Bender 1968: 13. Quoted as =gɛdiːd in [Bender 1971: 268]. Prefixal tɛ= is 3rd. sg. possessive (literally = "all of it"). Quoted simply as gìdiìd in [Hayward 2000: 259].
Old Nara:dero-ŋ ~ dero-na2
Reinisch 1874: 112. Plural form from dero 'all' (= totus).
Number:2
Word:ashes
Modern Nara:hıbıd1
Bender 1968: 13.
Old Nara:hübet1
Reinisch 1874: 130.
Number:3
Word:bark
Modern Nara:kʌrʌf1
Bender 1968: 13. Quoted as kɛrɛf in [Bender 1971: 268].
Old Nara:
Not attested.
Number:4
Word:belly
Modern Nara:tawa1
Bender 1968: 13.
Old Nara:taua1
Reinisch 1874: 153. Plural form: tau-ta. The variant daua, also listed in the German-Nara index in the meaning 'belly', is not confirmed in the main body of the dictionary (where daua = 'tail' q.v.).
Number:5
Word:big
Modern Nara:dʋb-ku1
Bender 1971: 268. In our main source [Bender 1968: 13] an entirely different word is listed in the same meaning: kǝmši-gi. However, the same word is listed as kàḿšìgù 'huge' in [Hayward 2000: 250], and still another source, [Thompson 1976: 485], also quotes only dub-ku 'big (thing or person)'. In light of Hayward's, Thompson's, and Bender's own conflicting data, Bender's glossing in the 1968 paper is most likely semantically inaccurate.
Reinisch 1874: 144. Meaning glossed as 'to set fire (to), light up' (German anzünden). Additional synonym: kal id. [Reinisch 1874: 132]. Cf. also wor 'to burn' (German brennen) [Reinisch 1874: 158], most likely an intransitive verb, particularly in the light of comparison with Bender's sources.
Number:13
Word:claw(nail)
Modern Nara:
Not attested in [Bender 1968], but cf. šokna 'claw (of animal); foot' in [Bender 1971: 268]. Cf. also šìí 'claw' in [Hayward 2000: 250].
Old Nara:ši1
Reinisch 1874: 151. Plural form: ši-ta. Meaning glossed as 'fingernail / toenail'.
Number:14
Word:cloud
Modern Nara:nasob1
Bender 1968: 14. Differently in [Bender 1971: 268]: ʓiːm.
Old Nara:
Not attested.
Number:15
Word:cold
Modern Nara:kǝlli1
Bender 1968: 14. Quoted as kɛli in [Bender 1971: 268].
Old Nara:nese2
Reinisch 1874: 144. Meaning glossed as verbal: 'to be cold'. Cf. also kalli 'cold (n.)' [Reinisch 1874: 132].
Number:16
Word:come
Modern Nara:wɔǝ̯-t̪ʰo1
Bender 1968: 14. Quoted as wɔː-to in [Bender 1971: 268]. Cf. wóː-ń-kù '(he) that comes' in [Hayward 2000: 259].
Old Nara:wo ~ o1
Reinisch 1874: 157. Cf. also til ~ tül 'to come / to bring / to touch' [Reinisch 1874: 154].
Number:17
Word:die
Modern Nara:diː-to1
Bender 1968: 14.
Old Nara:di1
Reinisch 1874: 112. Cf. de 'death (n.)' [Reinisch 1874: 110].
Number:18
Word:dog
Modern Nara:wǝs1
Bender 1968: 14. Quoted as wɛs in [Bender 1971: 268].
Bender 1968: 15. Same word as 'hair' q.v. Cf. bàddáːlàː, pl. bàddàːlàː-ttá 'feathers' in [Hayward 2000: 255, 260].
Old Nara:tefen-e2
Reinisch 1874: 153. Plural form: tefen-a. This is clearly the same word (or at least the same stem) as 'leaf' q.v., but the reasons for the different transcriptions of those two words in Reinisch's (Munzinger's) data are not clear.
Number:28
Word:fire
Modern Nara:ši-ta1
Bender 1968: 15.
Old Nara:ši-tta1
Reinisch 1874: 151. Plural form: šitˈa-ta.
Number:29
Word:fish
Modern Nara:aːsá-1
Bender 1968: 15. Quoted as asa in [Bender 1971: 268]. Borrowed from Ethiosemitic (Amharic asa, etc.). Cf. kèssèĺ 'fish' in [Hayward 2000: 259]; however, on the same page the exact same form is also quoted in the meaning 'leopard' (!).
Old Nara:
Not attested.
Number:30
Word:fly v.
Modern Nara:
Not attested.
Old Nara:
Not attested.
Number:31
Word:foot
Modern Nara:bǝla-tǝ̀gına1
Bender 1968: 15. The second stem is a modifier: tǝ̀gına = 'palm of hand / sole of foot'. Cf. фǝlla 'leg' [Bender 1968: 16]. Different word listed in [Bender 1971: 268]: šokna 'foot'. However, considering that the same word is also listed as 'claw (animal)' on the same page, the meaning 'foot' ('paw'?) is most probably erroneous.
Old Nara:balla1
Reinisch 1874: 106. No distinction between 'foot' and 'leg'.
Number:32
Word:full
Modern Nara:
Not attested.
Old Nara:eb-ei1
Reinisch 1874: 115. Verbal meaning: 'to be full', derived from the transitive verb eb 'to fill'.
Number:33
Word:give
Modern Nara:ni-to1
Bender 1968: 15. Quoted as niː- in [Bender 1971: 268].
Bender 1968: 15. Quoted as haggi- in [Bender 1971: 268].
Old Nara:haki-ko1
Reinisch 1874: 126. Cf. the verbal stem: heggi 'to be good / happy' [Reinisch 1874: 128]. Additional synonym: le 'to be good', le-go ~ le-ši 'good' (adj.) [Reinisch 1874: 140]. Semantic difference is not clear.
Number:35
Word:green
Modern Nara:čılmāŋ-kū1
Bender 1968: 15.
Old Nara:
Not attested.
Number:36
Word:hair
Modern Nara:sɛβi1
Bender 1968: 16. Quoted as sɛbiː in [Bender 1971: 268].
Old Nara:sebi1
Reinisch 1874: 148.
Number:37
Word:hand
Modern Nara:áːt1
Bender 1968: 16. Quoted as at in [Bender 1971: 268].
Old Nara:ad1
Reinisch 1874: 101. Plural form: at-ta.
Number:38
Word:head
Modern Nara:kel-a1
Bender 1968: 16. Quoted as keːla in [Bender 1971: 268]. Cf. kèːlà 'top' in [Hayward 2000: 261].
Bender 1968: 16. Quoted as ɨssaːy- in [Bender 1971: 268].
Old Nara:eš1
Reinisch 1874: 118.
Number:46
Word:leaf
Modern Nara:tıfinī1
Bender 1968: 16. Quoted as tıfˈıni in [Bender 1971: 268]. Quoted as pl. tífín-á in [Hayward 2000: 255].
Old Nara:defen-e1
Reinisch 1874: 111. Plural form: defen-a. This is clearly the same word (or at least the same stem) as 'feather' q.v., but the reasons for the different transcriptions of those two words in Reinisch's (Munzinger's) data are not clear.
Number:47
Word:lie
Modern Nara:tǝф-to1
Bender 1968: 17.
Old Nara:teb ~ deb1
Reinisch 1874: 110, 153. Polysemy: 'to lie / to sleep'.
Number:48
Word:liver
Modern Nara:kıbi̯dɛt-1
Bender 1968: 17. Borrowed from Semitic (Arabic kibd, etc.). Different word listed in [Bender 1971: 268]: tılle.
Old Nara:dille1
Reinisch 1874: 113.
Number:49
Word:long
Modern Nara:ŋgir-ku1
Bender 1968: 17. Quoted as ngir- in [Bender 1971: 268]. Quoted as ŋíːŕ-kù in [Hayward 2000: 255].
Bender 1968: 17. Quoted as dɛmmo in [Bender 1971: 268].
Old Nara:demmo1
Reinisch 1874: 111. Plural form: dem-ta.
Number:62
Word:not
Modern Nara:ka-1
Bender 1968: 17. Negative prefix for present tense stems.
Old Nara:ka1
Reinisch 1874: 131.
Number:62
Word:not
Modern Nara:ma-2
Bender 1968: 17. Negative prefix for past tense stems.
Old Nara:ma2
Reinisch 1874: 142.
Number:63
Word:one
Modern Nara:doku1
Bender 1968: 17. Quoted as dɔkku in [Bender 1971: 268]. Quoted as dók-kù in [Hayward 2000: 259]. Cf. also the suppletive preposed form: túŕ [Hayward 2000: 266].
Old Nara:doko ~ toko1
Reinisch 1874: 113, 155. The form with the voiced initial consonant is listed as a rare variant.
Number:64
Word:person
Modern Nara:kɔ-ti1
Bender 1968: 18.
Old Nara:ku1
Reinisch 1874: 138. Same word as 'man' q.v.
Number:65
Word:rain
Modern Nara:halá1
Bender 1968: 18. Quoted as halˈaː in [Bender 1971: 268].
Bender 1968: 18. Quoted as šɔl- in [Bender 1971: 268]. Quoted as šòóĺkù ~ šòːĺkù in [Hayward 2000: 250].
Old Nara:šol-ko1
Reinisch 1874: 151. Plural form: šol-to-go.
Number:67
Word:road
Modern Nara:kita1
Bender 1968: 18. Quoted as kı-ta in [Bender 1971: 268].
Old Nara:kitta1
Reinisch 1874: 136. Plural form: kita-ta.
Number:68
Word:root
Modern Nara:tɛrb-i1
Bender 1968: 18. Quoted as tɛrba in [Bender 1971: 268]. Quoted as táŕbí in [Hayward 2000: 255].
Old Nara:terb-i1
Reinisch 1874: 154. Plural form: terb-a.
Number:69
Word:round
Modern Nara:
Not attested.
Old Nara:hue-go1
Reinisch 1874: 130. Adjectival derivative from hue 'to be round' [ibid.].
Number:70
Word:sand
Modern Nara:lūgʋd1
Bender 1968: 18. Most likely, the same word as 'earth' q.v., although transcribed slightly differently in the source. Different word listed in [Bender 1971: 268]: saːse.
Old Nara:
Not attested.
Number:71
Word:say
Modern Nara:wǝlǝ-k1
Bender 1968: 18. Quoted as walay- in [Bender 1971: 268].
Old Nara:wol-1
Reinisch 1874: 157. Analysis of textual evidence shows that this is the most common verbal stem to introduce direct speech in narration. A much more rare additional equivalent is mes 'to say, tell, report', imperative me-n [Reinisch 1874: 143]; difference in usage between these two words, other than in frequency, remains unclear.
Number:72
Word:see
Modern Nara:lɛt-to1
Bender 1968: 18. Quoted as lɛː- in [Bender 1971: 268]. Cf. lât 'see!' (imper.) in [Hayward 2000: 251].
Old Nara:let1
Reinisch 1874: 141. Final -t belongs to the root, cf. imperative let 'see!', perfective let-to, passive let-ei-to, etc.
Number:72
Word:see
Modern Nara:
Old Nara:di ~ dih ~ ti2
Reinisch 1874: 112, 113, 154. Imperative: de-k. Difference in usage between let and di, as illustrated by textual examples in the source, remains unclear; at the very least, interpretation of this opposition as 'to see' vs. 'to look' currently seems out of the question. We include both roots as technical synonyms.
Number:73
Word:seed
Modern Nara:terap-1
Bender 1968: 18. Quoted as terab- in [Bender 1971: 268]. Probably borrowed from Bedauye (tera 'seed').
Old Nara:
Not attested.
Number:74
Word:sit
Modern Nara:ta-to1
Bender 1968: 19. Quoted as taː- in [Bender 1971: 268].
Old Nara:dat ~ dad ~ tat ~ tad1
Reinisch 1874: 110. According to Reinisch's data, the second consonant is inseparable from the root; variants with voiced / voiceless consonants mostly seem to be found in free distribution.
Number:75
Word:skin
Modern Nara:hādˈī1
Bender 1968: 19. Quoted as haːdi in [Bender 1971: 268]. Quoted as hàdí: in [Hayward 2000: 250].
Old Nara:hadi1
Reinisch 1874: 125. Plural form: hadi-ta.
Number:76
Word:sleep
Modern Nara:tǝβ-to1
Bender 1968: 19. Same word as 'to lie' q.v. Cf. tàb-kù '(s/he) that sleeps' in [Hayward 2000: 259]. Completely different word listed in [Bender 1971: 268]: ŋɔttɛy-.
Old Nara:not-ei2
Reinisch 1874: 145. Cf. also teb 'to spend the night; to sleep' in [Reinisch 1874: 153].
Number:77
Word:small
Modern Nara:šiːŋ-ku1
Bender 1968: 19. Quoted as šiːn- in [Bender 1971: 268]. Quoted as šíːn-kù in [Hayward 2000: 259].
Bender 1968: 20. Quoted as bʋŋɛ in [Bender 1971: 268].
Old Nara:
Not attested.
Number:84
Word:tail
Modern Nara:d̪awa1
Bender 1968: 20. Quoted as tawa in [Bender 1971: 268].
Old Nara:daua1
Reinisch 1874: 110.
Number:85
Word:that
Modern Nara:ay=te1
Bender 1968: 20. Quoted as tèé in [Hayward 2000: 259].
Old Nara:te1
Reinisch 1874: 153. Plural form: te-gu.
Number:86
Word:this
Modern Nara:yi1
Bender 1968: 20. Quoted as yiː in [Bender 1971: 268]. Quoted as yìí, pl. yí-gù in [Hayward 2000: 258].
Old Nara:yi1
Reinisch 1874: 159. Plural form: yi-gu.
Number:87
Word:thou
Modern Nara:ıŋˈa1
Bender 1968: 20.
Old Nara:eŋa1
Reinisch 1874: 117.
Number:88
Word:tongue
Modern Nara:haga1
Bender 1968: 20. Quoted as hagge in [Bender 1971: 268].
Old Nara:hagga1
Reinisch 1874: 125. Plural form: hage-ta.
Number:89
Word:tooth
Modern Nara:nīhī-tà1
Bender 1968: 20. Plural form ('teeth'). Quoted as nihi 'tooth' (sg.) in [Bender 1971: 268].
Old Nara:nihi1
Reinisch 1874: 145. Plural form: nihi-tta.
Number:90
Word:tree
Modern Nara:kel1
Bender 1968: 20. Quoted as kɛl in [Bender 1971: 268]. Quoted as kèĺ 'tree' in [Hayward 2000: 250].
Old Nara:tüm2
Reinisch 1874: 155. Plural form: tüm-a. Polysemy: 'tree / wood'. The word kel is only attested in the semantically related meaning 'medicine' [Reinisch 1874: 133].
Number:91
Word:two
Modern Nara:arˈi-ga1
Bender 1968: 20. Quoted as ɛriga in [Bender 1971: 268]. Quoted as àrí in [Hayward 2000: 261].
Old Nara:are ~ are-ga1
Reinisch 1874: 105.
Number:92
Word:walk (go)
Modern Nara:ɛːl-1
Bender 1971: 268.
Old Nara:al-1
Reinisch 1874: 103. Secondary (much less frequent) synonym: gel 'to go, to travel' [Reinisch 1874: 122].
Number:93
Word:warm
Modern Nara:hawˈu-gu1
Bender 1968: 20. Meaning glossed as 'warm'. Quoted as dawˈuː- in [Bender 1971: 268].
Old Nara:
Not attested.
Number:94
Word:water
Modern Nara:mba1
Bender 1968: 20. Quoted as mbˈaː in [Bender 1971: 268]. Quoted as mbà: in [Hayward 2000: 261].
Old Nara:embˈa1
Reinisch 1874: 116.
Number:95
Word:we
Modern Nara:agga1
Bender 1971: 268. Our default source ([Bender 1968: 21]) lists the word ıhŋˈa instead, but all other sources clearly show that this is a mistake and that this form really means 'you (pl.)'. Cf. ngòː 'our' in [Hayward 2000: 260].
Old Nara:heiga1
Reinisch 1874: 46. The possessive stem 'our' is simply he [ibid.].
Number:96
Word:what
Modern Nara:nda-nan1
Bender 1968: 21. Quoted as ndˈaː-nan in [Bender 1971: 268].
Old Nara:ende-ha1
Reinisch 1874: 49.
Number:97
Word:white
Modern Nara:erˈɛŋ-ku1
Bender 1968: 21. Quoted as ɛrˈɛːn- in [Bender 1971: 268].
Old Nara:eren-ko1
Reinisch 1874: 118. Plural form: eren-te-go.
Number:98
Word:who
Modern Nara:nā-nǝ̄n1
Bender 1968: 21. Quoted as naː-nan in [Bender 1971: 268].
Old Nara:na ~ nan1
Reinisch 1874: 49.
Number:99
Word:woman
Modern Nara:anˈinna1
Bender 1968: 21. Quoted as anɛn in [Bender 1971: 268]. Distinct from tɔ-ku 'wife' [ibid.]. Quoted as ánìǹ 'woman' in [Hayward 2000: 259], opposed to tòːkkú 'wife' [ibid.].
Reinisch 1874: 155. Polysemy: "woman / wife". Textual examples show that in the "neutral" meaning 'woman' the word toko is preferred over anen, but reliably diagnostic contexts (e. g. "men and women") are missing, so we prefer to include both words as synonyms.
Number:100
Word:yellow
Modern Nara:kurkˈum-1
Bender 1968: 21.
Old Nara:
Not attested.
Number:101
Word:far
Modern Nara:maː-ku1
Bender 1968: 14.
Old Nara:gir-ko2
Reinisch 1874: 123. Same word as 'long' q.v. The meaning 'far' (German fern) is only listed for this word in the German-Nara index [Reinisch 1874: 167].
Number:102
Word:heavy
Modern Nara:dɨlu-ku1
Bender 1968: 16.
Old Nara:dulluk-ko1
Reinisch 1874: 114. Derived from the verbal stem dulluk 'to be heavy'.
Number:103
Word:near
Modern Nara:labi1
Bender 1968: 17. Quoted as láːbí (gí) 'near to' in [Hayward 2000: 261].
Old Nara:
Not attested.
Number:104
Word:salt
Modern Nara:sǝndʌ1
Bender 1968: 18.
Old Nara:
Not attested.
Number:105
Word:short
Modern Nara:kʷɨdʋr-ku1
Bender 1968: 18.
Old Nara:kuder-ko1
Reinisch 1874: 138.
Number:106
Word:snake
Modern Nara:wɔso1
Bender 1968: 19.
Old Nara:wos1
Reinisch 1874: 159. Plural form: wos-ta. The sg. form is listed as woso in the German-Nara index [Reinisch 1874: 175].
Number:107
Word:thin
Modern Nara:wǝrˈāːnē-gù1
Bender 1968: 20. Quoted as warˈaːnɛ- in [Bender 1971: 268].