'go' q.v. Cf. also S cl=qwiː, M cl=wiː, A cl=wíː, cl=ʔwíː 'to fall through the air; move in direction; walk in direction; come, go in direction' [Enrico 2005: 1231].
Number:17
Word:die
South Haida (Skidegate):kʼut-ʔuɬ1
Enrico 2005: 1130, 1933.
North Haida (Masset):kʼutʼaɬ1
Enrico 2005: 1130, 1933. The basic term in Alaskan is unknown.
Common Haida notes:
It is problematic to determine the basic verb for 'to die' on the basis of [Enrico 2005]. In S & M it is probably S kʼut-ʔuɬ, M kʼutʼaɬ 'to die / to become paralyzed / to become unconscious, lose consciousness / to faint' [Enrico 2005: 1130, 1933] (cf. esp. Enrico's comm. on the polite and archaic stem S tʰayqa, M tʰiː.a, A tíː.a 'to die' [Enrico 2005: 119]). The semantics of both elements of kʼut-ʔuɬ is unclear. The second candidate is S & M qʼuːtaː, A qʼúːtaː from S qʼuːta, M qʼuːt, A qʼúːt 'corpse' [Enrico 2005: 1547, 1933]. A third, even less probable, candidate could be S ʔancʼi, M ʔancʼa, A ʔáncʼa [Enrico 2005: 1933]. Other verbs from [Enrico 2005: 1933] are metaphorical or "polite" forms. Tentatively, we fill the S & M slots by kʼut-ʔuɬ, kʼutʼaɬ.
Number:18
Word:dog
South Haida (Skidegate):χa1
Enrico 2005: 1550, 1937.
North Haida (Masset):ħa1
Enrico 2005: 1550, 1937. A ħa.
Number:19
Word:drink
South Haida (Skidegate):niːɬ1
Enrico 2005: 232, 1938.
North Haida (Masset):niːɬ1
Enrico 2005: 232, 1938. A níːɬ.
Number:20
Word:dry
South Haida (Skidegate):kʼaː-kaː1
Enrico 2005: 1110, 1939. It seems that the most neutral word for 'dry (adj.), to be dry' in Skidegate is kʼaː-kaː from the root kʼaː.
North Haida (Masset):xil-a2
Enrico 2005: 1203, 1939. Adjectival and verbal usage: 'dry / to be dry'. The word is characteristic of modern Masset (the archaic M word for 'dry' is kʼaː-kaː a cognate of S kʼaː-kaː). The basic term in A is unknown.
Common Haida notes:
The Proto-Haida term is *kʼaː-kaː.
Number:21
Word:ear
South Haida (Skidegate):kyuː1
Enrico 2005: 877, 1940.
North Haida (Masset):kyuː1
Enrico 2005: 877, 1940. A kyúː.
Common Haida notes:
Enrico compares Haida kyuː with the following Na-Dene forms: Tlingit gug 'ear', PA *dzhEgh, Eyak dzhehZ 'ear'.
Number:22
Word:earth
South Haida (Skidegate):qʼwiː1
Enrico 2005: 1484, 1940.
North Haida (Masset):qʼwiː1
Enrico 2005: 1484, 1940. A qʼwíː.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'soil / earth / ground'.
Number:23
Word:eat
South Haida (Skidegate):tʰaː1
Enrico 2005: 123, 1941.
North Haida (Masset):tʰaː1
Enrico 2005: 123, 1941. A tʰáː.
Common Haida notes:
This seems to be the most neutral verb for 'to eat'. The stem S & M tʰaŋ, A tʰáŋ 'to eat' [Enrico 2005: 114] has limited compatibility (it is probably derived from tʰa, although the element -ŋ is unclear; a stative suffix?). The stem ɬtanuː [Enrico 2005: 726] 'to eat' (Skidegate), 'to dine' (Masset) is marginal. The stem cl=qaː-cʼi [Enrico 2005: 1244] more likely means 'to swallow' or 'to gulp', while qyaːl-ciŋ and ciŋ [Enrico 2005: 261, 867] mean 'to chew'. Enrico compares Haida tʰaː with the following Na-Dene forms: Hupa tan 'eat', Eyak te 'eat one's fill', Tlingit taaxʼ 'chew'.
Number:24
Word:egg
South Haida (Skidegate):qʰaw1
Enrico 2005: 1431, 1941.
North Haida (Masset):qʰaw1
Enrico 2005: 1431, 1941. A qʰáw.
Number:25
Word:eye
South Haida (Skidegate):χaŋʔa ~ χaŋʔiː1
Enrico 2005: 1575, 1946.
North Haida (Masset):ħaŋ ~ ħaŋ.iː ~ ħaŋʔiː1
Enrico 2005: 1575, 1946. A ħáŋ, ħáŋ.iː.
Common Haida notes:
For the etymology cf. χaŋa 'face' [Enrico 2005: 1578].
Number:26
Word:fat n.
South Haida (Skidegate):qaːy1
Enrico 2005: 1329, 1948.
North Haida (Masset):ʡaːy1
Enrico 2005: 1329, 1948. A ʡáːy.
Common Haida notes:
In [Enrico 2005: 1948] there are two words for 'fat': (a) S kʼacʼil, M kʼacʼal, A kʼacʼál 'fat tissue, fat' (applies to non-rendered fat only) [Enrico 2005: 1105, 1948]; (b) S qaːy, M ʡaːy, A ʡáːy 'fat; blubber' [Enrico 2005: 1329, 1948]. Browsing through the dictionary clearly suggests that the latter one is the basic term at least in S & M. Cf. such examples as: M "They kept putting the meat and fat together into it" [Enrico 2005: 44], S "My lips twitched for seal fat" [Enrico 2005: 184], S "They put deer fat in it (bag) on top of this, moose fat too" [Enrico 2005: 330], S "Deer fat was finished and they brought out mountain goat fat" [Enrico 2005: 465], M "He is crying to his mother for some seal fat" [Enrico 2005: 557], S "She rendered the seal fat by heating it with an iron rod" [Enrico 2005: 736], M "He got fat on the food he collected" [Enrico 2005: 1176], S "Seal fat is smoking in big chunks" [Enrico 2005: 1204], M "The bear's fat is thick" [Enrico 2005: 1329], S "He piled the whale fat in a basket" [Enrico 2005: 1374], S "Again the meat and fat was plentiful in the town" [Enrico 2005: 1625]. Enrico compares Haida qaːy with the following Na-Dene forms: Ahtena Ghee, Koyukon Ghaa 'oil, grease, marrow', Eyak Xee 'marrow, grease, oil, tallow, lard', Hare ghi 'marrow'.
Number:27
Word:feather
South Haida (Skidegate):tʼaːqun1
Enrico 2005: 201, 1948.
North Haida (Masset):tʼaːwan1
Enrico 2005: 201, 1948. A tʼáːʔun.
Common Haida notes:
Glossed as 'large feather (primary or secondary)'. Cf. also S ɬtʰanqu, M ɬtʰan.u, A ɬtʰán.u 'small feather (coverts, etc.); bird down' [Enrico 2005: 729, 1948]. Enrico compares Haida tʼaːqun with the following Na-Dene forms: Tlingit tʼaːw 'feather', etc.
Number:28
Word:fire
South Haida (Skidegate):cʼaːnuː1
Enrico 2005: 343, 1951.
North Haida (Masset):cʼaːnuː1
Enrico 2005: 343, 1951. A cʼáːnuː.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'fire / firewood'. Cf. the paronymous verb cʼaːnuː 'to keep a fire going (in location)' [Enrico 2005: 342].
Number:29
Word:fish
South Haida (Skidegate):sqʼaɬ-ʔan ~ sqʼaɬ-aː ~ sqʼaɬ-quŋ1
Enrico 2005: 586, 1952.
North Haida (Masset):sqʼaɬ-aŋŋ1
Enrico 2005: 586, 1952. A sqʼaɬ-aŋ.
Common Haida notes:
Glossed as 'fish, including cetaceans'. Derived from the verb sqʼaɬ 'to sleep while floating' (S), 'to stick nose out to breathe' (M).
Number:30
Word:fly v.
South Haida (Skidegate):xit1
Enrico 2005: 1176, 1954.
North Haida (Masset):xit1
Enrico 2005: 1176, 1954. A xit.
Number:31
Word:foot
South Haida (Skidegate):stʼa ~ stʼaː1
Enrico 2005: 417, 1955.
North Haida (Masset):stʼa ~ stʼaː1
Enrico 2005: 417, 1955. A stʼa.
Common Haida notes:
Cf. tʼaː 'mouth of river / foot of trail / stepping' and ƛʰl 'hands' > sƛʰl 'hand', where s= is perhaps a singulative affix. Thus (s=)tʼa, (s=)tʼaː?
Number:32
Word:full
South Haida (Skidegate):stʼah1
Enrico 2005: 436, 1958.
North Haida (Masset):stʼah1
Enrico 2005: 436, 1958. The exact term in Alaskan is unknown.
Common Haida notes:
Glossed as 'to fill up; to be full' (subject = container in a broad sense, including a town, house, mouth, vehicle, paper (full of writing), as well as more usual containers).
Number:33
Word:give
South Haida (Skidegate):cl=ciɬ1
Enrico 2005: 289, 1958. A causative derivation from cuː 'stick off (in location), project out (in location), extend (in location)'; acc. to [Enrico 2005: 289], in S this stem is more common in the meaning 'to give' than cl=sƛl.
North Haida (Masset):cl=sƛa2
Enrico 2005: 442, 1958. Polysemy: 'to give (in direction), give away / put in direction or location / move (in direction) / bring (in direction), take (in direction)'. The general term is probably also cl=sƛa.
Common Haida notes:
It seems most likely that the Proto-Haida term was cl=sƛa.
Number:34
Word:good
South Haida (Skidegate):lʼaː1
Enrico 2005: 845, 1965.
North Haida (Masset):lʼaː1
Enrico 2005: 845, 1965. A lʼáː.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'to be good / be well / be nice'.
Number:35
Word:green
South Haida (Skidegate):sqinawaː1
Enrico 2005: 572, 1967.
North Haida (Masset):sʡinaːwkaː ~ sʡinawaː1
Enrico 2005: 572, 1967. A sʡinuwáː, sʡináːwkaː.
Common Haida notes:
Derived from a plant name: sqinaːw 'green algae spp.'. Acc. to [Enrico 2005: 572], this derivative has recently superseded the more archaic term S quɬqaɬ, M & A ʡuɬaɬ, which used to mean 'blue-green', but has now shifted to 'blue'.
Number:36
Word:hair
South Haida (Skidegate):qʰaci1
Enrico 2005: 1410, 1969.
North Haida (Masset):qʰac1
Enrico 2005: 1410, 1969. A qʰac.
Common Haida notes:
Same word as 'hair' q.v. Cf. S qaw ~ qu, M ʡaw ~ .u, A ʡáw ~ .u 'body hair; fur' [Enrico 2005: 1306, 1969]. Haida qaw is compared by Enrico with the following Na-Dene forms: PA *Gha 'fur, hair', Tlingit Xaaw 'fur, hair', Eyak Xuʔ 'fur'.
Number:37
Word:hand
South Haida (Skidegate):sƛʰl ~ sƛʰaː1
Enrico 2005: 477, 662, 1970.
North Haida (Masset):sƛʰa ~ sƛʰaː1
Enrico 2005: 477, 662, 1970. A sƛʰa.
Common Haida notes:
The plural forms are: S ƛʰl, M & A ƛʰa 'hands'. The onset s= could, perhaps, be a relict singulative affix. Enrico compares Haida ƛʰa with the following Na-Dene forms: PA *laʔ 'hand', Eyak leʔg 'use hands'.
Number:38
Word:head
South Haida (Skidegate):qʰaci1
Enrico 2005: 1410, 1972.
North Haida (Masset):qʰac1
Enrico 2005: 1410, 1972. A qʰac.
Common Haida notes:
Same word as 'hair' q.v. The word S ʔaŋ 'head' occurs only in bound forms [Enrico 2005: 1649, 1972]. The word S χil, M ħil, A ħíl [Enrico 2005: 1603, 1972] obviously denotes 'neck' rather than 'head'.
Number:39
Word:hear
South Haida (Skidegate):kut-aŋ1
Enrico 2005: 1016, 1019, 1973.
North Haida (Masset):kut-aŋ1
Enrico 2005: 1016, 1019, 1973. A kut-áŋ.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'to hear (in direction) / listen to (in direction) / to hear that / to think, belive, etc.'. -aŋ is probably a stative suffix. Cf. also the more marginal S qaːntaŋ, M ʡaːntaŋ, A ʡáːntaŋ, which means 'to feel (in general)' and 'to hear' [Enrico 2005: 1314, 1973]. Cf. also S kʰincikuːɬ [Enrico 2005: 1018, 1973] in the meaning 'hear that...'.
Number:40
Word:heart
South Haida (Skidegate):kʼuːka1
Enrico 2005: 1140, 1973.
North Haida (Masset):kʼuːka ~ kʼuːk1
Enrico 2005: 1140, 1973. A kʼúːk.
Common Haida notes:
Cf. also kut-aːŋ [Enrico 2005: 1023, 1973] 'feelings, heart, mind' from kut-aŋ [Enrico 2005: 1016, 1019] 'to hear (in direction); listen to (in direction); to hear that; to think, belive, etc.'.
Number:41
Word:horn
South Haida (Skidegate):kʼyǝm1
Enrico 2005: 1090, 1977. This is the default Skidegate word for 'horn / antler'; as proposed by Enrico, it is a back-formation from kʼyǝmtaːy 'mountain goat' (but note that kʼim 'horn' is also attested in archaic Masset).
North Haida (Masset):nasaːŋaː2
Enrico 2005: 215, 1977. A nasáːŋaː. This is the default form for modern Masset 'horn / antler'; in archaic Skidegate its counterpart nasaːŋ-qiː 'horn' is also attested.
Common Haida notes:
If Enrico is right in his analysis of kʼyǝm, the Proto-Haida term was apparently nasaːŋ-.
Number:42
Word:I1
South Haida (Skidegate):ɬl ~ ɬaː1
Enrico 2005: 733, 1979.
North Haida (Masset):ɬ ~ ɬa ~ ɬaː1
Enrico 2005: 733, 1979. A ɬ ~ ɬáː.
Common Haida notes:
Agentive 1st p. sg.
Number:42
Word:I2
South Haida (Skidegate):tiː2
Enrico 2005: 100, 1979.
North Haida (Masset):tiː2
Enrico 2005: 100, 1979. A tíː.
Common Haida notes:
Objective 1st p. sg.
Number:43
Word:kill
South Haida (Skidegate):tʰyaːh1
Enrico 2005: 105, 1986.
North Haida (Masset):tʰiya1
Enrico 2005: 105, 1986. A tʰiya.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'to kill / murder / catch (a fish)'. This is probably the basic verb for 'to kill'. It is used with animate agents only; patient can be a human or an animal. Enrico compares Haida tʰyaːh with Tlingit dzaaG 'kill', dzaaGw 'beat up' or suspects a borrowing in unknown direction.
Number:44
Word:knee
South Haida (Skidegate):qʼuluː1
Enrico 2005: 1545, 1987.
North Haida (Masset):qʼuluː qʰac1
Enrico 2005: 1410, 1987. A qʼulúː qʰac.
Common Haida notes:
M qʼuluː and, apparently, A qʼulúː as well simply mean 'leg'. M qʼuluː qʰac, A qʼulúː qʰac literally = 'leg + head'.
Number:45
Word:know
South Haida (Skidegate):ʔunsʔat1
Enrico 2005: 1710, 1988.
North Haida (Masset):ʔunsat1
Enrico 2005: 1710, 1988. A ʔúnsat.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'to know / to be certain that / to be sure that / to be acquainted with / to realize / to learn'. Cf. also S qaːyaː, M ʡaːyaː, A ʡáːyaː 'to know, be used; to know how to' [Enrico 2005: 1330, 1988].
Glossed as 'liver (of mammals, birds)'. The forms are apparently cognate with S ƛʼǝy 'liver of shark spp. and of ratfish', M ƛʼiː-ɬ-kʼal 'shark liver; salmon milt' [Enrico 2005: 722-23]; however, the origin of the second element kʼul is unclear. Enrico compares Haida ƛʼa with the following Na-Dene forms: Tlingit tlʼeʔhl 'milt', tlʼuuG 'liver', PA *tlʼAtsʼ 'bile, gallbladder, fish milt', Eyak hleʔxwtlʼ 'gallbladder'.
Number:49
Word:long
South Haida (Skidegate):ciŋ1
Enrico 2005: 261, 1996.
North Haida (Masset):caŋ1
Enrico 2005: 261, 1996. A cáŋ.
Common Haida notes:
It seems that the default word for 'long' is S ciŋ, M caŋ, A cáŋ, glossed as 'extend far in one dimension relative to others (be long, high, tall) (more than or as much as...)' (subject = story, life, river, mountain, building, tree, log, pants, etc.) in [Enrico 2005: 261, 1996], but browsing through the dictionary suggests that this root can simply mean 'long' without any comparative nuances (cf. such examples as S "Her children have their hair long" [Enrico 2005: 302] or M "All the mourners used long staves, with which to pound the ground" [Enrico 2005: 504]).
Number:50
Word:louse
South Haida (Skidegate):tʼam1
Enrico 2005: 141, 1998.
North Haida (Masset):tʼamm1
Enrico 2005: 141, 1998. A tʼam.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'louse / animal flea'.
Number:51
Word:man
South Haida (Skidegate):ʔiːɬlŋ1
Enrico 2005: 1704, 2000.
North Haida (Masset):ʔiːɬaːŋ1
Enrico 2005: 1704, 2000. A ʔíːɬaːŋ.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'man / male'. Enrico suspects a composite origin from ʔiː 'to copulate with' + ɬlŋ 'makings, noun-to-be'.
Number:52
Word:many
South Haida (Skidegate):qʰwaːn1
Enrico 2005: 1402, 2001.
North Haida (Masset):qʰwaːn1
Enrico 2005: 1402, 2001. A qʰwáːn.
Common Haida notes:
Glossed as 'to be many; to be quite a few; to be quite a bit; to be lots' (subjects are both mass and count). A second possible candidate is S (cl)=kaytaʔul, M (cl)=kiːtwaɬ [Enrico 2005: 913, 2001], wich is a real synonym of qʰwaːn, as pointed out by Enrico. qʰwaːn, however, seems to be more frequent and productive, acc. to Enrico's data; hence, we choose qʰwaːn for the both S and M dialects. For the etymology of qʰwaːn cf. the verb qʰun 'to be big', adverb qʰun 'hard, very'.
Number:53
Word:meat
South Haida (Skidegate):kʰiqa1
Enrico 2005: 1074, 2002.
North Haida (Masset):kʰya.a1
Enrico 2005: 1074, 2002. A kʰya.a.
Common Haida notes:
Glossed as 'red meat; flesh of birds, mammals, including humans (venison, beef, pork, mutton, etc.)'. Enrico compares Haida kʰiqa with the following Na-Dene forms: PA *tsAng 'meat', Eyak tseʔ 'meat'.
Number:54
Word:moon
South Haida (Skidegate):qʰuŋ1
Enrico 2005: 1473, 2006.
North Haida (Masset):qʰuŋ1
Enrico 2005: 1473, 2006. A qʰúŋ.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'moon / month'.
Number:55
Word:mountain
South Haida (Skidegate):ƛʰltaqaːw1
Enrico 2005: 663, 2007.
North Haida (Masset):ƛʰata.aːw1
Enrico 2005: 663, 2007. A ƛʰatʼa.áːw.
Number:56
Word:mouth
South Haida (Skidegate):χiɬl1
Enrico 2005: 1603, 2007.
North Haida (Masset):ħaɬ1
Enrico 2005: 1603, 2007. A ħaɬ.
Common Haida notes:
Possibly derived from the verb χiɬ 'to be a hole, to have a hole' and/or the noun χaːl 'hole'. Phonetically similar to S χil, M ħil, A ħíl 'neck' q.v.
Number:57
Word:name
South Haida (Skidegate):kʰiqa1
Enrico 2005: 1075, 2009.
North Haida (Masset):kʰya.a ~ kʰyah1
Enrico 2005: 1075, 2009. A kʰya.a, kʰyah.
Common Haida notes:
Cf. the verb kʰiqa 'to be named'. Enrico compares Haida kʰiqa with the following Na-Dene forms: PA *shi 'name' (noun), Eyak sheh 'name' (noun), Tlingit saa 'name' (noun, verb).
Number:58
Word:neck
South Haida (Skidegate):χil1
Enrico 2005: 1603, 2010.
North Haida (Masset):ħil1
Enrico 2005: 1603, 2010. A ħíl.
Common Haida notes:
Phonetically similar to S χiɬl, M & A ħaɬ 'mouth' q.v.
Number:59
Word:new
South Haida (Skidegate):qaw-ƛl1
Enrico 2005: 678, 2010. Skidegate ƛ instead of expected ƛʰ is unclear.
North Haida (Masset):ʡaw-ƛʰah1
Enrico 2005: 678, 2010. A ʡáw-ƛʰaː.
Common Haida notes:
Verbal root: 'to be new'. Apparently derived from the verb S & M ƛʰah 'to glisten, gleam (said of things made of wood, spruce roots, etc.)'. The first element is unclear; Enrico supposes that it may be the noun qaw 'fish flash'. Enrico compares Haida ƛʰah with the following Na-Dene forms: Ahtena tleeqʼ 'be wet and soggy; be fresh (of meat)', Tlingit dlaakʼ 'new'.
Number:60
Word:night
South Haida (Skidegate):qaːl1
Enrico 2005: 1317, 2011.
North Haida (Masset):ʡaːl1
Enrico 2005: 1317, 2011. A ʡáːl.
Common Haida notes:
Enrico compares Haida qaːl with the following Na-Dene forms: PA *Ghetlʼ 'become dark', Eyak Xeʔtlʼ 'get dark', Tlingit Giid 'dark'.
Number:61
Word:nose
South Haida (Skidegate):kʰun ~ kʰuna1
Enrico 2005: 1077, 2012.
North Haida (Masset):kʰun ~ kʰunn1
Enrico 2005: 1077, 2012. A kʰún.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'end, tip or point of a one-dimensional extended object / nose / snout / muzzle'.
Number:62
Word:not
South Haida (Skidegate):kam1
Enrico 2005: 898, 2012; Enrico 2003: I, 219.
North Haida (Masset):kam1
Enrico 2005: 898, 2012; Enrico 2003: I, 219. A kám.
Common Haida notes:
Negative sentences in Haida are normally marked by the adverb S & M kam, A kám in pre-verbal position together with the suffix S =qaŋ, M =.aŋ, =ʔaŋ, A =ʔáŋ [Enrico 2005: 898, 1294, 2012; Enrico 2003: I, 219]. We treat both morphemes as synonyms.
Number:62
Word:not
South Haida (Skidegate):=qaŋ2
Enrico 2005: 1294, 2012; Enrico 2003: I, 219.
North Haida (Masset):=.aŋ ~ =ʔaŋ2
Enrico 2005: 1294, 2012; Enrico 2003: I, 219. A -ʔáŋ.
Number:63
Word:one
South Haida (Skidegate):sqwaːn-siŋ ~ sqwaːn-a1
Enrico 2005: 545, 2014.
North Haida (Masset):sʡwaːn-saŋ ~ swaːn-saŋ ~ sʡwaːn ~ swaːn1
Enrico 2005: 545, 2014. A sʔwáːn-saŋ ~ sʔwáːn.
Number:64
Word:person
South Haida (Skidegate):
North Haida (Masset):
Common Haida notes:
It has not been possible to determine how the term for 'human being (sg.)' sounds in Haida. The plural (collective) form is S χàːyta ~ χàːytas ~ χàːyta-qaːy, M ħàːta ~ ħàːt ~ ħàːtas ~ ħàːta-keː, A ħaːt ~ ħaːtas ~ ħaːtʼ-káːy [Enrico 2005: 1596, 2021]. Cf. also two pronominal morphemes: 1) S ka ~ kyaː, M ka ~ kya ~ kyaː, A ka ~ kyáː 'some, ones; something, things; person, people' [Enrico 2005: 892, 2021]; 2) S ƛʼl ~ ƛaː, M ƛʼa ~ ƛaː, A ƛʼa ~ ƛáː 'hey, them, he, him, she, her; people, some people, one, someone; who?; ones, some (non-human)' [Enrico 2005: 694, 2021].
Number:65
Word:rain
South Haida (Skidegate):tall1
Enrico 2005: 32, 2035.
North Haida (Masset):tal1
Enrico 2005: 32, 2035. A tál.
Number:66
Word:red
South Haida (Skidegate):sqit1
Enrico 2005: 567, 2038.
North Haida (Masset):sʡit1
Enrico 2005: 567, 2038. A sʡit.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'to be red / to be brown'.
Number:67
Word:road
South Haida (Skidegate):kʼyuː1
Enrico 2005: 1090, 2042.
North Haida (Masset):kʼyuː1
Enrico 2005: 1090, 2042. A kʼyúː.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'doorway / door / trail / road / ladder'. According to Enrico, the word "originally denoted a doorway and trail". Enrico compares Haida kʼyuː with the following Na-Dene form: PA *qʼe, *qʼid 'trail, tracks'.
Number:68
Word:root
South Haida (Skidegate):ɬlːŋa1
Enrico 2005: 765, 2044. Glossed as 'root (generic), small root in particular' (its counterparts M ɬiː.ŋ, A ɬíːŋ mean 'long fine root of an evergreen tree, long fine root of spruce in particular').
North Haida (Masset):skʰus-aːŋ-.u2
Enrico 2005: 1323, 2044. A skʰus-ʔáːŋ-w, skʰus-áːŋ-w. Glossed as 'non-tuberous root (generic)'. The first element skʰus is unclear (Enrico suspects that it could be a variant of the root skʰuc 'bone'); -.aːŋ (S qaːŋ) is a noun root with unknown semantics [Enrico 2005: 1319]; -(ʔ)u is an instrumental nominalizer. The S counterpart is transcribed as skʰus-qaːnta ~ skʰus-χaːnta 'large root (the size here is that of one's finger or larger)' [Enrico 2005: 529, 2044]; it is now obsolete in S, superseded by the general term ɬlːŋa.
Common Haida notes:
The Proto-Haida term can hardly be established with certainty, but ɬlːŋa seems to have more chances to be projected onto the proto-level in the basic meaning 'root'.
Number:69
Word:round
South Haida (Skidegate):cl=ɬqaɬ-ta1
Enrico 2005: 804, 2045. The primary meaning and morphology of the stem ɬqaɬ-ta is unclear; cf. some discussion in [Enrico 2005: 793 ff.] (-ta seems the semelfactive suffix). Its M or A counterparts are unknown.
North Haida (Masset):cl=cùːɬ-tiyaː ~ cl=cùːɬ-ta.aː2
Enrico 2005: 267. M cl=cùːɬ-tiyaː, cl=cùːɬ-ta.aː, A cl=cuːɬ-tiyaː are based on the verbal stem S ciquɬ-ta; M cùːɬ-ta, A cuːɬ-ta with the general semantics of 'to turn, twist' (-ta is the semelfactive suffix) [Enrico 2005: 263]. Its S counterpart is cl=ciquɬ-ta 'to have a round or rounded shape', but this word is less frequent than cl=ɬqaɬta in S [Enrico 2005: 266].
Common Haida notes:
The Proto-Haida term could have been cl=ciquɬta, but this is uncertain.
Number:70
Word:sand
South Haida (Skidegate):tʰaːs1
Enrico 2005: 128, 2047.
North Haida (Masset):tʰaːs ~ tʰaːc1
Enrico 2005: 128, 2047. A tʰáːc.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'sand / fine gravel'.
Number:71
Word:say
South Haida (Skidegate):suː ~ suː-ta1
Enrico 2005: 635, 638, 2048.
North Haida (Masset):suː ~ suː-ta1
Enrico 2005: 635, 638, 2048. A súː, súː-ta.
Common Haida notes:
The most neutral verb seems to be S & M suː, A súː and its extended stem variant S & M suː-ta, A súː-ta. Polysemy: 'to mention / to say / to tell / to sing / to ask for; etc.'. The second candidate is kʼwiː (all dial.) 'to mention (in connection with NP); to say (this way, that way, etc.); to tell; pronounce (this way, that way, etc.); to announce' [Enrico 2005: 1097, 2048], but it is apparently more specific in usage.
Number:72
Word:see
South Haida (Skidegate):qʰi-ŋ1
Enrico 2005: 1453, 2051.
North Haida (Masset):qʰi-ŋ1
Enrico 2005: 1453, 2051. A qʰi-ŋ.
Common Haida notes:
[Enrico 2005: 1453] claims that -ŋ is the stative suffix; this seems true in the light of S qʰyah, qʰyǝ, M & A qʰeh, qʰe 'seeing, looking' [Enrico 2005: 1400], the verbs S qʰiːχa, M & A qʰiː.a 'to find, discover' [Enrico 2005: 1464], S qʰiχa, M qʰe.e, A qʰeʔa 'to evaluate; to size up; to appraise' (S), 'to examine; check over' (M) [Enrico 2005: 1460], etc. Enrico compares Haida qʰi-ŋ with the following Na-Dene forms: PPA *tsang 'catch sight of', Ahtena tsiy 'look for', Tlingit Giin 'look at'.
Number:73
Word:seed
South Haida (Skidegate):maːɬqa1
Enrico 2005: 5, 2052.
North Haida (Masset):maːɬa ~ maːɬ1
Enrico 2005: 5, 2052. A máːɬ.
Common Haida notes:
Glossed as 'seed (excluding seed in a fleshy fruit)'. Seems to be a borrowing because of initial m-, but the exact source is unclear.
Number:74
Word:sit
South Haida (Skidegate):qʼaw-ʔu ~ qʼaw1
Enrico 2005: 1513, 2059.
North Haida (Masset):qʼaw-.a ~ qʼaw1
Enrico 2005: 1513, 2059. A qʼáw-.a.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'to sit (in location) / perch (in location) / kneel (in location) / move in direction and sit or kneel down (in location)' (subject = person, dog, bear, cat, bird).
Number:75
Word:skin
South Haida (Skidegate):qʼal1
Enrico 2005: 1495, 2060.
North Haida (Masset):qʼal1
Enrico 2005: 1495, 2060. A qʼál.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'skin / pelt / outer bark or skin of plants and fruits / outside surface of a hard object / surface of waves'. Same word as 'bark' q.v.
Number:76
Word:sleep
South Haida (Skidegate):qʼa1
Enrico 2005: 1485, 2061.
North Haida (Masset):qʼa1
Enrico 2005: 1485, 2061. A qʼa.
Number:77
Word:small
South Haida (Skidegate):kʼá-ʔaːn1
Enrico 2005: 1099, 1664, 2063.
North Haida (Masset):kʼa-ʔaːn1
Enrico 2005: 1099, 1664, 2063. A kʼá-ʔáːn.
Common Haida notes:
Probably the most unmarked expression in all three dialects is kʼa-ʔaːn 'to be small' (2- or 3-dimensional extended objects: cloud, house, blanket, garden, dog, rock), formed from the classifier S kʼá, M kʼa, A kʼá 'tiny object or amount' + the verb S cl=ʔaːn, M cl=ʔaːn, cl=.aːn, A cl=.áːn, cl=ʔáːn 'to be of classifier size'. Enrico [2005: 1099] claims that kʼa was borrowed from Tlingit kʼaː 'to be small'.
Number:78
Word:smoke
South Haida (Skidegate):qay-uː1
Enrico 2005: 1306, 2064.
North Haida (Masset):ʡay-aːw1
Enrico 2005: 1306, 2064. A ʡay-áːw.
Common Haida notes:
The corresponding verbal stem is S qay-uː, M ʡay-uː, A ʡay-úː 'to smoke' [Enrico 2005: 1305]. The bound root qay 'to burn (vel sim.)' appears in qay-χiːt 'ashes' q.v. and in some other stems [Enrico 2005: 1305]. Enrico compares Haida qay with the following Na-Dene forms: PA *qʼan 'burn', Eyak qʼa 'burn', Tlingit gaan 'burn'.
Number:79
Word:stand
South Haida (Skidegate):kyaːq-aŋ1
Enrico 2005: 870, 2074.
North Haida (Masset):qyaː.-aŋ1
Enrico 2005: 870, 2074. A kyáː.-aŋ.
Common Haida notes:
Glossed as 'stand (in location or after moving indirection); be upright (in location)' (subject = person, tree, pole, quadrupeds); -aŋ is probably a stative suffix as per Enrico.
Number:80
Word:star
South Haida (Skidegate):kʼay=cʼaːw1
Enrico 2005: 1108, 2074. The stem may probably contain a rare classifier kʼay (missing in S, but retained in M & A) 'bright; sharp (high-pitched) penetrating sound' [Enrico 2005: 1108]; the second element, however, is not entirely clear.
North Haida (Masset):kʼa.àyɬtʼaː ~ kʼaʔiɬtʼaː2
Enrico 2005: 1107, 2074. A kʼaːyɬtʼáː. In M the word for 'star' is kʼa.àyɬtʼaː, a cognate of archaic Skidegate kʼaʔiɬtaː 'star', formed, perhaps, from the verb S ʔaɬta, M .iɬta 'to glance at'. Enrico [2005: 1107] claims that the first element is the classifier kʼa 'tiny object or amount', but it is also possible that S kʼaʔiɬtaː, M kʼa.àyɬtʼaː contains the same marginal classifier kʼay 'bright' as the modern S term.
Common Haida notes:
The Proto-Haida term is apparently kʼaʔiɬtaː, retained in M and archaic S.
Number:81
Word:stone
South Haida (Skidegate):ɬqa1
Enrico 2005: 789, 2078. Glossed as 'rock; stone; pebble; boulder' (in M ɬʡa 'rock; stone; pebble; boulder' is only encountered in compounds). Cf. also the archaic form S qʰuqa 'rock; pebble; boulder; stone' (this word refers to chunks or pieces of rock (pebbles, boulders, etc.), not bedrock or outcrops) [Enrico 2005: 1474, 2078].
North Haida (Masset):qʰwa.a2
Enrico 2005: 1474, 2078. A qʰwa.a. The word is cognate with S qʰuqa. It seems to be the default word for 'stone' in the M & A dialects.
Common Haida notes:
The Proto-Haida term is hardly possible to establish.
Number:82
Word:sun
South Haida (Skidegate):ciquyaːy ~ ciqawaːy1
Enrico 2005: 270, 2081.
North Haida (Masset):cùːyeː1
Enrico 2005: 270, 2081. A cuːyáːy.
Common Haida notes:
According to Enrico, the base here is ciqwiː or ciqwaːy, plus the nominalizing or the definite suffix -aːy, eː. Resembles the verb ciquɬ-ta 'turn around, rotate on axis of symmetry, etc.' [Enrico 2005: 263].
Number:83
Word:swim
South Haida (Skidegate):ƛl=ki1
Enrico 2005: 934.
North Haida (Masset):ƛa=ka1
Enrico 2005: 934.
Common Haida notes:
The stem is formed from S ki, M & A ka 'to move on surface of water (in direction); to come, go on surface of water (in direction)' and the classifier S ƛl, M ƛa 'whole mammal (including person), bird, fish; log; set of clothes'.
Number:84
Word:tail
South Haida (Skidegate):skʼyaːw1
Enrico 2005: 531, 2084.
North Haida (Masset):skʼyaː.u ~ skʼyaːw1
Enrico 2005: 531, 2084. A skʼyáːw.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'tail / coccyx'. Enrico compares Haida skʼyaːw with the following Na-Dene forms: Tlingit kʼi 'rump', Eyak tsʼahhlkʼ 'coccyx'.
Number:85
Word:that
South Haida (Skidegate):huː-siː ~ haw-siː1
Enrico 2005: 1733.
North Haida (Masset):huː-ciː, haw-ciː1
Enrico 2005: 1733. A húː-ciː, .úː-ciː.
Common Haida notes:
The most basic equivalents for 'that' seem to be S huː-siː ~ haw-siː and M huː-ciː ~ haw-ciː (A húː-ciː ~ .úː-ciː). Both are based on the pronoun S haw ~ huː ~ hú 'here (away from speaker, near hearer) and visible', M huː 'there (away from speaker and hearer) and visible' (A húː ~ háw) [Enrico 2005: 1732]. Other candidates include S waː-siː, M waː-ciː (A wáː-ciː) 'that' [Enrico 2005: 1764], formed from the pronoun S waː 'there (away from speaker and hearer) and visible', M waː 'there (away from speaker) and visible' (A wáː) [Enrico 2005: 1764]. Both S waː-siː and M waː-ciː seem to be more marginal than their haw-counterparts.
Number:86
Word:this
South Haida (Skidegate):ʔaː-1
Enrico 2005: 1656, 1659, 2091.
North Haida (Masset):ʔaː-1
Enrico 2005: 1656, 1659, 2091. A ʔáː-.
Common Haida notes:
Both in S and M words meaning 'this' are based on the adverb S & M ʔaː (A ʔáː) 'here (by speaker) and visible' [Enrico 2005: 1656]. This can be the simple root ʔaː (as in examples cited in [Enrico 2005: 1656]) or extended stems: S ʔaː-siː (the head noun cannot denote a human or a dog), ʔa-skeː (can refer to a human or a dog, but used only for plural in the modern language) [Enrico 2005: 1659, 2091]; M ʔaː-ciː (the head noun cannot denote a human or a dog), ʔa-skeː (can refer to a human or a dog) [Enrico 2005: 1659, 2091].
Number:87
Word:thou
South Haida (Skidegate):taŋ1
Enrico 2005: 41, 2117.
North Haida (Masset):taŋ1
Enrico 2005: 41, 2117. A táŋ.
Number:88
Word:tongue
South Haida (Skidegate):tʼaːŋ-al1
Enrico 2005: 200, 2094.
North Haida (Masset):tʼaːŋ-al1
Enrico 2005: 200, 2094. A tʼáːŋ-al.
Common Haida notes:
Apparently derived from the verb tʼaːŋ 'to lick'.
Number:89
Word:tooth
South Haida (Skidegate):cʼiŋ ~ cʼiŋ-a1
Enrico 2005: 383, 2095.
North Haida (Masset):cʼaŋ1
Enrico 2005: 383, 2095. A cʼáŋ.
Common Haida notes:
Enrico compares Haida cʼiŋ with the following Na-Dene forms: PA *tsʼin 'bone', Eyak tsʼel 'bone', tsʼa 'be strong, tough', Tlingit sʼaaG 'bone'.
Number:90
Word:tree
South Haida (Skidegate):qʰayt1
Enrico 2005: 1425.
North Haida (Masset):qʰiːt1
Enrico 2005: 1425. A qʰíːt.
Common Haida notes:
In [Enrico 2005: 2097] there are no general terms for 'tree', but seems that S qʰayt, M qʰiːt, A qʰíːt is the best candidate for this meaning. The specific meaning of qʰayt is 'spruce tree or wood; evergreen tree or log' [Enrico 2005: 1425], but browsing through the dictionary shows that qʰayt also functions as the general term 'tree'. Cf. such examples as: S "He is towing four or five trees together with his boat" [Enrico 2005: xlii], "He shifted the tree with a pike pole" [Enrico 2005: 135], "She has her back against the tree" [Enrico 2005: 173], "There are bracket fungi on the tree" [Enrico 2005: 224], "A tree with its branches and roots on is floating there" [Enrico 2005: 276], "The tree is leaning to one side" [Enrico 2005: 284]. M: "A/the limb came off the tree" [Enrico 2005: lvii], "something was dripping from the tree onto their shelter" [Enrico 2005: 27], "Something made the rope catch on the tree" [Enrico 2005: 41], "The tree has shifted position over a short way" [Enrico 2005: 135], "He had a big (standing) tree chopped off at the middle" [Enrico 2005: 140]. A: "The rope got caught in a tree" [Enrico 2005: 19].
Number:91
Word:two
South Haida (Skidegate):stiŋ1
Enrico 2005: 409, 2100.
North Haida (Masset):staŋ1
Enrico 2005: 409, 2100. A stáŋ.
Number:92
Word:walk (go)
South Haida (Skidegate):qʰaː1
Enrico 2005: 1433, 1963.
North Haida (Masset):qʰaː1
Enrico 2005: 1433, 1963. The basic term in A is unknown (the A counterpart of the M word is qʰáː).
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'to go / to come'. Cf. also S & M & A ʔis 'to move in direction' used with pl. subj. [Enrico 2005: 1688]. Cf. also S & M cl=taːl, A cl=táːl 'to go slowly, come slowly (in direction)' [Enrico 2005: 73]. Cf. also S & M ʔis-taːl, A ʔis-táːl 'to go, come (at walking speed in the case of people or animals as subjects)' used with pl. subj. (where ʔis is an auxilary morpheme) [Enrico 2005: 79].
Number:93
Word:warm (hot)
South Haida (Skidegate):kʼin1
Enrico 2005: 1118, 2106.
North Haida (Masset):kʼin1
Enrico 2005: 1118, 2106.
Common Haida notes:
According to [Enrico 2005: 1118, 2106], the meaning 'to be warm' is expressed by various formations from the verb S &M kʼin, A kʼín 'to be hot'.
Number:94
Word:water
South Haida (Skidegate):qanƛl1
Enrico 2005: 1280, 2108.
North Haida (Masset):ʡanƛa ~ ʡanƛ1
Enrico 2005: 1280, 2108.
Common Haida notes:
Enrico [2005: 1280, 2108] glosses S qanƛl, M ʡanƛa, ʡanƛ (A ʡánƛ)as 'stream, river' for S, but 'water (in general)' for M. Browsing through the dictionary shows, however, that qanƛl could be the most unmarked word for 'water' in Skidegate also, cf. such S examples as: "Fresh water is handy here" [Enrico 2005: 56], "He placed the water within reach" [Enrico 2005: 56], "The people at the middle of the town are without water" [Enrico 2005: 112], "The water has reached the mouth of the bottle" [Enrico 2005: 162], and so on. The word may be derived from the root qan-, attested in qan-ta 'to soak in fresh water' [Enrico 2005: 1277]. A second and less probable candidate for Skidegate 'water' is χaw, which designates 'liquid (in general)', i. e. 'liquid extract; infusion; tea; coffee; juice; fresh water; liquid secretion; sap; taste' [Enrico 2005: 1585]; Enrico notes that the meaning 'fresh water' is obsolete.
Number:95
Word:we1
South Haida (Skidegate):tʼallŋ ~ tʼa.aŋ1
Enrico 2005: 183, 2108.
North Haida (Masset):tʼalaŋ, tʼall1
Enrico 2005: 183, 2108. A tʼaláŋ ~ tʼal.
Common Haida notes:
Agentive 1st p. pl. Maybe contains the plural suffix -qallŋ/-alaŋ.
Number:95
Word:we2
South Haida (Skidegate):ʔiːƛʼl ~ ʔiːƛʼ2
Enrico 2005: 1702, 2108.
North Haida (Masset):ʔiːƛʼ ~ ʔiːƛʼa2
Enrico 2005: 1702, 2108. A ʔíːƛʼ, ʔíƛʼa.
Common Haida notes:
Objective 1st p. pl.
Number:96
Word:what
South Haida (Skidegate):kuː-s1
Enrico 2005: 1041, 2110.
North Haida (Masset):kuː-s, kuː-sta1
Enrico 2005: 1041, 2110. A kúː-s.
Common Haida notes:
Derived from the marginal demonstrative root kuː [Enrico 2005: 1039].
Number:97
Word:white
South Haida (Skidegate):qata1
Enrico 2005: 1271, 2111.
North Haida (Masset):ʡata1
Enrico 2005: 1271, 2111. A ʡata.
Number:98
Word:who
South Haida (Skidegate):kiː-sta1
Enrico 2005: 994, 1003, 2111. Singular form; plural form is kiː-sƛʼltaː.
North Haida (Masset):kiː-sta1
Enrico 2005: 994, 1003, 2111. A kíː-st. Singular forms; plural forms are M kiː-ƛʼtaːs ~ kiː-ƛʼtaː, A kiː-ƛʼtaː.
Common Haida notes:
Both the sg. and pl. stems contain the interrogative pronominal root kiː [Enrico 2005: 994].
Number:99
Word:woman
South Haida (Skidegate):ci-naː ~ ci-naː-s1
Enrico 2005: 248, 2113.
North Haida (Masset):ca-naː-s1
Enrico 2005: 248, 2113. A ca-náː-s.
Common Haida notes:
According to [Enrico 2005: 249], the first element of this stem is ci, an incorporated variant of S & M caː-t, A cáː-t 'female member of ego's clan; female clan mate' [Enrico 2005:, 240] or S & M caː, A cáː 'wife' [Enrico 2005: 239]. The second element may represent the verbal root naː 'to dwell' ("final s was originally the relative present tense suffix; now it is probably analyzed as the place noun suffix -s"). Haida caː-(t) may be a loan from Tlingit or cognate with a Tlingit root as per [Enrico 2005: 239].
Number:100
Word:yellow
South Haida (Skidegate):kʼan-ɬqaɬ1
Enrico 2005: 1104, 2116.
North Haida (Masset):kʼan-ɬaɬ1
Enrico 2005: 1104, 2116. A kʼán-ɬaɬ.
Common Haida notes:
Verbal stem ('to be yellow'). The second element in this stem is S ɬqaɬ, M & A ɬʡaɬ '(to be) dark; (to be) black' [Enrico 2005: 792].
Number:101
Word:far
South Haida (Skidegate):qakwiː ~ qakiː ~ qakay1
Enrico 2005: 1291, 1947.
North Haida (Masset):ʡakwiː1
Enrico 2005: 1291, 1947. A ʡakwíː.
Number:102
Word:heavy
South Haida (Skidegate):qʰina1
Enrico 2005: 1452, 1975.
North Haida (Masset):qʰina1
Enrico 2005: 1452, 1975. A qʰina.
Common Haida notes:
Verbal stem ('to be heavy').
Number:103
Word:near
South Haida (Skidegate):ʔaː-χan1
Enrico 2005: 1657, 2010.
North Haida (Masset):ʔa=ʔaː-nan1
Enrico 2005: 1657, 2010. A ʔaː-náː-naː.
Common Haida notes:
Glossed as 'nearby; close, at close range'. Contains the adverbial root S & M ʔaː (A ʔáː) 'here (by speaker) and visible' [Enrico 2005: 1656]. S χan is the clitic 'right, just'; the M form includes the additional clitic demonstrative ʔa 'here' in the initial position. Cf. also cl=tʼas (all dial.) 'to be in contact with something; to be near, be close to' [Enrico 2005: 146, 161].
Number:104
Word:salt
South Haida (Skidegate):tʰaŋa1
Enrico 2005: 115, 2047.
North Haida (Masset):tʰaŋŋ1
Enrico 2005: 115, 2047. A tʰaŋ.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'seawater, saltwater / the sea / salt'. As correctly noted by Enrico, the primary meaning of the stem must have been 'seawater': cf. such archaic (XIXth c.) expressions for 'salt' as S tʰaŋa kʼaːkaː, M tʰaŋŋ xilaː, both literally meaning 'dry seawater'. For the etymology cf., perhaps, the classifier S tʰay, M tʰiː, A tʰíː 'series of curved surfaces, particularly if composed of fluffy material (e. g., wool, cloud, swarms of insects)' and the verbs tʰaqa 'to dive' and tʰanƛʼlt 'to be damp'; however, all these connections seem dubious. Enrico compares Haida tʰaŋ with the following Na-Dene forms: PA *taa 'water', Eyak tá 'into water', tah 'wave', Tlingit tiid 'wave'.
Number:105
Word:short
South Haida (Skidegate):kʼu-ʔaːn1
Enrico 2005: 1128, 1664-65, 2056.
North Haida (Masset):kʼwa-.aːn ~ kʼwa-ʔaːn1
Enrico 2005: 1128, 1664-65, 2056. A kʼwa-ʔáːn ~ kʼwa-.áːn.
Common Haida notes:
Verbal stem: 'to be short' (1-dimensional extended objects: story, day, person, road, tree, rope). Formed from the classifier S kʼu, kʼú, M & A kʼu 'small compact block-like 3-dimensional extended object; small person' + the verb S cl=ʔaːn, M cl=ʔaːn, cl=.aːn, A cl=.áːn, cl=ʔáːn 'to be of classifier size'.
Number:106
Word:snake
South Haida (Skidegate):sika1
Enrico 2005: 620, 2065.
North Haida (Masset):saka ~ sak1
Enrico 2005: 620, 2065. A sak.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'snake / grub / smooth-skinned caterpillar / long many-legged worm (such as a nereid worm)'.
Number:107
Word:thin (2D)1
South Haida (Skidegate):staːyi1
Enrico 2005: 408, 2090.
North Haida (Masset):staːya1
Enrico 2005: 408, 2090. A stáːya.
Common Haida notes:
[Enrico 2005] quotes almost no examples with 'thin 2D', but browsing through the dictionary suggests that the most common expressions for 'thin 2D' can be: 1) the verb S staːyi, M staːya, A stáːya 'to be thin', applied to 2-dimensional extended objects in general, or objects formed of 2-dimensional extended material, e. g., cloth, a dish, a cup, an eggshell, a board, a blanket of snow (but a lake is excluded, as are persons, lines, soup and other liquids) [Enrico 2005: 408, 2090]; 2) the classifier S ƛʼl, M & A ƛʼa '2-dimensional extended thin semi-flexible object; flat man or woman (no stomach or buttocks)' with the stative verbs S ƛʼaː-kaː, ƛʼaː-χataː, M ƛʼaː-kaː, ƛʼaː-.ataː, A ƛʼáː-kaː, ƛʼá-taː 'be a certain-sized 2-dimensional thin semi-flexible object' [Enrico 2005: 692]. We treat these as synonyms. Cf. also some other ƛʼ-based classifiers with the semantics of 'thin': S & M ƛʼaːm, A ƛʼáːm 'large 2-dimensional extended thin non-flexible object; skinny and wide person' [Enrico 2005: 719], S ƛʼǝp, M & A ƛʼap 'thin instance of an object with primary extension in two dimensions, thinly spread mass' [Enrico 2005: 721]. Semantically less neutral are classifiers like, e. g., M qʰam 'small relatively thin round or square 2-dimensional extended object, either flat or only slightly convex or concave' [Enrico 2005: 1407].
Number:107
Word:thin (2D)1
South Haida (Skidegate):ƛʼl2
Enrico 2005: 692.
North Haida (Masset):ƛʼa2
Enrico 2005: 692. A ƛʼa.
Number:107
Word:thin (1D)2
South Haida (Skidegate):tʼam3
Enrico 2005: 141, 2090.
North Haida (Masset):tʼam3
Enrico 2005: 141, 2090. A tʼám.
Common Haida notes:
[Enrico 2005] quotes almost no examples with 'thin 1D', but browsing through the dictionary suggests that the most common expression for 'thin 1D' is the classifier S & M tʼam, A tʼám 'thin, narrow, skinny 1-dimensional extended object' [Enrico 2005: 141, 2090]. Semantically less neutral seem classifiers like, e. g., S & M xaw, A xáw 'wide 1-dimensional extended thin object' (stative verb M xaw-kaː, xaw-.ataː 'to be a certain-sized wide, thin 1-dimensional object') [Enrico 2005: 1170].
Number:108
Word:wind
South Haida (Skidegate):tʰa-caːw1
Enrico 2005: 297, 2112.
North Haida (Masset):tʰa-caːw1
Enrico 2005: 297, 2112. A tʰa-cáːw. Polysemy in M: 'wind / air'.
Common Haida notes:
Derived from the verbal stem S & M tʰa-cuː, A tʰa-cúː 'to blow (in direction), be wind (in direction)' [Enrico 2005: 297]. The latter contains the verb S & M cl=cuː, A cl=cúː 'to stick off (in location), project out (in location), extend (in location)' [Enrico 2005: 283], omitting the classifier but adding the unclear morpheme tʰa (an incorporated noun as per Enrico?).
Number:109
Word:worm
South Haida (Skidegate):sqaqa1
Enrico 2005: 556, 2114.
North Haida (Masset):sʡa.a ~ sʡaʡa1
Enrico 2005: 556, 2114. A sʡa.a.
Common Haida notes:
Glossed as 'relatively long and thin smooth worm' (covers ascarids and other nematodes, e. g. oligochaetes; rough worms or legged worms are termed siga 'snake').
Number:110
Word:year
South Haida (Skidegate):tʰat-a1
Enrico 2005: 110, 2116.
North Haida (Masset):tʰat-a ~ tʰat-aː1
Enrico 2005: 110, 2116. A tʰat.
Common Haida notes:
Polysemy: 'winter (cold season) / year'. Derived from the verbal stem tʰat-a 'to be cold weather', further to the verb tʰat 'to be cold' [Enrico 2005: 109]. The second candidate, S ʔana, M ʔann 'year', is now obsolete in both dialects [Enrico 2005: 1635, 2116]. The Proto-Haida term must, however, have been ʔana. The semantic development 'winter' > 'year' has apparently occurred under the influence of Tlingit polysemy tʰáːkʰʷ 'winter (season); year'.
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