Berger 1974: 140. Borrowed from Khowar čʰik 'all'. Different from kʰul 'all, whole' (= totus) [Berger 1974: 159]. Cf. also har 'every, all' [Berger 1974: 150]; sˈauf 'all, collected' [Berger 1974: 175] (borrowing from Khowar). The latter form is quoted as the main equivalent for 'all' in [Backstrom 1992: 258]: sʌo̥.
Hunza Burushaski:har-2
Berger 1998: III, 191. Borrowed from Urdu har. This is the most frequent of all the attested equivalents for 'all' in Burushaski; there are several others as well, but most are identifiable as borrowings. Cf. kul 'all, together' [Berger 1998: III, 246] (< Urdu kull, ultimately from Arabic). An original stem may be preserved in =yˈoon 'all, together' [Berger 1998: III, 477], but it is mainly used in conjunction with pronominal forms ('all of us', 'all of you', 'all of them'). This form is listed as the main equivalent for 'all' in [Backstrom 1992: 258]: Hunza, Nagar uyˈoon.
Number:2
Word:ashes
Yasin Burushaski:pʰˈet-iŋ1
Berger 1974: 170. Y-class; plurale tantum (-iŋ is the regular plural marker of the y-class). Distinct from the more specialized term ʂapʰˈeru 'ashes or other sorts of fertilizers for vegetables' [Berger 1974: 179], borrowed from Khowar. Quoted as pʰˈɛtiŋ in [Backstrom 1992: 248].
Hunza Burushaski:pʰˈet-iŋ1
Berger 1998: III, 328. Y-class; plurale tantum (-iŋ is the regular plural marker of the y-class). Distinct from the more specialized term marmˈaq 'hot ashes' [Berger 1998: III, 282] (cf. also marmˈan 'heap of glowing embers' [ibid.]). Quoted as Hunza, Nagar pʰˈɛtiŋ in [Backstrom 1992: 248].
Number:3
Word:bark
Yasin Burushaski:
Not attested.
Hunza Burushaski:
Not attested. The closest word in meaning is probably ɕʰˈumuʂ ~ ɕʰˈumurʂ (Nagar ɕʰˈumur) 'coarse bark that is used to feed the fire' [Berger 1998: III, 101], which Berger derives from the verb ɕʰamˈur- 'to crumble, crumple' [Berger 1998: III, 96]; there are, however, no indications that this could be the neutral, non-specialized term for 'tree bark' in general as well.
Number:4
Word:belly
Yasin Burushaski:=ˈul1
Berger 1974: 184. Polysemy: 'abdomen / intestines'. Y-class (pl. =úl-ɕiŋ) when applied to slaughtered animals; x-class (pl. =úl-iʆu) when applied to people. Quoted as y=uˈul in [Backstrom 1992: 244].
Hunza Burushaski:=ˈul1
Berger 1998: III, 453. Plural form: =ˈul-iʆo ~ =ˈul-iŋ (the plural forms also mean 'intestines'). Y-class when applied to slaughtered animals; x-class when applied to people. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar y=uˈul in [Backstrom 1992: 244].
Number:5
Word:big
Yasin Burushaski:=nyˈu1
Berger 1974: 167. Plural forms: =nˈaŋ (y-class), =nˈoyu (x-class). Cf. also tʰˈan-um, pl. tʰˈayu 'big (of person); tall' [Berger 1974: 183]. Quoted as nʸũ ~ nʸu in [Backstrom 1992: 255].
Hunza Burushaski:uyˈ-um1
Berger 1998: III, 460. Plural form: uyˈoŋ-ko (Nagar uyˈo-ko). Cf. also tʰˈaan-um, pl. tʰˈaa-iko 'big (of person); tall' [Berger 1998: III, 435]. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar uy-ˈum in [Backstrom 1992: 255].
Number:6
Word:bird
Yasin Burushaski:c̢en1
Berger 1974: 140. Plural form: c̢ˈeyu ~ c̢ˈiu. Meaning glossed as '(small) bird', but no separate term for 'large bird' is attested.
Hunza Burushaski:c̢ʰin1
Berger 1998: III, 107. Plural form: c̢ʰˈiu. Meaning glossed as '(small) bird'. The equivalent for 'large bird' is balˈas (Nagar balˈac) [Berger 1998: III, 33] (plural forms are either the same as sg. or Hunza balˈas-ʆo, Nagar balˈas-iʆo), which Berger believes to be cognate with du=wˈal- 'to fly' q.v. (the development of *-b- > -w- in the intervocalic position is normal). Another candidate is parindˈa 'bird', borrowed from Urdu [Berger 1998: III, 312]; this could be a generic term for 'bird' irrespective of size, but it seems less basic than the other two terms.
Number:7
Word:bite
Yasin Burushaski:gaʈ-1
Berger 1974: 145. Present tense stem: gaʈ-ˈiɕ-.
Hunza Burushaski:gaʈ-1
Berger 1998: III, 150. Present tense stem: gaʈ-ˈiɕ-. Numerous quasi-synonyms are also adduced in the dictionary, but for most of them, 'to bite' is not the primary meaning, cf.: ɕurˈuʈ- 'to pierce, sting, bite' (of insects) [Berger 1998: III, 93]; ʁaᶚˈam- 'to scratch (face) with nails; to bite (of dog)' [Berger 1998: III, 166]; qap- 'to bite, snap' (of horse or dog) [Berger 1998: III, 341].
Number:8
Word:black
Yasin Burushaski:mat-ˈum1
Berger 1974: 164. Plural forms: matˈum-iʆu, matˈum-iŋ. Quoted as mat-ˈum in [Backstrom 1992: 255].
Hunza Burushaski:mat-ˈum1
Berger 1998: III, 284. Plural forms: matˈum-iʆo, matˈum-iŋ. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar mat-ˈum in [Backstrom 1992: 255].
Number:9
Word:blood
Yasin Burushaski:multˈan1
Berger 1974: 166. Plural: multˈan-iŋ. Polysemy: 'money / wergeld (blood money)'. Quoted as muɬtˈʌn in [Backstrom 1992: 245].
Hunza Burushaski:multˈan1
Berger 1998: III, 293. Plural: multˈa-iŋ. Secondary quasi-synonyms include: (a) koɕ 'blood', a special term used specifically in oaths and curses [Berger 1998; 245]; (b) qʰˈuun 'blood' (borrowed from Urdu xuːn), sometimes substituted for multˈan [Berger 1998: III, 360]; (c) raŋ 'color; blood' (< Urdu rang) [Berger 1998: III, 363]; (d) tˈiti 'blood' (only in children's speech) [Berger 1998: III, 427]. All of these words seem to have specific stylistic and situational usage compared to the default equivalent multˈan. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar multˈʌn in [Backstrom 1992: 245].
Number:10
Word:bone
Yasin Burushaski:ten1
Berger 1974: 181. Plural form: ten-ʓˈo. Quoted as tɛn in [Backstrom 1992: 245].
Hunza Burushaski:=ltˈin ~ tin1
Berger 1998: III, 269. The first variant is the bound form; the second variant is the free (prefix-less) form. Plural forms: =ltˈi-o (bound), tin-ʓˈo (free). Cf. also kurˈoŋ, pl. kurˈoŋ-iʆo 'bone' [Berger 1998: III, 248] (no further specification; basic status unlikely due to low frequency of usage). Quoted as Hunza, Nagar tin in [Backstrom 1992: 245].
Number:11
Word:breast
Yasin Burushaski:=dˈil1
Berger 1974: 142. Plural form: =dˈil-iŋ. Distinct from =mˈamu 'female breast' [Berger 1974: 164]. Quoted as dˈıl-iŋ ~ i=dˈil-iŋ in [Backstrom 1992: 244] (plural form).
Hunza Burushaski:=ndˈil1
Berger 1998: III, 302. Plural form: =ndˈil-iŋ. Meaning is glossed as both 'male' and 'female' 'breast', but the default word for 'female breast' seems rather to be =mˈamu-t, derived from mamˈu 'milk' [Berger 1998: III, 277]. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar ı=ndˈıl in [Backstrom 1992: 244].
Number:12
Word:burn tr.
Yasin Burushaski:=s=qul-1
Berger 1974: 148. Distinct from =ʁˈol- ~ =ʁul- 'to burn' (intr.) [Berger 1974: 148], but clearly sharing the same root, from which it is derived by means of the weakly productive prefix =s= [Berger 1974: 29]. Quoted as ˈɛ=s=qul 'burn!' (imperative) in [Backstrom 1992: 259].
Hunza Burushaski:=s=qul-1
Berger 1998: III, 382. Distinct from =ʁulˈu- 'to burn' (intr.) [Berger 1998: III, 178], but clearly sharing the same root, from which it is derived by means of the weakly productive prefix =s= [Berger 1998: III, 125]. Cf. also ʓak- 'to burn, singe (smbd.)' [Berger 1998: III, 221]. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar ˈɛ=s=qul 'burn!' (imperative) in [Backstrom 1992: 259].
Number:13
Word:claw(nail)
Yasin Burushaski:=ˈuru1
Berger 1974: 184. Plural form: =ˈuru-mu. Polysemy: 'fingernail / claw'. Quoted as uˈuro in [Backstrom 1992: 244].
Hunza Burushaski:=ˈuri ~ =ˈuri-ʂ1
Berger 1998: III, 66. Plural forms: =ˈuri-muc, =ˈuri-anc. Polysemy: 'mountain top / comb / fingernail'. Quoted as Hunza y=uˈuri ~ y=uˈuli, Nagar y=uˈuri ~ y=uˈuro in [Backstrom 1992: 244].
Number:14
Word:cloud
Yasin Burushaski:χor-ˈoŋ1
Berger 1974: 160. Y-class; plurale tantum. The word probably denotes 'white clouds' and is distinct from harˈalt 'rain clouds; rain' (see under 'rain') [Berger 1974: 150]. In [Backstrom 1992: 247], the forms hurˈonc̢ and harˈʌɬt correspond to the meaning 'cloud' in different subdialects (Central and Northern Yasin respectively); this may not necessarily be accurate.
Hunza Burushaski:qʰurˈonc̢1
Berger 1998: III, 359. Plural form: qʰurˈonc̢-iŋ (Hunza), qʰurˈon-iŋ (Nagar). Polysemy: 'cloud / fog'. Quoted as Hunza qurˈonc̢, Nagar qʰʌrˈonc̢ ~ qʰorˈoŋ in [Backstrom 1992: 247].
Number:14
Word:cloud
Yasin Burushaski:
Hunza Burushaski:burˈunc̢2
Berger 1998: III, 64. Plural form: burˈunc̢-iŋ. Cf. in Nagar: birˈoonc̢, pl. -iŋ. Meaning glossed as 'clouds; overcast skies'. The semantic difference between qʰurˈonc̢ and burˈunc̢ is not clear, and we have to include both words as technical synonyms. Additionally, cf. dumˈaʂ 'cloud (of dust, smoke, water)' [Berger 1998: III, 125] (borrowed from Shina dumaʂ 'smoke' and most likely not a basic term).
Number:15
Word:cold
Yasin Burushaski:ɕaʁˈur-um1
Berger 1974: 138. Quoted as čʰaɣˈoor-um in [Backstrom 1992: 254].
Hunza Burushaski:ɕʰaʁˈur-um1
Berger 1998: III, 95. Used as adjective or noun. The verbal stem is du=...=ɕʰˈaʁur- ~ d=...=ɕˈaqur- 'to be (or become) cold'. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar čʰaɣˈur-um in [Backstrom 1992: 254].
Number:16
Word:come
Yasin Burushaski:cˈur-1
Berger 1974: 137. Present tense stem.
Hunza Burushaski:d=...ya- ~ d=...y-3
Berger 1998: I, 128; III, 235. This suppletive stem (with the verbal prefix d=) forms the conative paradigm of the verb 'to come' (1st sg. d=ˈaa=ya, etc.), and it also quite probably underlies the past tense forms where the stem usually has a zero allomorph.
Number:16
Word:come
Yasin Burushaski:ᶚˈo-2
Berger 1974: 36, 137. Suppletive stem that underlies the imperative, reduplicated imperfective and certain other forms of cˈur-. Quoted as ᶚo 'come!' (imperative) in [Backstrom 1992: 259].
Hunza Burushaski:ᶚˈu-2
Berger 1998: I, 128; III, 235. This suppletive stem forms the present tense, infinitive, and optative forms of the verb 'to come'. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar ᶚu 'come!' (imperative) in [Backstrom 1992: 259].
Number:17
Word:die
Yasin Burushaski:=yˈur-1
Berger 1974: 187. Present tense stem: =yˈur-ɕ-. Cf. also: xˈatum ˈet- 'to die' [Berger 1974: 160], wafˈat =mˈan- [Berger 1974: 185] (both of these idiomatic expressions said to be < Urdu). Quoted as y=uˈuri 'he died' in [Backstrom 1992: 259].
Hunza Burushaski:=iˈr-1
Berger 1998: III, 214. Present tense stem: =iˈr-ɕ-. Altogether, Berger's dictionary adduces more than a dozen (!) possible equivalents for the meaning 'to die', which indicates the strong tendency of this word to be replaced by euphemisms. All of these verbs and idiomatic expressions, however, either have a clearly different original meaning (e. g. 'to go'), or are borrowed from neighboring languages. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar i=ˈir-imi 'he died' in [Backstrom 1992: 259].
Number:18
Word:dog
Yasin Burushaski:huk1
Berger 1974: 152. Plural form: huk-ˈa. Quoted as huk in [Backstrom 1992: 251].
Hunza Burushaski:huk1
Berger 1998: III, 203. Plural form: huk-ˈai ~ huk-ˈanc (the latter only in the Nagar dialect). Cf. also dˈada 'dog' (in children's speech) [Berger 1998: III, 108]. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar huk in [Backstrom 1992: 251].
Number:19
Word:drink
Yasin Burushaski:men-1
Berger 1974: 165. Present tense stem: mˈi-. Quoted as mɛn-ˈɛ 'drink!' (imperative) in [Backstrom 1992: 258].
Hunza Burushaski:min-1
Berger 1998: III, 288. Present tense stem: miˈi-. Polysemy: 'to drink / to smoke'. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar min-ˈɛ 'drink!' (imperative) in [Backstrom 1992: 258].
Number:20
Word:dry
Yasin Burushaski:bu-m ~ bu-yˈam1
Berger 1974: 135. Both forms are derived from the verbal stem bˈu- 'to be dry, to dry up' [ibid.]. Another phonetically similar form with a not nearly as transparent derivational pattern is bˈei 'dry' [Berger 1974: 133]. Finally, an entirely different synonym, also in the meaning 'dry' (as well as 'thirsty'), is listed as qaq in [Berger 1974: 172]. Comparison with the other dialects, where this word is only attested as 'hungry', shows that in Yasin, its meaning of 'dry' may be a relict archaism. Quoted as bi-yˈʌm in [Backstrom 1992: 254].
Hunza Burushaski:bˈuɻ-1
Berger 1998: III, 67. Verbal stem ('to be dry'). Present tense stem: bˈuɻ-c̢-. Cf. the derived stem bu-m- in bˈu-m-kuʂ 'dryness' [ibid.]. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar y=uˈuɻ-um 'dry' in [Backstrom 1992: 254] (with elision of the initial consonant after a prefix).
Number:21
Word:ear
Yasin Burushaski:=ltˈumal1
Berger 1974: 162. Plural form: =ltˈumal-iŋ. Without the possessive prefix, the simple form is tˈumal. Quoted as tˈumal ~ gu=ɬtˈumʌl (the latter form is 'your ear') in [Backstrom 1992: 243].
Hunza Burushaski:=ltˈumal1
Berger 1998: III, 269. Plural form: =ltˈumal-iŋ. Quoted as Hunza ı=ltˈumal, Nagar ı=ltˈumʌl in [Backstrom 1992: 243].
Number:22
Word:earth
Yasin Burushaski:tik1
Berger 1974: 181. Y-class. Polysemy: 'earth / ground / rust'. Quasi-synonyms, most likely in the meaning 'land; Earth', include zamˈin ~ zemˈin (borrowed from Urdu) [Berger 1974: 188] and ˈardi 'earth, surface' [Berger 1974: 130] (borrowed from Khowar).
Hunza Burushaski:tik1
Berger 1998: III, 425. Y-class. Polysemy: 'earth / ground / rust'. Distinct from birdˈi 'Earth' (as opposed to 'Heaven') [Berger 1998: III, 54] and the Urdu borrowing zamˈiin 'land, earth' [Berger 1998: III, 482].
Number:23
Word:eat
Yasin Burushaski:=ʂˈi-1
Berger 1974: 179. Present tense stem: =ʂˈi-c̢-. Morphophonological variants of the stem include =ʂˈu- and =ʆˈe-, depending on the agreement class and the singularity / plurality of the object. Quoted as ʂe 'eat!' (imperative) in [Backstrom 1992: 258].
Hunza Burushaski:=ʂˈi-1
Berger 1998: I, 128; III, 393. Present tense stem: =ʂˈi-c̢-. Morphophonological variants of the stem include =ʂˈu- and =ʆˈe-, depending on the agreement class and the singularity / plurality of the object. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar ʂi 'eat!' (imperative) in [Backstrom 1992: 258].
Number:24
Word:egg
Yasin Burushaski:ʈiŋˈan1
Berger 1974: 183. Plural form: ʈiŋˈa-yu. Quoted as tiŋˈʌn in [Backstrom 1992: 250].
Hunza Burushaski:ʈiŋˈan1
Berger 1998: III, 446. Plural form: ʈiŋˈa-yo. The Nagar forms are: ʈigˈan, pl. ʈigˈa-yo. The short form ʈiŋ is also attested in the plural meaning, but only in a handful of compounds (e. g. ʈˈiŋ-e waʈ 'eggshells'). Quoted as Hunza tiŋˈʌn, Nagar tigˈʌn ~ tiyˈʌn in [Backstrom 1992: 250].
Number:25
Word:eye
Yasin Burushaski:=lɕi-1
Berger 1974: 161. Plural form: =lɕi-mu. Quoted as 'ı=ɬčın in [Backstrom 1992: 243].
Hunza Burushaski:=lɕin1
Berger 1998: III, 264. Plural form: =lɕu-muc (Nagar =lɕi-muc). Quoted as Hunza, Nagar ˈı=lčin in [Backstrom 1992: 243].
Number:26
Word:fat n.
Yasin Burushaski:bes1
Berger 1974: 133. Plural form: beʆ-ˈu ~ beʆ-ˈo. Distinct from del 'oil; melted fat', borrowed from Urdu [Berger 1974: 141]. Quoted as bɛs in [Backstrom 1992: 250].
Hunza Burushaski:bis1
Berger 1998: III, 55. Plural form: biʆ-ˈo ~ biʆ-ˈoŋo. Distinct from del 'oil; melted fat', borrowed from Urdu [Berger 1974: 117]. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar bis in [Backstrom 1992: 250].
Number:27
Word:feather
Yasin Burushaski:pʰolʁˈo1
Berger 1974: 171. Plural form: pʰolʁˈo-c̢iŋ.
Hunza Burushaski:pʰulʁˈuuɻ1
Berger 1998: III, 335. Plural form: pʰulʁˈuu-c̢iŋ. Nagar forms: pʰurʁˈuuɻ, pl. pʰurʁˈuu-c̢aŋ. Cf. also gambˈuri 'feather-bush; tuft, tussock' [Berger 1998: III, 144] (possibly borrowed from Shina).
Number:28
Word:fire
Yasin Burushaski:pʰu1
Berger 1974: 171. Plural form: pʰu-ˈiŋ. Quoted as pфu in [Backstrom 1992: 248].
Hunza Burushaski:pʰu1
Berger 1998: III, 334. Plural form: pʰu-mˈiŋ (Nagar: pʰˈu-miŋ). Quoted as Hunza pʰu ~ pфu, Nagar pфu in [Backstrom 1992: 248].
Number:29
Word:fish
Yasin Burushaski:ɕˈumu1
Berger 1974: 139. Plural form: ɕˈumu-mu ~ ɕˈumu-yu. Borrowed from Shina (cf. Shina čʰimu id.). Quoted as čʰˈumo in [Backstrom 1992: 250].
Hunza Burushaski:ɕʰˈumo1
Berger 1998: III, 101. Plural form is either the same as sg. or with an extra marker: ɕʰˈumo-muc. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar čʰˈumo in [Backstrom 1992: 250].
Number:30
Word:fly v.
Yasin Burushaski:du=wˈal-1
Berger 1974: 185. Present tense stem: du=wˈal-ɕ-. Initial du= is a dysfunctional prefix found in many Burushaski verbs. Quoted as du=wal-čʋm bi "(the bird) flies" in [Backstrom 1992: 259].
Hunza Burushaski:du=wˈal-1
Berger 1998: III, 463. Present tense stem: du=wˈal-ʓ-. Initial du= is a dysfunctional prefix found in many Burushaski verbs. Cf. also the idiomatic expression tar dˈel- ~ tʰar del- 'to fly', literally 'to tar-hit', where tar < Shina tʰar 'to fly'. Quoted as Hunza du=wˈal-ǯibi "(the bird) flies" in [Backstrom 1992: 259]. For Nagar, the same source lists hart as the main equivalent, but this form is listed as hart man- 'to spring up' [Berger 1998: III, 259] and is most likely the result of a semantic inaccuracy (= 'to rise, fly up' rather than 'to fly'?).
Number:31
Word:foot
Yasin Burushaski:=hˈuʈi-s1
Berger 1974: 153. Plural form: =hˈuʈi-ŋ.
Hunza Burushaski:=ˈuʈi-s1
Berger 1998: III, 460. X-class. Plural form: =ˈuʈi-ŋ. The suffix-less form of this stem is also attested: =ˈuʈ 'foot; step' (the simpler form seems to have a more general / abstract meaning than the strictly anatomic term =ˈuʈi-s).
Number:32
Word:full
Yasin Burushaski:hek1
Berger 1974: 151.
Hunza Burushaski:hik1
Berger 1998: III, 198. Cf. also such potential synonyms as: (a) bil ~ bir 'full' [Berger 1998: III, 52] (according to Berger, applied to rivers rather than vessels, and therefore not eligible for inclusion); (b) ʂek 'full' [Berger 1998: III, 407]: semantic difference from hik is unclear - the word could be a borrowing from Shina ʂak 'full', but, apparently, the Shina word itself does not have any internal etymology, so the reverse direction is also possible; (c) trap ~ trup 'whole, full, complete' [Berger 1998: III, 430]. It is impossible to decide whether hek, ʂek, or trap should be considered the "most basic" equivalent for 'full', so, until a more precise semantic description is available, we choose hik as the variant with the best external parallels.
Number:33
Word:give
Yasin Burushaski:=ˈu-1
Berger 1974: 184. Present tense stem: =ˈu-ɕ-. This stem is used in conjunction with h-class and x-class objects. Quoted as a=ˈu 'give!' (imperative; actually = 'give me', with the dative 1st p. sg. prefix) in [Backstrom 1992: 259].
Hunza Burushaski:=ˈu-1
Berger 1998: III, 453. Present tense stem: =ˈu-ɕ-. This stem is used in conjunction with h-class and x-class objects. Quoted as Hunza ʓ=oˈo, Nagar ʓ=ʌˈo 'give!' in [Backstrom 1992: 259] (where ʓ= is the dative 1st p. sg. prefix, i. e. = 'give me'; see [Berger 1998: I, 92] for details).
Number:33
Word:give
Yasin Burushaski:=ɕˈi-2
Berger 1974: 139. Present tense stem: =ɕˈi-ɕ-. This stem is used in conjunction with y-class objects in the singular number. The corresponding suppletive stem for y-class plural objects is =ʁˈon-, present tense stem =ʁˈoi- [Berger 1974: 148].
Hunza Burushaski:=ɕʰˈi-2
Berger 1998: III, 99. Present tense stem: =ɕʰˈi-ɕ-. This stem is used in conjunction with y-class objects in the singular number. The corresponding suppletive stem for y-class plural objects is =ʁˈun-, present tense stem =ʁˈui- [Berger 1998: III, 179].
Number:34
Word:good
Yasin Burushaski:ʆuˈa1
Berger 1974: 178. Polysemy: 'good / healthy / rich'. Presumably borrowed from Shina (cf. Shina šo 'good'). Judging by the examples and derivates, this seems to be the most standard equivalent for the basic meaning 'good' in Yasin. Potential synonyms include: (a) mˈariŋ 'good, fine, noble' [Berger 1974: 164] and χa 'good, pure (of people or fairies)' [Berger 1974: 159]. Quoted as šua in [Backstrom 1992: 254].
Hunza Burushaski:ʆuˈa1
Berger 1998: III, 397. Polysemy: 'good / healthy'. See notes on Yasin. Potential synonyms include: (a) daltˈas 'good (of things and people) / pretty / healthy' [Berger 1998: III, 112]; (b) raŋ-ˈilo 'good (of person, land)' [Berger 1998: III, 363] (derived from raŋ 'color; blood'). Quoted as Hunza, Nagar šua in [Backstrom 1992: 254].
Number:35
Word:green
Yasin Burushaski:iʂqˈa-m1
Berger 1974: 154. Polysemy: 'green / blue'. The word is transparently derived from iʂqˈa 'grass' [ibid.].
Hunza Burushaski:ʂiqˈa-m1
Berger 1998: III, 408. Plural form: ʂiqˈa-m-iʆo ~ ʂiqˈa-m-iŋ. Polysemy: 'green / blue'. The word is transparently derived from ʂiqˈa 'grass' [ibid.]. Cf. also: diŋ 'green / blue / lapis lazuli' [Berger 1998: III, 119] (the latter word obviously refers to 'blue' rather than 'green', due to its association with 'lapis lazuli' rather than 'grass').
Number:36
Word:hair
Yasin Burushaski:=ʁˈoyaŋ #1
Berger 1974: 149. Slightly dubious, since Berger lists the meaning as 'female hair' ('Frauenhaar'). However: (a) lexical distinction between 'male hair' and 'female hair' is typologically rare and not attested in any other source on any Burushaski dialect; (b) in [Backstrom 1992: 243], the form ɣoyʌŋ ~ ɣuyeŋ is listed as the default equivalent for 'hair'; (c) in Berger's own Yasin dictionary, no better candidate is available for the collective meaning 'hair of head'. Cf.: (a) bur, pl. bur-iˈaŋ ~ bur-iˈaiŋ [Berger 1974: 135], meaning glossed as 'single hair' (sg.), 'body hair' (pl.; both are ineligible meanings); (b) biʆkˈe 'fur, hair (of animals); body hair (of people)' [Berger 1974: 134]. It is quite likely that Berger's 'female hair' is an accidental narrowing on the author's part due to specific textual usage.
Hunza Burushaski:ʁuyˈaŋ1
Berger 1998: III, 183. Y-class. Meaning glossed as 'head hair'. The form is plural in itself, but an extra marked form also exists: ʁuyˈaŋ-iɕiŋ (Nagar ʁuyˈaŋ-iɕaŋ). Distinct from bur '(single) hair (of people and animals)' [Berger 1998: III, 63], plural form: bur-iˈaŋ ~ bur-ˈaŋ (Nagar bur-ˈeŋ). Cf. also biʆkˈe 'hair (of animals)' [Berger 1998: III, 56]. Quoted as Hunza ʁuyʌŋ ~ i=ˈɣuyʌŋ, Nagar ʁuyʌŋ in [Backstrom 1992: 243].
Berger 1998: III, 364. Plural form: =rˈiiŋ-ɕiŋ (Nagar =rˈiiŋ-ɕaŋ).
Number:38
Word:head
Yasin Burushaski:=yˈaʈe-s1
Berger 1974: 187. Plural form: =yˈaʈeʆ-u. Polysemy: 'head / ear (of grain)'. Formally derived from yˈaʈe 'above, over'. Cf. the synonym: kapˈal 'head, skull' (borrowed from Dardic languages). Quoted as yˈʌʈı-s ~ yˈʌʈi-s in [Backstrom 1992: 243].
Hunza Burushaski:=yˈaʈi-s1
Berger 1998: III, 478. Plural form: =yˈaʈu-muc. Polysemy: 'head / mountain top / chief' (the meaning 'chief' only in the Nagar dialect). Cf. the synonym: gapˈal 'head, skull' (also kapˈal in the Hunza dialect, but not in Nagar; borrowed from Dardic languages). Quoted as Hunza yˈaʈı-s, Nagar yˈʌʈı-s in [Backstrom 1992: 243].
Number:39
Word:hear
Yasin Burushaski:d=yal-1
Berger 1974: 186. Polysemy: 'to hear / to smell'. Present tense stem: d=yal-ɕ-. Initial d= is a desemanticized verbal prefix.
Hunza Burushaski:d=yal-1
Berger 1998: III, 471. Polysemy: 'to hear / to understand'.
Berger 1998: III, 368. Plural form: =s-umuc. Polysemy: 'heart / soul'. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar ɛ=s in [Backstrom 1992: 245].
Number:41
Word:horn
Yasin Burushaski:tur1
Berger 1974: 182. Plural form: tur-iˈaŋ.
Hunza Burushaski:tur1
Berger 1998: III, 270. Plural form: tur-iˈaŋ ~ tur-ˈeŋ. The prefixal variant is =ltˈur, pl. =ltˈur-iaŋ. Cf. also Hunza, Nagar tˈur-um, Nagar only tur 'horn (as a musical instrument)' [Berger 1998: III, 433]. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar tur in [Backstrom 1992: 251].
Number:42
Word:I
Yasin Burushaski:ʓa1
Berger 1974: 154. A different morpheme is represented by the pronominal possessive prefix a- [Berger 1974: 25]. Quoted as ǯʌ in [Backstrom 1992: 260].
Hunza Burushaski:ʓe1
Berger 1998: III, 226. Genitive/ergative: ʓˈaa. Emphatic form: ʓˈei ~ ʓeʓˈei. A different morpheme is represented by the pronominal possessive prefix a- [Berger 1998: III, 9]. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar ǯɛ in [Backstrom 1992: 260].
Number:43
Word:kill
Yasin Burushaski:=s=qan-1
Berger 1974: 176. Present tense stem: =s=qai-. A weakly productive (cf. 'to burn') causative derivation from the verbal root =qan-, which is also found in the intransitive stem du=ʁˈan- 'to become useless; to be tired' [Berger 1974: 147]. Synonym: d=l- 'to hit; to kill; to meet, encounter' [Berger 1974: 161], a verb with a very wide semantic range of application, including grammaticalized functions, and hardly the most basic equivalent for 'kill' in Burushaski.
Hunza Burushaski:=s=qan-1
Berger 1998: III, 383. Present tense stem: =s=qai-. A weakly productive (cf. 'to burn') causative derivation from the verbal root =qan-, which is also found in the intransitive stem du=ʁˈan- 'to become useless; to be tired' [Berger 1998: III, 169]. Cf. also a few secondary synonyms: (a) ɕam- ~ ɕim-ɕˈam- 'to cut (branches for firewood); to kill' [Berger 1998: III, 83, 88]; (b) ɕipˈiʈ- 'to kill' [Berger 1998: III, 89] (apparently, a rare form). Also, as in Yasin, the semantically complex verb d=l- 'to hit; to meet, encounter; etc.' [Berger 1998: III, 259] has 'to kill' as one of the secondary meanings.
Number:44
Word:knee
Yasin Burushaski:=nˈuŋus1
Berger 1974: 167. Plural form: =nˈuŋuʆ-u.
Hunza Burushaski:=dˈumus ~ =dˈumuc1
Berger 1998: III, 125. Plural form: =dˈumus-ɕo.
Number:45
Word:know
Yasin Burushaski:=hˈen-1
Berger 1974: 151. Present tense stem: =hˈei-.
Hunza Burushaski:=hˈen-1
Berger 1998: III, 196. Present tense stem: =hˈei-.
Number:46
Word:leaf
Yasin Burushaski:tap1
Berger 1974: 180. Plural form: tap-ˈoŋ ~ tap-oɕiŋ. The original root-initial sequence was probably lt-, as seen in the verb du=ltˈap-i- 'to wither' [Berger 1974: 162]. Quoted as tʌp in [Backstrom 1992: 248].
Hunza Burushaski:kʰiɻ2
Berger 1998: III, 256. Plural form: kʰiɻ-ˈaŋ (in Nagar, only attested as a plurale tantum: kʰi-ˈaŋ 'leaf, foliage'). Quoted as Hunza kʰiː ~ kʰiɻ, Nagar kʰiɻ in [Backstrom 1992: 248]. The same source also lists the form tʌp for both dialects in the meaning 'leaf'. However, in [Berger 1998: III, 420] the Hunza/Nagar word tap is assigned the more narrow meaning 'small leaf, leaf of flower (e. g. clover)'; we trust this (presumably expert) judgement.
Number:47
Word:lie
Yasin Burushaski:guɕˈa- #1
Berger 1974: 146. Meaning glossed as the dynamic verb 'to lie down (to sleep)'; it is not clear whether this is also the correct equivalent for the static verb 'to lie'. Present tense stem: guɕˈa-ɕ-.
Hunza Burushaski:guɕʰˈa-1
Berger 1998: III, 158. Meaning glossed as dynamic: 'to lie down / go to sleep'; however, the perfective forms of the paradigm are assigned the static meaning 'to lie, sleep'. Present tense stem: guɕʰˈa-ɕ-.
Number:48
Word:liver
Yasin Burushaski:ken1
Berger 1974: 157. Plural form: ken-iŋ.
Hunza Burushaski:=kin1
Berger 1998: III, 245. Plural form: =kim-iŋ (Hunza), =kin-iŋ (Nagar).
Number:49
Word:long
Yasin Burushaski:ʁusˈan-um1
Berger 1974: 149. Plural form: ʁusˈa-yu. Polysemy: 'long / snake'. Quoted as ɣosˈan-um in [Backstrom 1992: 254].
Hunza Burushaski:ʁusˈan-um1
Berger 1998: III, 181. Plural form: ʁusˈa-iko (Hunza), ʁusˈa-yako (Nagar). Polysemy: 'long / snake' (the plural form of the substantive 'snake' is ʁusˈan-um-iʆo). Cf. also lˈamba 'long' [Berger 1998: III, 261] (borrowed from Urdu lambaː). Quoted as Hunza, Nagar ʁosˈan-um ~ ɣosˈan-um in [Backstrom 1992: 254].
Number:50
Word:louse
Yasin Burushaski:kʰarˈu1
Berger 1974: 158. X-class; plurale tantum (also attested as a double plural form: kʰarˈu-mu).
Hunza Burushaski:kʰarˈuu1
Berger 1998: III, 252. Plural form same as sg. or doubled: kʰarˈuu-muc. Cf. also ˈapo 'louse' (in children's speech) [Berger 1998: III, 19].
Number:51
Word:man
Yasin Burushaski:hiˈr1
Berger 1974: 152. Polysemy: 'man / husband'. Plural form: hur-ˈi ~ hur-ˈi-kia. Quoted as hır in [Backstrom 1992: 251].
Hunza Burushaski:hir1
Berger 1998: III, 200. Polysemy: 'man / male (of animals)'. Plural form: hir-ˈi (Hunza), hir-ˈikanc (Nagar). Quoted as Hunza, Nagar hır ~ hir in [Backstrom 1992: 251].
Number:52
Word:many
Yasin Burushaski:buʈ1
Berger 1974: 136. Polysemy: 'many / very'. Quoted as buʈʰ in [Backstrom 1992: 258].
Hunza Burushaski:buʈ1
Berger 1998: III, 65. Polysemy: 'many / very'. Several other equivalents for 'many' are all borrowings from Urdu: abˈaːt [Berger 1998: III, 11], aksˈar [Berger 1998: III, 14]. Cf. also zˈaqan 'a multitude of; many' [Berger 1998: III, 483]. Quoted as Hunza buʈ, Nagar buʈʰ in [Backstrom 1992: 258].
Number:53
Word:meat
Yasin Burushaski:ɕap1
Berger 1974: 138. Plural form: ɕap-ˈiŋ ~ ɕap-ˈiɕiŋ. Quoted as Yasin čʰʌp in [Backstrom 1992: 250].
Hunza Burushaski:ɕʰap1
Berger 1998: III, 97. Plural form: ɕʰap-ˈiɕaŋ ~ ɕʰap-ˈiŋ (also ɕʰap-mˈiŋ in Hunza). Cf. also ɕaɕa, in Hunza also ɕiɕi 'meat' (in children's speech). Quoted as Hunza, Nagar čʰʌp in [Backstrom 1992: 250].
Number:54
Word:moon
Yasin Burushaski:halˈanc1
Berger 1974: 149. X-class. Quoted as halˈʌnc ~ halˈʌnz in [Backstrom 1992: 246].
Hunza Burushaski:halˈanc1
Berger 1998: III, 187. Plural form: halˈanc-iʆo. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar halˈʌnc in [Backstrom 1992: 246].
Number:55
Word:mountain
Yasin Burushaski:ɕiʂ1
Berger 1974: 139. Plural form: ɕiʂ-kˈo. Berger defines this word as a borrowing from Shina (Shina čʰĩːʂ 'mountain'), but the Shina word has no reliable Indo-European or even Proto-Dardic etymology; hence, the reverse direction of borrowing is more probable.
Hunza Burushaski:ɕʰiʂ1
Berger 1998: III, 100. Plural form: ɕʰiʂ-kˈo. Meaning glossed as 'mountain, hill'. See notes on Yasin Burushaski. Cf. also ɕʰar, pl. ɕʰar-kˈo 'cliff; rocky mountain' [Berger 1998: III, 97]; pahˈaaʈ 'mountain' [Berger 1998: III, 310] (borrowed from Urdu).
Number:56
Word:mouth
Yasin Burushaski:=xˈat ~ =xat1
Berger 1974: 160. Plural form: =xˈat-iŋ ~ =xat-ˈiŋ. Quoted as xʌt ~ i=xˈʌt in [Backstrom 1992: 244].
Hunza Burushaski:=qʰˈat1
Berger 1998: III, 354. Plural form: =qʰˈat-iŋ. Quoted as Hunza ʌ=kʰˈʌt ~ i=xˈʌt ~ i=qʰˈʌt ~ i=qʰˈat ~ ʌ=qʰˈʌt, Nagar i=qʰˈʌt ~ ı=qʰˈʌt in [Backstrom 1992: 244].
Number:57
Word:name
Yasin Burushaski:=yˈek1
Berger 1974: 187. Plural form: =yˈek-iŋ ~ =yˈek-iɕiŋ. Quoted as yık in [Backstrom 1992: 251].
Hunza Burushaski:=ˈik1
Berger 1998: III, 211. Plural form: =iɕ-iŋ. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar i=ˈik in [Backstrom 1992: 251].
Berger 1998: III, 402. Plural form: =ʂ-umuc. Polysemy: 'neck / nape'. Distinct from buk 'throat, front part of neck; neck in general' [Berger 1998: III, 61].
Number:59
Word:new
Yasin Burushaski:tʰoʂ1
Berger 1974: 183. Plural form: tʰuˈa. Polysemy: 'new / fresh'. Secondary synonym: hasˈil 'real, new, fresh' (borrowed from Urdu). Quoted as tʰoʂ in [Backstrom 1992: 254].
Hunza Burushaski:tʰoʂ1
Berger 1998: III, 441. Plural form: tʰuˈaa-ŋ ~ tʰuˈaa-nc [Berger 1998: III, 441]. Polysemy: 'new / fresh'. Cf. also taazˈa, with polysemy: 'fresh / new / healthy' [Berger 1998: III, 414], borrowed from Urdu taːzah; this word seems less statistically frequent, especially in the meaning 'new'. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar tʰoʂ in [Backstrom 1992: 254].
Number:60
Word:night
Yasin Burushaski:tʰap1
Berger 1974: 183. Plural form: tʰap-ˈiŋ. Polysemy: 'night / dark'. Quoted as tʰʌp in [Backstrom 1992: 253].
Hunza Burushaski:tʰap1
Berger 1998: III, 437. Plural form: tʰap-ˈiɕaŋ (Hunza), tʰap-ˈiŋ (Nagar). Quoted as Hunza, Nagar tʰʌp in [Backstrom 1992: 253].
Number:61
Word:nose
Yasin Burushaski:=muʆ1
Berger 1974: 166. Plural form: =muʆ-mu. Polysemy: 'nose / snot / edge' (in the meaning 'edge', the word is used without possessive prefixes). Quoted as muš in [Backstrom 1992: 244].
Hunza Burushaski:=mˈu-pu-ʂ1
Berger 1998: III, 294. Plural form: =mupu-yanc. Berger is probably correct in identifying the first part of this compound as equal with muʆ 'end, edge' [Berger 1998: III, 295], but his attempt to analyze the second part as a reflex of baʈ 'skin' [Berger 1998: III, 44] cannot be taken seriously. Quoted as Hunza i=mˈupuʂ, Nagar i=mˈupʋʂ in [Backstrom 1992: 244].
Number:62
Word:not
Yasin Burushaski:aˈi- ~ ay- ~ ~ a-1
Berger 1974: 33, 129. This basic negation functions as a verbal prefix; the fully accented form aˈi- is analyzed by Berger as the default variant, while the others are contracted variants, usually determined by the vocalic onsets of the verbal stem.
Hunza Burushaski:a-1
Berger 1998: I, 106; III, 9. Verbal prefix of negation, encountered before (voiced) stops; represented by the variant oˈo- in other forms.
Number:63
Word:one
Yasin Burushaski:he-1
Berger 1974: 151. Actual forms of the stem depend on the class: h-class = hen, x-class and y-class = han, z-class = hek. The most typical root allomorph is therefore established as he-. Quoted as hʌn in [Backstrom 1992: 255].
Hunza Burushaski:hi-1
Berger 1998: I, 100. Actual forms of the stem depend on the class: h-class = hin, x-class and y-class = han, z-class = hik (hi- in complex forms). The most typical root allomorph is therefore established as hi-. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar hʌn in [Backstrom 1992: 255].
Number:64
Word:person
Yasin Burushaski:ses1
Berger 1974: 175. Plural form: ses-ek. The form is glossed in Berger's dictionary under the meaning 'people', whereas the sg. meaning 'man (human being)' corresponds to the Urdu (ultimately Arabic) borrowing aːdˈem [Berger 1974: 129]; cf., however, hen sˈes-en 'one person', indicating that the root ses- is clearly usable in the sg. number as well.
Hunza Burushaski:sis1
Berger 1998: III, 380. This h-class form generally has a collective meaning ('people'); the singular sˈis-an 'man, person' is formed from the same root. Several other words are also attested in the dictionary with the meaning 'person', all of them borrowings: bandˈa [Berger 1998: III, 36] (from Urdu), insˈaan [Berger 1998: III, 214] (from Urdu, ultimately from Arabic). It is not clear which of these words has a more "basic" function in modern dialects.
Number:65
Word:rain
Yasin Burushaski:harˈalt1
Berger 1974: 150. Plural form: harˈalt-iŋ. Polysemy: 'rain / rainclouds' (see under 'cloud'). Secondary synonym: daˈu 'rain' [Berger 1974: 141] - the difference between these two words is unknown, but only harˈalt has external connections. Entirely different word listed under the meaning 'rain' in [Backstrom 1992: 247]: diyˈaarč ~ diˈyaarč-um (no parallels in Berger's data; etymologically obscure).
Hunza Burushaski:harˈalt1
Berger 1998: III, 192. Plural form: harˈalt-iŋ. Polysemy: 'rain / rainclouds'. Quoted as Hunza harˈalt ~ harˈʌlt, Nagar harˈʌlt in [Backstrom 1992: 247].
Number:66
Word:red
Yasin Burushaski:bˈard-um1
Berger 1974: 132. Quoted as bˈaard-um in [Backstrom 1992: 255].
Hunza Burushaski:bˈaard-um1
Berger 1998: III, 27. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar bˈaard-um in [Backstrom 1992: 255].
Number:67
Word:road
Yasin Burushaski:gan1
Berger 1974: 144. Plural form: gan-ˈiŋ. Polysemy: 'way / path'. Quoted as gʌn in [Backstrom 1992: 247].
Hunza Burushaski:gan1
Berger 1998: III, 145. Plural form: gan-ˈeŋ (also gan-ˈiŋ in Hunza). Quoted as Hunza, Nagar gʌn in [Backstrom 1992: 247].
Number:68
Word:root
Yasin Burushaski:cerˈeʂ1
Berger 1974: 137. Plural form: cerˈeh-aŋ. Quoted as cırˈıʂ in [Backstrom 1992: 248].
Hunza Burushaski:cʰirˈiʂ1
Berger 1998: III, 78. Plural form: cʰir-ˈaaŋ. Cf. also gamˈun 'lower part; root, stump (of tree)' [Berger 1998: III, 145] (hardly eligible for inclusion, since the basic semantics of the word is that of 'lower part'). Quoted as Hunza cırˈiʂ ~ cʰırˈiʂ, Nagar cırˈiʂ ~ cirˈiʂ in [Backstrom 1992: 248].
Number:69
Word:round
Yasin Burushaski:pinɖˈoro-1
Berger 1974: 169. Borrowed from Khowar pinɖoru. Another synonym, with an even less clear origin, is latˈukures 'round' [Berger 1974: 161].
Hunza Burushaski:biɖˈiro ~ biɖirˈ-iko-1
Berger 1998: III, 51. Allegedly borrowed from Shina biɖíìro (related to Khowar pinɖoru, the source for the Yasin equivalent).
Number:70
Word:sand
Yasin Burushaski:sˈau1
Berger 1974: 175. Plural form: sˈau-miŋ. Quoted as sao in [Backstrom 1992: 247].
Hunza Burushaski:sˈao1
Berger 1998: III, 374. Y-class. Plural form: sˈao-miŋ. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar sao in [Backstrom 1992: 247].
Number:71
Word:say
Yasin Burushaski:sˈen-1
Berger 1974: 175. Present tense stem: sˈi-. The meaning 'say' is also specified for the monoconsonantal verbal root =t- [Berger 1974: 179], but it is really quite semantically diffuse, and its primary meaning seems to be 'to do, to make', so it is hardly eligible as the basic equivalent for 'say'.
Hunza Burushaski:=s-1
Berger 1998: III, 368. Present tense stem: =ʆ-. Imperative: =s-o. Meaning glossed as 'to say to (smbd.)'; the meaning 'to say; to name' is glossed as sˈen-, present tense stem sˈei- [Berger 1998: III, 377] - most likely, a suffixal extension of the simple =s-.
Number:72
Word:see
Yasin Burushaski:=yˈec-1
Berger 1974: 187. Present tense stem: =yˈeʆ-. The verbal root =ʁˈan-, also listed in [Berger 1974: 218] as a potential equivalent for 'to see', actually means 'to look' first and foremost [Berger 1974: 147].
Hunza Burushaski:=yeˈec-1
Berger 1998: III, 477. Present tense stem: =yeˈeʆ-. (In Nagar, cf. also the root variant yoˈoc- with plural objects of the hx-class). The compound verb kʰˈiil man- [Berger 1998: III, 254] is also glossed as 'to see', but this is only one of the glossed meanings: the more accurate glossing is 'to look, observe, show'.
Number:73
Word:seed
Yasin Burushaski:ʁonˈo1
Berger 1974: 148. Polysemy: 'seed / sperm'. X-class plurale tantum, also attested in double plural variant: ʁonˈo-mu.
Hunza Burushaski:ʁunˈo1
Berger 1998: III, 180. Plural form: ʁunˈo-nc. Polysemy: 'seed / sperm' (x-class in the former, y-class in the latter meaning).
Number:74
Word:sit
Yasin Burushaski:hurˈuʈ-1
Berger 1974: 153. Present tense stem: hurˈuʆ-. Meaning glossed as both the static ('to sit') and the dynamic ('to sit down') verb. Quoted as hurˈuʈ 'sit!' (imperative) in [Backstrom 1992: 258].
Hunza Burushaski:hurˈuʈ-1
Berger 1998: III, 207. Present tense stem: hurˈuʆ- (hurˈu-ɕa- with plural subjects). Meaning glossed as both the static ('to sit') and the dynamic ('to sit down') verb. Quoted as Hunza uru ~ huru, Nagar hurˈu ~ uru-ʈʰ 'sit!' (imperative) in [Backstrom 1992: 258].
Number:75
Word:skin
Yasin Burushaski:
Not attested. For some reason, Berger's dictionary only lists such words as gap '(raw) animal hide' [Berger 1974: 144] and baʈ 'pelt; leather' [Berger 1974: 133]; it is not clear if either of them is applicable to humans. In [Backstrom 1992: 245], bʌʈ is listed as the basic equivalent for 'skin'.
Hunza Burushaski:baʈ1
Berger 1998: III, 44. Plural form: baʈ-ˈoŋo. The prefixal stem variant in Nagar is =wˈaʈ, pl. =wˈaʈ-iŋ. Meaning glossed as 'skin (of people and animals), leather; shape (that one can take by magic)'. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar bʌʈ in [Backstrom 1992: 245].
Number:76
Word:sleep
Yasin Burushaski:daŋ #1
Berger 1974: 141. Dubious. The form daŋ (according to Berger, borrowed from Khowar) is in itself a noun ('sleep'), but may be employed in certain idiomatic constructions, e. g. daŋ ducˈu- 'to fall asleep' (literally = 'to bring sleep'). However, the static meaning 'to be asleep' is not attested as such in the dictionary. See also notes on 'to lie'.
Hunza Burushaski:guɕʰˈa-2
Berger 1998: III, 158. Same verb as 'to lie' q.v. (its perfective forms are used to denote the meaning 'to sleep'). The nominal stem daŋ 'sleep' [Berger 1998: III, 114] is used in various idiomatic expressions ('to be sleepy', 'sleepless', 'to go to sleep'), but not in the meaning 'to sleep' as such.
Number:77
Word:small
Yasin Burushaski:=ɕuɣun1
Berger 1974: 139. Quoted as ˈɛ=čoɣʋn in [Backstrom 1992: 255]. Cf. also ɕˈiki 'small' [Berger 1974: 139] (the difference between this word and =ɕuʁun is unclear, but it is only the latter form that is recognized as a suitable equivalent for 'small' by Backstrom as well). Cf. also pʰuk, glossed as 'a little (wood), a small (person)' [Berger 1974: 171].
Hunza Burushaski:ʓoʈ2
Berger 1998: III, 228. Meaning glossed as 'small; young (of people)'. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar ǯoʈ in [Backstrom 1992: 255]. Cf. also: abˈoko 'small, weak (of animals and people)' [Berger 1998: III, 11]; balˈaa-patˈar 'small, inferior, insignificant' (from Shina 'rubbish') [Berger 1998: III, 33]; pˈito 'small (of children or horses)' [Berger 1998: III, 316]; and several other "quasi-synonyms" with limited distribution and somewhat narrow meanings.
Number:78
Word:smoke
Yasin Burushaski:tʰas1
Berger 1974: 183. Plural form: tʰaʆ-iŋ. Quoted as tʰʌs in [Backstrom 1992: 248].
Hunza Burushaski:tʰas1
Berger 1998: III, 438. Plural form: tʰas-mˈiŋ. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar tʰʌs in [Backstrom 1992: 248].
Number:79
Word:stand
Yasin Burushaski:cak1
Berger 1974: 136. More precisely, cak is an adjectival form ('standing upright'), and the verbal meaning 'to stand (upright)' is rendered by the compound expression cak =man-, literally 'to be/come/ standing'.
Hunza Burushaski:ca ~ ca-ʈ1
Berger 1998: III, 70. More precisely, the verbal meaning 'to stand (upright)' is rendered by the compound expression ca man- ~ caʈ man- (see notes on Yasin). Polysemy: 'to stand / to stop / to wait'.
Number:80
Word:star
Yasin Burushaski:asˈumun1
Berger 1974: 130. Plural form: asˈumuy-u. Quoted as asˈuumun in [Backstrom 1992: 247].
Hunza Burushaski:asiˈi1
Berger 1998: III, 21. Plural form: asiˈi-muc. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar asiˈi in [Backstrom 1992: 247].
Number:81
Word:stone
Yasin Burushaski:dan1
Berger 1974: 141. Plural form: dan-ʓˈo. Quoted as dʌn in [Backstrom 1992: 247].
Hunza Burushaski:dan1
Berger 1998: III, 113. Plural form: da-yˈo. Of all the numerous quasi-synonyms for 'stone' listed in [Berger 1998: III, 608], the only one exclusively translated as 'stone' in the main body of the dictionary is handˈo [Berger 1998: III, 189], which Berger tentatively deduces from *handayˈo < pl. form of han dan 'one stone'. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar dʌn in [Backstrom 1992: 247].
Number:82
Word:sun
Yasin Burushaski:sa1
Berger 1974: 173. Polysemy: 'sun / day'. X-class. Quoted as sa in [Backstrom 1992: 246].
Hunza Burushaski:sa1
Berger 1998: III, 368. Plural form: sa-muc. Polysemy: 'sun / day'. Quoted as Hunza sʌ ~ sa, Nagar sa in [Backstrom 1992: 246].
Berger 1998: III, 418. This is actually the main lexical morpheme in the compound expression tam dˈel- 'to wash, bathe, swim', where the meaning 'to swim' may be primary (cf. an analogous situation for the verb 'to fly'). Berger suggests borrowing from Shina tam, which is possible in the light of this form not representing a primary verbal stem; however, the Shina form itself lacks a proper etymology, and the ultimate direction of borrowing remains unclear.
Number:84
Word:tail
Yasin Burushaski:=ʆˈilan1
Berger 1974: 177. Plural form: =ʆˈilay-u. Quoted as šˈılʌn in [Backstrom 1992: 251].
Hunza Burushaski:=sˈumal2
Berger 1998: III, 385. Plural form: =sˈumal-iʆo. Quoted as Hunza ı=sˈumʌl ~ i=sˈumal, Nagar i=sˈumal in [Backstrom 1992: 251].
Number:85
Word:that
Yasin Burushaski:i-1
Berger 1974: 24. Distal deixis forms of the pronoun 'that' also function in Yasin as 3rd p. personal pronouns. The forms show numerous variants depending on the agreement class: cf. ne ~ in (hm-class sg.), mo ~ in (hf-class sg.), se ~ os (x-class sg.), te ~ ot (y-class sg.), we ~ u (hm/hf-class pl.), ce ~ oc (x-class pl.), ke ~ ok (x-class pl.). These all seem to be combinations of one or two monovocalic pronominal morphemes with various monoconsonantal class markers: the vowel -e, in particular, is segmentable from n-e, s-e, t-e etc., as one of these pronominal morphemes, but it is also present in the near deixis pronominal forms ('this') as well and is therefore not diagnostic of the meaning 'that'. The meaning in question is actually represented by the allomorphs i- ~ o- (in the VC-type forms) and the zero allomorph (in the CV-type forms); dialectal evidence suggests that i- is the primary allomorph. Quoted as sɛ in [Backstrom 1992: 257].
Hunza Burushaski:i-1
Berger 1998: I, 81. As in Yasin, the actual forms show numerous variants depending on the agreement class: cf. i-nˈe ~ in (h-class sg.), i-sˈe ~ es (x-class sg.), i-tˈe ~ et (y-class sg.), uˈe ~ u (h-class pl.), i-cˈe ~ ec (x-class pl.), i-kˈe ~ ek (x-class pl.). These alternations clearly show that i- is the primary allomorph with the meaning 'that' (sometimes alternating with e-). Quoted as Hunza isˈe, Nagar ɛsˈɛ in [Backstrom 1992: 257].
Number:86
Word:this
Yasin Burushaski:kʰu- / gu-1
Berger 1974: 24. The complete paradigm is as follows: kʰenˈe ~ kʰin (hm-class sg.), kʰomˈo (hf-class sg.), gusˈe ~ kʰos (x-class sg.), gutˈe ~ kʰot (y-class sg.), kʰuˈe ~ kʰu (hm/hf-class pl.), gucˈe (x-class pl.), gukˈe (y-class pl.). This shows that the distant deixis pronoun 'this' in Yasin is essentially the same as 'that' q.v. with an extra morpheme tacked on at the beginning, represented by two phonetically close variants. Tentatively, we segment these variants out as the primary "carriers" of the meaning 'this'. Quoted as gʋsˈɛ ~ gısˈɛ in [Backstrom 1992: 257].
Hunza Burushaski:kʰu- / gu-1
Berger 1998: I, 81. The complete paradigm is as follows: kʰinˈe ~ kʰin (h-class sg.), gusˈe ~ kʰos (x-class sg.), gutˈe ~ kʰot (y-class sg.), kʰuˈe ~ kʰu (h-class pl.), gucˈe ~ kʰoc (x-class pl.), gukˈe ~ kʰok (y-class pl.). See notes on Yasin for notes on how the primary morph was selected. Quoted as Hunza gusˈe, Nagar kusˈɛ in [Backstrom 1992: 257].
Number:87
Word:thou
Yasin Burushaski:un1
Berger 1974: 24. Quoted as uŋ in Lorimer's earlier data. A different morpheme is represented by the pronominal possessive prefix gu- [Berger 1974: 25], cf. also the genitive form go. Quoted as un in [Backstrom 1992: 260].
Hunza Burushaski:un1
Berger 1998: I, 80. This is the Hunza from; cf. also Nagar um, Altit uŋ. Cf. the genitive gˈoo, emphatic form gˈui. Quoted as Hunza un, Nagar um in [Backstrom 1992: 260].
Number:88
Word:tongue
Yasin Burushaski:=yˈuŋus1
Berger 1974: 187. Plural form: =yˈuŋuʆ-u. Quoted as yuˈuŋus ~ yuˈumus in [Backstrom 1992: 244].
Hunza Burushaski:=ˈumus1
Berger 1998: III, 455. Plural form: =ˈumuʆ-o. Polysemy: 'tongue / flame / lie (untruth)'. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar y=uˈumus in [Backstrom 1992: 244].
Number:89
Word:tooth
Yasin Burushaski:=mˈe1
Berger 1974: 165. Plural form: =mˈe-mu. Quoted as mɛ in [Backstrom 1992: 244].
Hunza Burushaski:=mˈe1
Berger 1998: III, 285. X-class. Singular and plural forms coincide. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar i=mˈɛ in [Backstrom 1992: 244].
Number:90
Word:tree
Yasin Burushaski:draχt-1
Berger 1974: 142. Plural form: draχt-iŋ. Borrowed from Urdu. Quoted as drʌxt in [Backstrom 1992: 248]. For a native Burushaski root, cf. hun, pl. hun-ˈiŋ 'wood, firewood' [Berger 1974: 152].
Hunza Burushaski:tom-1
Berger 1998: III, 428. Plural form: tom-ˈiɕaŋ (Nagar tom-ˈiŋ). Borrowed from Shina tom. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar tom in [Backstrom 1992: 248]. Cf. also darˈaqt [Berger 1998: III, 115], borrowed from Urdu; the Shina borrowing, due to its paradigm and statistical frequency, seems to be older in Hunza/Nagar than the Urdu form. For a native Burushaski root, cf. hun, pl. hun-ˈanc 'wood, firewood' [Berger 1998: III, 205].
Number:91
Word:two
Yasin Burushaski:alt-1
Berger 1974: 27. Specific forms are as follows: alt-ˈan (h-class), alt-ˈa ~ alt-ˈac (x-class), alt-ˈo (y-class / z-class). Quoted as aɬtˈo in [Backstrom 1992: 256].
Hunza Burushaski:alt-1
Berger 1998: III, 16. Specific forms are as follows: alt-ˈan (h-class), alt-ˈa ~ alt-ˈac (x-class), alt-ˈo (y-class / z-class). Quoted as Hunza altˈʌ, Nagar altˈʌc in [Backstrom 1992: 256].
Number:92
Word:walk (go)
Yasin Burushaski:cerˈe-1
Berger 1974: 137. This is the imperfective stem from which the present, imperfect, and future tenses are formed.
Hunza Burushaski:nˈi-3
Berger 1998: III, 303. Present tense stem: nˈi-ɕ-. The suppletive conative stem is gal- [Berger 1998: III, 143] (= Yasin past tense stem gal-). Quoted as Hunza ni, Nagar niʰ 'go!' (imperative) in [Backstrom 1992: 259].
Number:92
Word:walk (go)
Yasin Burushaski:gal-2
Berger 1974: 137. This is the suppletive past tense stem. Still another suppletive form, used for the rest of the paradigm, is nˈe-; a detailed description is available in [Berger 1974: 36]. Quoted as nɛʰ 'go!' (imperative) in [Backstrom 1992: 259].
Hunza Burushaski:
Number:93
Word:warm (hot)
Yasin Burushaski:gar-ˈum1
Berger 1974: 145. Polysemy: 'warm / hot'. Quoted as gʌr-uˈum in [Backstrom 1992: 254].
Hunza Burushaski:garˈur-um1
Berger 1998: III, 148. Plural form: garˈur-um-iʆo. In Nagar, the morphologically shorter variant gar-ˈum, pl. gar-ˈum-iŋ is attested instead. Polysemy: 'warm / hot'. Quoted as Hunza garˈur-um, Nagar gʌr-ˈuum in [Backstrom 1992: 254].
Number:94
Word:water
Yasin Burushaski:cel1
Berger 1974: 136. Plural form: cel-ˈiŋ ~ cel-mˈiŋ. Quoted as cʰʌl ~ cʰıl in [Backstrom 1992: 247].
Hunza Burushaski:cʰil1
Berger 1998: III, 76. Plural form: cʰil-mˈiŋ. Polysemy: 'water / sap (of tree)'. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar cʰıl in [Backstrom 1992: 247].
Number:95
Word:we
Yasin Burushaski:mi1
Berger 1974: 24. The possessive prefix is also mi=. Quoted as mi in [Backstrom 1992: 260].
Hunza Burushaski:mi1
Berger 1998: I, 80. Genitive: mˈii ~ mˈee. Emphatic form: mi-mˈii. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar mi in [Backstrom 1992: 260].
Number:96
Word:what
Yasin Burushaski:bo ~ be1
Berger 1974: 26. The two variants are in free variation, bo being the more frequent of the two. Also attested in an expanded form: sg. bˈo-tan, pl. bˈo-tek. Quoted as bˈoo in [Backstrom 1992: 257].
Hunza Burushaski:be1
Berger 1998: I, 82. Also attested as an extended suffixal formation: sg. bˈe-s-an, pl. bˈe-s-ik 'what, which' [Berger 1998: III, 49]. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar bˈɛsʌn in [Backstrom 1992: 257].
Number:97
Word:white
Yasin Burushaski:bur-ˈum1
Berger 1974: 136. Plural form: bur-ˈum-iʆu ~ bur-ˈum-iŋ. Quoted as bur-ˈum in [Backstrom 1992: 255].
Hunza Burushaski:bur-ˈum1
Berger 1998: III, 64. Plural form: bur-ˈum-iʆo ~ bur-ˈum-iŋ. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar bur-ˈum in [Backstrom 1992: 255].
Number:98
Word:who
Yasin Burushaski:me-n1
Berger 1974: 26. Cf. the interrogative adjective 'what? which? what kind of?', formed from the same root: ˈa=me-n (hm-class sg.), ˈa=me-s (x-class sg.), ˈa=me-c (x-class pl.), etc. [ibid.]. Quoted as mɛn in [Backstrom 1992: 257].
Hunza Burushaski:me-n1
Berger 1998: III, 82-83. Plural form is the same as the singular or with an additional suffix: mˈe-n-ik. Cf. the interrogative adjective 'what? which? what kind of?', formed from the same root: ˈa=mi-n (hm-class sg.), ˈa=mi-s (x-class sg.), ˈa=mi-t (y-class), etc. [ibid.]. Quoted as Hunza mˈɛnʌn, Nagar mˈɛnɛn in [Backstrom 1992: 257].
Number:99
Word:woman
Yasin Burushaski:gus1
Berger 1974: 146. Plural form: guʆ-ˈiŋa. Quoted as gus in [Backstrom 1992: 252].
Hunza Burushaski:gus1
Berger 1998: III, 162. Plural form: guʆ-ˈiŋanc (Nagar: guʆ-ˈianc). Quoted as Hunza, Nagar gus in [Backstrom 1992: 252].
Number:100
Word:yellow
Yasin Burushaski:iʂkˈark1
Berger 1974: 154. Plural form: iʂkˈark-iʃu ~ iʂkˈark-iŋ. Polysemy: 'yellow / brass' (y-class noun in the latter meaning).
Hunza Burushaski:ʂikˈark1
Berger 1998: III, 407. Plural form: ʂikˈark-aro ~ ʂikˈark-iʆo. Polysemy: 'yellow / brass' (y-class noun in the latter meaning).
Number:101
Word:far
Yasin Burushaski:matʰˈan1
Berger 1974: 164. Cf. the derived form matʰˈan-um 'from afar'. Quoted as matʰˈʌn in [Backstrom 1992: 255].
Hunza Burushaski:matʰˈan1
Berger 1998: III, 284. Cf. the derived form matʰˈan-um 'from afar'. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar matʰˈʌn in [Backstrom 1992: 255].
Number:102
Word:heavy
Yasin Burushaski:cul-ˈum1
Berger 1974: 137. Plural form: cul-ˈum-iʆu ~ cul-ˈum-iŋ. Quoted as cʰulˈum in [Backstrom 1992: 255].
Hunza Burushaski:cʰuˈum1
Berger 1998: III, 80. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar cʰuˈum in [Backstrom 1992: 255].
Number:103
Word:near
Yasin Burushaski:asˈur1
Berger 1974: 130. Cf. the derived form asˈur-um 'near, near by'. Quoted as asuˈur in [Backstrom 1992: 255].
Hunza Burushaski:asiˈir1
Berger 1998: III, 21. The Nagar form is asiˈir-iŋ. Cf. the derived form asiˈir-um 'near, near by'. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar asiˈir in [Backstrom 1992: 255].
Number:104
Word:salt
Yasin Burushaski:bayˈu-1
Berger 1974: 133. Plural form: bayˈu-nc ~ bayˈo-nc. Supposedly borrowed from Shina (cf. Shina pažuː 'salt'). Quoted as bayˈu in [Backstrom 1992: 250].
Hunza Burushaski:bayˈu-1
Berger 1998: III, 45. Plural form: bayˈo-nc. See notes on the Yasin form. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar bayˈu in [Backstrom 1992: 250].
Number:105
Word:short
Yasin Burushaski:gagˈan-um1
Berger 1974: 144. Plural form: gagˈay-u ~ gagˈan-iʆu. Cf. also con 'trimmed; short' (of sleeves, tails, etc.) [Berger 1974: 137]. In [Backstrom 1992: 254], the meaning 'short' is rendered as čʰʌʈ = ɕaʈ 'small (of person)' in [Berger 1974: 139] (i. e. 'short of stature', which is not the required meaning).
Hunza Burushaski:kʰuʈ-1
Berger 1998: III, 257. Supposedly borrowed from Shina kʰˈuʈ-o. Quoted as Hunza, Nagar kʰuʈ in [Backstrom 1992: 254]. The same source also lists čʰʌʈ 'short' as a synonym, but this word really means 'short of stature' (ɕʰaʈ in [Berger 1998: III, 99; see notes on Yasin).
Number:106
Word:snake
Yasin Burushaski:tul1
Berger 1974: 182. Plural form: tul-ˈanc ~ tul-iˈanc. The word ʁusˈan-um 'long' q.v. can also be used in the meaning 'snake' (although this is probably not the basic equivalent for this meaning). Quoted as tul in [Backstrom 1992: 251].
Hunza Burushaski:tol1
Berger 1998: III, 428. Plural form: tˈol-ʓo. The word ʁusˈan-us [Berger 1998: III, 181], with the same root as in ʁusˈan-um 'long' q.v., can also be used in the meaning 'snake' (although this is probably not the basic equivalent for this meaning). Quoted as Hunza, Nagar tol in [Backstrom 1992: 251].
Number:107
Word:thin1
Yasin Burushaski:gilˈin-um1
Berger 1974: 145. Plural form: gilˈi-u. This is 'thin (1D)' (applied to cloth, paper etc.).
Hunza Burushaski:gilˈigin-um1
Berger 1998: III, 153. This is 'thin (1D)' (applied to cloth, paper etc.).
Number:107
Word:thin2
Yasin Burushaski:biˈen-um2
Berger 1974: 134. Plural form: biˈey-u. This is 'thin (2D)' (applied to sticks, etc.; also 'thin' of people).
Hunza Burushaski:biˈen-um2
Berger 1998: III, 51. This is 'thin (2D)' (applied to sticks, etc.).
Number:108
Word:wind
Yasin Burushaski:tiʂ1
Berger 1974: 181. Plural form: tiʂ-mˈiŋ. Quoted as tıʂ in [Backstrom 1992: 247].
Hunza Burushaski:tiʂ1
Berger 1998: III, 427. Plural form: tiʂ-mˈiŋ (Nagar tˈi-aŋ). Polysemy: 'wind / fever, illness'. Cf. also hawˈaa 'wind' [Berger 1998: III, 195] (borrowed from Urdu). Quoted as Hunza, Nagar tıʂ ~ tiš in [Backstrom 1992: 247].
Berger 1998: III, 167. Plural form either same as singular or with an extra suffix: ʁalʁˈu-muc. Polysemy: 'worm / caterpillar / moth / larva'.
Number:110
Word:year
Yasin Burushaski:den1
Berger 1974: 141. Plural form: den-ˈiŋ. Cf. also wel 'full year, year round' [Berger 1974: 186]. Quoted as dın ~ dɛn in [Backstrom 1992: 253].
Hunza Burushaski:den1
Berger 1974: III, 118. Plural form: den-ˈiŋ ~ den-mˈiŋ (Nagar del-mˈiŋ). Cf. also sˈaal 'year' [Berger 1998: III, 369] (borrowed from Urdu); yoˈol 'a completed period of time; a full year' [Berger 1998: III, 477]. In [Backstrom 1992: 253], the Nagar equivalent for the meaning 'year' is listed as yoˈol, whereas for Hunza yoˈol and dɛn are posited as synonymous forms (it is possible that the wordlist compiler did not ascertain the exact semantic differences).
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