Applegate 2007: 454-455. Polysemy: 'all / every / everything'.
Barbareño:liyʼa1
Whistler 1980: 44. Polysemy: 'all / every / everything / neither (with negative predicate) / none (with negative predicate)'. Whistler also adduces the 19th century Barbareño form yilʼa.
Number:2
Word:ashes
Ineseño:ʔalušpawat1
Applegate 2007: 49.
Barbareño:ʔalušpawat1
Whistler 1980: 2.
Number:3
Word:bark
Ineseño:sʰol1
Applegate 2007: 312. Polysemy: 'bark / husk'. Morphophonologically, sʰol may go back to *s=hol or *s=sol with fossilized third person possessor prefix s= [Applegate 1972: 242]. Secondary synonyms: paχ 'skin / bark (of tree when smooth) / shell (of egg) / complexion' [Applegate 2007: 268]; šunayʼ 'bark, sheet of bark' [Applegate 2007: 347].
Barbareño:
Not attested.
Number:4
Word:belly
Ineseño:mut #1
Applegate 2007: 230. Glossed as 'belly, stomach'. Alternative candidate: ʔaqšʼɨwʼ 'gut(s) / belly / innards / intestine(s)', derived from the verb aqšɨw 'to gut, ream out' (glottalization of the final consonant marks nominalization) [Applegate 2007: 69].
Applegate 2007: 250. Glossed as 'something large or big'. According to [Applegate 1972: 191], "[t]he quantifier nox 'a large one, a lot' occurs occasionally in apposition with a noun".
Barbareño:χaχʼ2
Whistler 1980: 40. Polysemy: 'big / great'.
Number:6
Word:bird
Ineseño:wicʼ-1
Applegate 2007: 432. According to [Applegate 1972: 156], borrowed from Yokuts wicʼ 'condor', a word attested in most varieties of Yokuts.
Barbareño:čwiwʼ ~ čwʼiwʼ1
Whistler 1980: 7. Plural: čwʼiw=čwʼˈiwʼ. The graphic sequence {ch'w} in {chwi'w ~ ch'wi'w} and {ch'wiwch'wí'w} can be alternatively interpreted as /čʼw/ or /čwʼ/.
Whistler 1980: 3, 5. Alternative candidate: aqʼ=uw 'to bite' [Whistler 1980: 4], derived from ʔuw 'to eat / to take a bite', q.v.
Number:8
Word:black
Ineseño:šoy-in1
Applegate 2007: 343. Polysemy: 'black / dark in color'.
Barbareño:aχimay2
Whistler 1980: 5. Glossed as 'to be black'. Cf. aχiyʼi 'to be dark' [ibid.].
Number:9
Word:blood
Ineseño:ʔaχulʼis1
Applegate 2007: 97.
Barbareño:ʔaχulʼiš1
Whistler 1980: 6. Polysemy: 'blood / pus'.
Number:10
Word:bone
Ineseño:se1
Applegate 2007: 304. Cf. sʰe 'bone outside of the body' ("someone's bone": s= 3rd person marker + se) [ibid.], isʰe 'a bone not as part of one's own body' (is= 'one's own' + se) [Applegate 2007: 305].
Applegate 2007: 397. Polysemy: 'chest / breast / front'. Distinct from kutet 'breast, nipple' [Applegate 2007: 193].
Barbareño:kɨw2
Whistler 1980: 13. Polysemy: 'chest / breast'. Distinct from kutʼetʼ {kut'et'} 'female breast / to nurse' [Whistler 1980: 14].
Number:12
Word:burn tr.
Ineseño:s=uχ=patʼin1
Applegate 2007: 331. Glossed as 'to burn, set fire to'. Derivation: s=uχ=patʼin < su= causative prefix + uχ=patʼin 'to blaze, burst into flame' < uχ= 'of fire' + =patʼin 'flapping, flopping' [Applegate 2007: 409]. Distinct from the intransitive verb iχut 'to burn, be on fire' [Applegate 2007: 161].
Barbareño:nɨh-ɨn #2
Whistler 1980: 20. Derived from nɨ 'fire' [ibid.]. Alternative candidate: s=iχut 'to burn (transitive) / to set fire to' [Whistler 1980: 26], derived from iχut (see below). Distinct from iχut 'to burn (intransitive)' [Whistler 1980: 12].
Whistler 1980: 26. Polysemy: 'fingernail / claw'. Plural: siχ=siχwʼˈayʼ. The graphic sequence {xʼw} in {sixsixʼwáʼy} can be alternatively interpreted as /χʼw/ or /χwʼ/.
Whistler 1980: 10. Polysemy: 'cloud / to be cloudy, foggy'.
Number:15
Word:cold
Ineseño:ʔoχ=tokow1
Applegate 2007: 261. Glossed as 'to be cold (said of things)'. Apparently contains noun formative ʔaχ= (> ʔoχ= by vowel harmony) rather than the verbal formative aχ=. Distinct from aχ=cʼacʼaχ 'to be cold (said of weather)' [Applegate 2007: 84] and toχomʼ 'to be or feel cold (said of people)' [Applegate 2007: 383]. Related to noun ʔoχ=tokowʼ 'ice / hail / hailstone / cold(ness)' [Applegate 2007: 261].
Barbareño:aχ=tʼataχ2
Whistler 1980: 6. Glossed as 'to be cold'. Cf. also aχ=tʼawayan 'to be very cool' [ibid.].
Number:16
Word:come
Ineseño:akti=naʔ1
Applegate 2007: 34. Glossed as 'to come, come to'. Derivation: verbal prefix akti= 'coming toward' + =naʔ 'to go'. Secondary synonyms: kum 'to come, arrive (at) / to be near (to) / to befall, overtake' [Applegate 2007: 188]; yɨti 'to come, come back from' [Applegate 2007: 456].
Barbareño:nanʼ #1
Whistler 1980: 18. Polysemy: 'to go / to come'. Alternative candidates: yitʼi 'to come' [Whistler 1980: 42], akti=nʼa 'to come / to come this way / to come over' [Whistler 1980: 1], kumi ~ kum 'to arrive / to come to / to go to / to approach' [Whistler 1980: 14].
Number:17
Word:die
Ineseño:aqša-n1
Applegate 2007: 67. Polysemy: 'to die / be dead'. Secondary synonyms: kina=wil 'to die' ("much less common a word than aqšan") < kina= verb prefix 'death or unconsciousness' + wil 'to be, exist' [Applegate 2007: 178]; pleʔ 'to disappear / to die, perish / to be bushed, exhausted' [Applegate 2007: 277]; s=uti=peqʼen 'to die, breathe one's last' < su= verb prefix 'applying; gathering' + uti= verb prefix 'quickly, suddenly; of a fall, blow' + peqʼen 'to stop, come to an end' [Applegate 2007: 327]. According to [Applegate 1972: 359], the prefix kina= 'of dying' is "evidently related to the verb kinat, attested once in /s-kinat-us/ 'he died along with her'".
Barbareño:aqšˈa-n1
Whistler 1980: 4. Polysemy: 'to die / be dead / to be sick'. Secondary synonym: pleʔ 'to disappear / to die, perish' [Whistler 1980: 23].
Number:18
Word:dog
Ineseño:huču-1
Applegate 2007: 128. This is an areal word, attested in a number of neighbouring languages: Mutsun xučekniʂ ‘dog’, Chalon xučekniʂ ‘dog’, Rumsen xučːiys ‘dog’, Esselen hučumas ‘dog’, Antoniaño Salinan xuč (pl. xostén) ‘dog’, Migueleño Salinan xučaːi ‘dog’. Since other Chumash languages have a different word for 'dog', we mark this item as a loanword.
Barbareño:čtʼinʼ1
Whistler 1980: 7. Plural: čtʼin-tʼˈinʼ. Secondary synonym: pero 'dog' (borrowed from Spanish perro) [Whistler 1980: 48].
Number:19
Word:drink
Ineseño:aq=mi-l1
Applegate 2007: 64. The formative aq= in this verb possibly means 'with the mouth' [Applegate 1972: 257]. The word also contains an archaic derivative suffix -l, the remaining part =mi- being identical with the word for 'water' in Island Chumash (cf. wɨ 'deer', wɨ-l 'to hunt, shoot') [Applegate 1972: 282].
Barbareño:aq=mi-l1
Whistler 1980: 3.
Number:20
Word:dry
Ineseño:aqawan1
Applegate 2007: 60. Glossed as 'to be dry'. Secondary synonyms: kʼɨmɨn 'to be dry' (in the dialect of the village of kalawašaqʼ; aqawan is more common) [Applegate 2007: 181], kʼolowoy 'to be dry' (less common than aqawan) [Applegate 2007: 184].
Barbareño:aχwɨwɨk #2
Whistler 1980: 6. Polysemy: 'to dry (transitive) / to be dry, dried up'. Alternative candidate: qʼɨwɨn 'to be dry / (tide) to be out, (tide) to be low' [Whistler 1980: 25]. This word is given by Whistler with a question sign in parentheses, which apparently means that its phonological shape is uncertain.
Whistler 1980: 40. Contains the root nanʼ 'to go / to come' (q.v.). Alternative candidate: χo=yoyon 'to fly' [Whistler 1980: 41].
Number:31
Word:foot
Ineseño:ʔɨlʼ1
Applegate 2007: 165. Polysemy: 'foot / leg'. Secondary synonym: temʼ 'foot / sole of the foot' [Applegate 2007: 365].
Barbareño:ʔɨlʼ #1
Whistler 1980: 12. Polysemy: 'leg / foot'. Alternative candidate: ʔeqenʼe 'foot' [Whistler 1980: 8]. Cf. also tʼemʼ 'sole of the foot, bottom of foot' [Whistler 1980: 35].
Number:32
Word:full
Ineseño:iyam1
Applegate 2007: 163. Polysemy: 'to be full / to be inflated / to fill'.
Barbareño:il=iyam-š1
Whistler 1980: 10. Polysemy: 'to be full / to fill'. Cf. inapay (?) 'to be full of' [ibid.].
Number:33
Word:give
Ineseño:yik-1
Applegate 2007: 454. Glossed as 'to give, give to'. There are three verbs with the meaning 'give' in Ineseño: yik-, ikš- [Applegate 2007: 139], and aχ=kš- ~ aχ=akš- [Applegate 2007: 89]. All of them require an object suffix that refers to the recipient. The bulk of example sentences in [Applegate 1972] and [Applegate 2007] show that ikš- and aχ=kš- ~ aχ=akš- are used with 1st and 2nd person recipients, while yik- is used with the 3rd person. Consider the following examples: 1) ikš-: 'give it to me!' [Applegate 1972: 104, 301], 'he turns his back on me, lit.: gives me his back' [Applegate 1972: 165; Applegate 2007: 224], 'he give[s] it to me' [Applegate 1972: 290], 'give me food!' [Applegate 1972: 468], 'give me my flint-tipped arrow!' [Applegate 1972: 516], 'give me the salt' [Applegate 2007: 25], 'give me more!' [Applegate 2007: 99], 'I will give you everything that you need' [Applegate 1972: 189], 'they give it to you' [Applegate 1972: 284], 'I give it to you' [Applegate 1972: 458, 494]; 2) aχ=kš- ~ aχ=akš-: 'give me just a little bit!' [Applegate 1972: 190], 'what, you think he’s given me something?' [Applegate 1972: 316; Applegate 2007: 120], 'please give it to me!' [Applegate 1972: 363], 'they always give me (something)' [Applegate 2007: 84], 'she gives me something' [Applegate 2007: 89], 'give me a piece of venison!' [Applegate 2007: 340], 'give me a piece of bread!' [Applegate 2007: 341], 'I give it to you' [Applegate 1972: 253]; 3) yik-: 'he gives them free rein, lit., gives them the road' [Applegate 1972: 165], 'I give it to them' [Applegate 1972: 168], 'they give it to the little one (i.e. to the baby)' [Applegate 1972: 190], 'I give it to them again; I give them some more' [Applegate 1972: 296], 'give him some more! give it to him again!' [Applegate 1972: 297], 'give it to them! give them more!' [Applegate 1972: 298], 'give it to him!' [Applegate 1972: 298, 392], 'even if I am going to give him piñon nuts' [Applegate 1972: 305], 'I go to give it to him' [Applegate 1972: 345], 'I give it to the little one (i.e. to the baby)' [Applegate 1972: 399], 'even though I am going to give him chia, he is not grateful to me' [Applegate 1972: 439; Applegate 2007: 163], 'they give it to the chief' [Applegate 1972: 467], 'And the sun gave him food, piñon nuts' [Applegate 1972: 537], 'you two give it to him' [Applegate 2007: 275], 'I’ll give her half the food, some of the food' [Applegate 2007: 354], 'I’ll give it to them' [Applegate 2007: 396], 'I give him/her something' [Applegate 2007: 396], 'give him some water!' [Applegate 2007: 408], 'I give her money' [Applegate 2007: 454]. There are only four counterexamples to this pattern, all of them in [Applegate 2007]: ʔikš-wunʼ a ʔoʔ 'give them water!' [Applegate 2007: 139], tani=yik-it ayɨti ha pililaš 'please give me some more fry bread' [Applegate 2007: 100], s=yik-in a ʔoʔ 'she gives you water' [Applegate 2007: 142], s=i=yik-it a ʔalčʰum 'they give me money' [Applegate 2007: 154]. We list both yik- and ikš- in the main field. As for aχ=kš- ~ aχ=akš-, this verb is derived from the same root as ikš-, thus its absence from the main field will not affect lexicostatistical calculations.
Barbareño:yik-us1
Whistler 1980: 42. Polysemy: 'to give / transfer'. We include both yik-us and =kš for reasons that have been detailed in the notes to the Ineseño wordlist.
Number:33
Word:give
Ineseño:ikš-2
Applegate 2007: 139. Used with 1st and 2nd person recipient. Alternative candidate: aχ=kš- ~ aχ=akš- [Applegate 2007: 89] (derived from the same root as ikš-).
Barbareño:=kš2
Whistler 1980: 14. Alternate candidate from the same root: aχ=kš 'to give' [Whistler 1980: 5].
Number:34
Word:good
Ineseño:čʰo ~ čʰoho1
Applegate 2007: 110. Glossed as 'to be good, OK'. According to [Applegate 2007: 111], "[t]he augmented from čʰoho is more likely to be used as an exclamation than a verb, in the sense of "OK!"".
Barbareño:čʰo1
Whistler 1980: 7. Polysemy: 'good / alright / to be nice'.
Number:35
Word:green
Ineseño:ʔa=qulapšan1
Applegate 2007: 74. Glossed as 'to be green'. Related to ʔa=χulapšan 'plant, herb'.
Barbareño:χulapšˈan1
Whistler 1980: 41. Polysemy: 'to be green / medicine'.
Number:36
Word:hair
Ineseño:ʔoq=wonʼ #1
Applegate 2007: 258. Polysemy: 'head / hair'. According to [Applegate 1972: 195], contains noun formative ʔaq=. Related to ʔoχ=wonʼ 'forehead above hairline' [ibid.]. Alternative candidate: šuš 'hair (body hair) / fur' [Applegate 2007: 348]. Cf. the following example, showing that šuš can also be applied to head hair: mašʰuš ikay kalʼɨhɨy 'his hair is long' [Applegate 1972: 489].
Applegate 2007: 258. Polysemy: 'head / hair'. According to [Applegate 1972: 195], contains noun formative ʔaq=. Related to ʔoχ=wonʼ 'forehead above hairline' [ibid.].
Barbareño:noqš #2
Whistler 1980: 20. Possibly related to noχš 'nose', q.v. Alternative candidate: ʔoq=wonʼ 'head / hair (of head)'. We tentatively choose noqš because 'head' is the only meaning of this word.
Number:39
Word:hear
Ineseño:itaq1
Applegate 2007: 154. Polysemy: 'to hear / to listen'.
Barbareño:itaq1
Whistler 1980: 11.
Number:40
Word:heart
Ineseño:ʔayapis1
Applegate 2007: 100. Polysemy: 'heart / core, pith (of plant)'. Distinct from atɨk 'soul / spirit / (emotional) heart / pulse / to recover, get well / to heal (on its own, on one’s own)' [Applegate 2007: 82]. Cf., however, the following example, showing that atɨk can be applied to physical heart as well: sikwokwon a kʼayapis = sikwokwon a katɨk 'my heart is palpitating' [Applegate 2007: 140].
Barbareño:ʔayapis #1
Whistler 1980: 6. Alternative candidate: ʔantik 'life / soul / spirit / heart' [Whistler 1980: 2]. Secondary synonym: ahaš 'soul / spirit / heart' (e.g. ʔalčʰo sahaš 'he has a good heart') [Whistler 1980: 1].
Number:41
Word:horn
Ineseño:hap1
Applegate 2007: 122.
Barbareño:χap1
Whistler 1980: 40.
Number:42
Word:I
Ineseño:noʔ1
Applegate 2007: 248; Applegate 1972: 168-169. Emphatic form no-kš.
Barbareño:noʔ1
Beeler 1976: 255.
Number:43
Word:kill
Ineseño:si=ni=weʔ1
Applegate 2007: 307. Derivation: si= 'causative' + ni= 'action directed toward some object' + weʔ 'to sleep'. Secondary synonyms: tak=tɨʔ 'to hit / to beat / to kill (especially game) / one's catch, kill' < tak= verb prefix of uncertain meaning + bound root =tɨʔ 'of encountering' [Applegate 2007: 356], alawan 'to murder / to kill' [Applegate 2007: 40].
Whistler 1980: 7. Polysemy: 'to know / to know how to'. Secondary synonym: qutiχwalyik 'to know, be acquainted with' [Whistler 1980: 25].
Number:46
Word:leaf
Ineseño:qap1
Applegate 2007: 284. Polysemy: 'leaf / feather'.
Barbareño:qap1
Whistler 1980: 24. Polysemy: 'leaf / feather'.
Number:47
Word:lie
Ineseño:o=toyʼin1
Applegate 2007: 259. Polysemy: 'to lie down / to be lying down / (animal's ears) to be laid back'. Secondary synonym: wokʼoy 'to lie, be prone' [Applegate 2007: 439].
Barbareño:tonʼ ~ toʔon1
Whistler 1980: 34. Glossed as 'to lie down, to recline'. Cf. toyʼin 'to lie down' and ali=toyʼin ~ ali=toʔon 'to be lying down' [ibid.].
Number:48
Word:liver
Ineseño:ʔalʼ1
Applegate 2007: 37.
Barbareño:ʔalʼ1
Whistler 1980: 2.
Number:49
Word:long
Ineseño:ʔɨhɨy1
Applegate 2007: 164. Polysemy: 'to be long / to be tall'. Acording to the dictionary, derived from base element =ʔɨy- 'to be larger, elder' augmented with -h-.
Barbareño:ʔɨhɨy1
Whistler 1980: 12. Polysemy: 'to be long / tall (?)'.
Number:50
Word:louse
Ineseño:šik1
Applegate 2007: 339. Glossed as 'head louse'. Distinct from ʔipštɨ 'body louse' [Applegate 2007: 146].
Barbareño:šik1
Whistler 1980: 30. Glossed as 'head louse'. Distinct from ʔipišti 'body louse' [Whistler 1980: 10].
Whistler 1980: 12. Polysemy: 'man / male'. Plural: ʔɨyɨhˈɨyʼ. Derived from ʔɨhɨy 'to be long / tall (?)'.
Number:52
Word:many
Ineseño:wahacʼ1
Applegate 2007: 415. Polysemy: 'many / much / a lot'. Although the final consonant is given as -cʼ, it is -čʼ in many derived forms, as well as in the following example: wahačʼ a ku 'many people, lots of people'.
Barbareño:ʔɨhˈɨʔ2
Whistler 1980: 12. Polysemy: 'much / many'.
Number:53
Word:meat
Ineseño:ʔamɨnʼ1
Applegate 2007: 50. Polysemy: 'body / flesh / meat / seed (of plant)'. Secondary synonyms: ʔal=hap-uč 'meat', literally 'something from a horned [animal]' < nominalizing prefix ʔal= + hap-uč 'to be horned, have horns' < hap 'horn' + stative verbalizer -Vč; not as common as ʔamɨnʼ [Applegate 2007: 122]; kalni 'meat', borrowed from Spanish carne 'meat' [Applegate 2007: 170].
Barbareño:ʔamʼin1
Whistler 1980: 2. Polysemy: 'body / flesh, meat (including flesh of a fruit) / seed (?)'. Secondary synonym: kalni 'meat' (borrowed from Spanish carne 'meat') [Whistler 1980: 46].
Number:54
Word:moon
Ineseño:ʔawayʼ1
Applegate 2007: 83. Polysemy: 'moon / month'.
Barbareño:ʔawʼay1
Whistler 1980: 5. Polysemy: 'moon / month'.
Number:55
Word:mountain
Ineseño:mi=limol #1
Applegate 2007: 221. Polysemy: 'mountain(s) / north'. Derivation: mi= locative prefix + =limol allomorph of bound root =lomol 'to be over, piled up' [Applegate 2007: 221]. Alternative candidates: mi=po=lomol 'mountain range' < mi= 'locative prefix' + pal= verbal prefix + bound root =lomol 'to be over, piled up' [Applegate 2007: 202]; wošlo=lomol 'hill / range of hills' < wašla= verb prefix 'encircling' + bound root =lomol 'to be over, piled up' [Applegate 2007: 440] (translated as 'hill, mountain' on p. 184); tɨp 'mountain(s) / forest / brush / chaparral' [Applegate 2007: 380].
Barbareño:ni=po=lomol1
Whistler 1980: 19. Polysemy: 'mountain range / mountain'. Plural: nipnipolomʼˈolʼ. Derived from lomol 'piled up' [Whistler 1980: 16].
Number:56
Word:mouth
Ineseño:ʔɨk1
Applegate 2007: 164.
Barbareño:ʔɨk1
Whistler 1980: 12.
Number:57
Word:name
Ineseño:tɨ1
Applegate 2007: 378.
Barbareño:ti1
Whistler 1980: 32.
Number:58
Word:neck
Ineseño:niʔ1
Applegate 2007: 241.
Barbareño:ʔoχtowol2
Whistler 1980: 21. Polysemy: 'throat / neck'. Distinct from niʔ '(back of the) neck / nape' [Whistler 1980: 19].
Number:59
Word:new
Ineseño:ʔikɨmin1
Applegate 2007: 139. Polysemy: 'to be new / to be young / to be fresh (in sense of recent)'.
Barbareño:ʔikimin1
Whistler 1980: 10. Glossed as 'to be new'.
Number:60
Word:night
Ineseño:s=aχi=yiʔ1
Applegate 2007: 88. Derivation: s= noun marker + aχi=yi 'to be dark, nighttime' < verbal preifx aχi= 'repetitive or intermittent action' + yiʔ 'to go home, return home'. Cf. also the verb ulkuw 'to be night / to be otherworldly, supernatural' [Applegate 2007: 388].
Barbareño:s=ulkuw2
Whistler 1980: 35. Derived from the verb ulkuw 'to be night, to be early in the morning' [ibid.].
Number:61
Word:nose
Ineseño:noχš1
Applegate 2007: 251. Polysemy: 'nose / beak of bird / point (of tool)'. Related to the bound verbal root =nʼiχš 'to do with the nose'.
Applegate 2007: 143. Negative marker, usually attached to the verb as a prefix. Before nouns it functions as a separate word. After a word or prefix ending in a vowel, the allomorph -nʼi- is used.
Barbareño:sě2
Whistler 1980: 45. Glossed as 'no; not'. Cf. the verbal negative prefix -e- [Beeler 1976: 262].
Number:63
Word:one
Ineseño:pakasʼ1
Applegate 2007: 263.
Barbareño:pakʼa1
Whistler 1980: 22. Polysemy: 'one / single / same, equally'.
Number:64
Word:person
Ineseño:ku1
Applegate 2007: 187. Polysemy: 'person / people'.
Barbareño:ku1
Whistler 1980: 14. Plural: kuh=kʼˈuʔ 'people'.
Number:65
Word:rain
Ineseño:tuhuy1
Applegate 2007: 384. Glossed as 'to rain' on p. 384, but as 'rain' (verb and noun) on p. 565.
Barbareño:tuhˈuyʼ1
Whistler 1980: 34. Polysemy: 'rain / to rain'.
Number:66
Word:red
Ineseño:tasɨn1
Applegate 2007: 363. Glossed as 'to be red'.
Barbareño:tasin1
Whistler 1980: 32. Glossed as 'to be red'.
Number:67
Word:road
Ineseño:čʼayaš1
Applegate 2007: 108. Glossed as 'path / trail / way'.
Applegate 2007: 382. Glossed as 'to be round, rounded, circular'.
Barbareño:toqošlˈoqʼ2
Whistler 1980: 34. Glossed as 'round, circular'. Cf. also qoto 'round (?)' [Whistler 1980: 24].
Number:70
Word:sand
Ineseño:χas1
Applegate 2007: 445.
Barbareño:χas1
Whistler 1980: 40.
Number:71
Word:say
Ineseño:ʔip1
Applegate 2007: 145. Polysemy: 'to say (to someone) / to think (i.e. say to oneself)'.
Barbareño:ʔip1
Whistler 1980: 10. Polysemy: 'to talk / to speak / to say / to think that...'. Secondary synonym: tiyep-(us) 'to tell, tell about / to show / to teach / to report / to say' [Whistler 1980: 33].
Number:72
Word:see
Ineseño:kuti1
Applegate 2007: 193. Polysemy: 'to see / to watch / to look'.
Barbareño:kuti1
Whistler 1980: 14. Polysemy: 'to see / to look, look at, watch'.
Whistler 1980: 2. Polysemy: 'body / flesh, meat (including flesh of a fruit) / seed (?)'.
Number:74
Word:sit
Ineseño:ɨ=lɨkʼɨn1
Applegate 2007: 165. Polysemy: 'to sit / to be situated, in a location'.
Barbareño:lekʼen1
Whistler 1980: 16. Polysemy: 'to sit, be seated / to reside, stay'. Cf. also derived ali=lekʼen 'to be sitting' [ibid.].
Number:75
Word:skin
Ineseño:paχ1
Applegate 2007: 268. Polysemy: 'skin / bark (of tree when smooth) / shell (of egg) / complexion'.
Barbareño:paχ1
Whistler 1980: 22. Polysemy: 'skin / hide'.
Number:76
Word:sleep
Ineseño:weʔ ~ wenʼ-1
Applegate 2007: 429. Allomorph wenʼ- is found before suffixes.
Barbareño:=weʔ ~ =wʼe ~ =wenʼ1
Whistler 1980: 38. Polysemy: 'to sleep / to rest / to lie down / to go to sleep'.
Number:77
Word:small
Ineseño:kiceʔ1
Applegate 2007: 175. Glossed as 'a little one / small one / to be little or small'. Another word for 'small' is mucʼuʔ 'small (one) / young (one)' [Applegate 2007: 229]. According to [Applegate 1972: 190-191], "the quantifier kiceʔ 'a little one, a little bit' may occur in apposition with a noun, ... but it is nearly always used pronominally", while "the quantifier mucʼuʔ 'a little one' is not attested in apposition with a noun".
Applegate 2007: 249. Polysemy: 'to stand / to be standing / to stop (moving, in sense of "stand still") / go out (said of flame)'. Distinct from kutaʔ 'to stand up / get up / arise' [Applegate 2007: 193].
Barbareño:now-on1
Whistler 1980: 20. Polysemy: 'to stand / to be erect / to cease, stop doing'. Cf. also the derived form ali=now-on 'to be standing, to be vertical' [ibid.].
Whistler 1980: 41. Glossed as 'stone, rock'. Plural: χɨp=χʼˈɨpʼ.
Number:82
Word:sun
Ineseño:qsi1
Applegate 2007: 294. Polysemy: 'sun / day'.
Barbareño:ʔal=išaw2
Whistler 1980: 1. Polysemy: 'sun / day'. Plural: ʔalʔališˈawʼ [ibid.]. Derived from išaw 'to be hot / (sun) to shine, to be hot' [Whistler 1980: 11].
Number:83
Word:swim
Ineseño:aqi=wɨw-ɨn1
Applegate 2007: 63.
Barbareño:aqi=wiw-in1
Whistler 1980: 3.
Number:84
Word:tail
Ineseño:teleqʼ1
Applegate 2007: 365.
Barbareño:telʼeq1
Whistler 1980: 32. Glossed as 'tail (of animal)'.
Number:85
Word:that
Ineseño:hekʼi1
Applegate 2007: 124; Applegate 1972: 178. Glossed as 'that, that one'. Ineseño has a very complex ternary system of demonstratives (proximal vs. medial vs. distal) with additional features of animacy (inanimate vs. unmarked animacy) and position in the phrase (initial vs. non-initial) [Applegate 1972: 178]. The demonstrative hekʼi is medial, has unmarked animacy (that is, can refer both to animate and inanimate entities), and is non-initial in the phrase. Cf. kwekʼi 'that / that one / there' (medial, inanimate, phrase-initial) [Applegate 2007: 196; Applegate 1972: 178].
Barbareño:hoʔ3
Beeler 1976: 257. Glossed as 'there, that (removed from the speaker)'. Barbareño demonstratives function as prefixes.
Number:85
Word:that
Ineseño:loʔ2
Applegate 2007: 201; Applegate 1972: 179. Glossed as 'yonder, over there / that over there'. The demonstrative loʔ is distal, has unmarked animacy, and is non-initial in the phrase. Cf. koloʔ 'yonder, that one over there / yonder, over there' (distal, inanimate, phrase-initial) [Applegate 2007: 184; Applegate 1972: 179].
Barbareño:hu-4
Beeler 1976: 257. Glossed as 'remote in time or space, not visible to the speaker'.
Number:86
Word:this
Ineseño:henʼi #1
Applegate 2007: 124; Applegate 1972: 178. Glossed as 'this, this one'. The demonstrative henʼi is proximal, has unmarked animacy, and is non-initial in the phrase. Cf. heʔ 'this, this one' (proximal, inanimate, non-initial; does not occur in apposition with a noun) [Applegate 2007: 123; Applegate 1972: 178], kenʼi 'this, this one' (proximal, of unmarked animacy, phrase-initial; always occurs in apposition with a noun) [Applegate 2007: 175; Applegate 1972: 178] and keʔ 'this, this way, in this way, thus, so' (proximal, inanimate, phrase-initial; occurs in apposition with a noun) [Applegate 2007: 174; Applegate 1972: 178]. Alternative candidate: hečaʔ 'this' (proximal, of unmarked animacy, non-initial) [Applegate 1972: 178], cf. hečiʔ 'this, this one' (proximal, inanimate, non-initial; always occurs in apposition with a noun) [Applegate 2007: 123; Applegate 1972: 178]. The difference between henʼi and hečaʔ is unclear.
Barbareño:heʔ1
Beeler 1976: 257. Glossed as 'here, this (near the speaker)'.
Number:87
Word:thou
Ineseño:piʔ1
Applegate 2007: 271; Applegate 1972: 168-169. Emphatic form pi-kš.
Barbareño:piʔ1
Beeler 1976: 255.
Number:88
Word:tongue
Ineseño:ʔelew1
Applegate 2007: 144.
Barbareño:ʔelʼew1
Whistler 1980: 8.
Number:89
Word:tooth
Ineseño:sa1
Applegate 2007: 298.
Barbareño:sʰa1
Whistler 1980: 29. Polysemy: 'tooth / fish hook / arrow point, arrowhead'. Morphophonologically, sʰa < s= 3rd person marker + sa.
Applegate 2007: 232. Glossed as 'to go'. An allomorph =naʔ occurs after some derivational prefixes.
Barbareño:nanʼ ~ =nʼa1
Whistler 1980: 18. Glossed as 'to go / to come'.
Number:93
Word:warm (hot)
Ineseño:yɨ=cʼɨ1
Applegate 2007: 456. Glossed as 'to be hot (said of things)'. Derivation: verbal prefix yul= 'of heat' + root cʼɨ 'to be sharp / (food) to be hot, spicy / (smell) to be pungent'. Secondary synonyms: yu=wil 'to be hot (said of object or weather)' < verbal prefix yul= 'of heat' + root wil 'to be, exist' [Applegate 2007: 462] (examples in the dictionary mainly refer to weather), yulu=wil '(food) to be hot (in temperature)' < verbal prefix yul= 'of heat' + root wil 'to be, exist' [Applegate 2007: 460]. Distinct from išaw 'to be hot (said of weather)' [Applegate 2007: 151], yul=klaʔ 'to be or feel hot (said of people)' < yul= 'of heat' + klaʔ 'to crack / to break / to crumble' [Applegate 2007: 459] and yulu=mon 'to be warm' < yul= 'of heat' + mon (apparently an allomorph of the root mol 'to toast', cf. oχ=mol 'to warm oneself') [Applegate 2007: 459].
Barbareño:yin=cʼi1
Whistler 1980: 6. Glossed as 'to be hot'. Secondary synonym: išaw 'to be hot / sun to shine, to be hot' [Whistler 1980: 11]. Distinct from yulu=mun 'to be warm' [Whistler 1980: 42].
Whistler 1980: 20. Polysemy: 'water / to be thirsty'.
Number:95
Word:we
Ineseño:k-i-kɨʔ1
Applegate 2007: 176; Applegate 1972: 168-169. Contains 1st person plural prefix k-iy- (cf. 1st person singular k- and 1st person dual k-iš-) and a suffixed pronominal formative -kɨʔ. Emphatic form k-i-kɨ-kš.
Barbareño:k-iy-kɨ1
Beeler 1976: 255.
Number:96
Word:what
Ineseño:sukʼu1
Applegate 2007: 319. Polysemy: 'what / something / anything / what kind of'. Interrogative and relative pronoun. Secondary synonym: sukʼiku 'what? / what is it?' (interrogative pronoun; far less common than sukʼu) [Applegate 2007: 318]. Note also ti 'what' (less common than sukʼu, but used in several idiomatic expressions) [Applegate 2007: 367]. In [Applegate 1972: 173-174] ti- is treated as a relativizing verbal prefix, whose function is "parallel in many ways to the independent relative-interrogative pronouns".
Barbareño:
Not attested.
Number:97
Word:white
Ineseño:ʔowʼ-ow1
Applegate 2007: 259. Glossed as 'to be white'. Formed by reduplication: *ʔow-ʔow > ʔowʼ-ow.
Barbareño:ʔowʼ-ow1
Whistler 1980: 21. Glossed as 'white / to be white'.
Applegate 2007: 223. Polysemy: 'far / far away / to a great extent / to be coarse (said of weave)'.
Barbareño:mɨk1
Whistler 1980: 17. Glossed as 'to be far, far away, a long way off / a long time'.
Number:102
Word:heavy
Ineseño:χul=χul1
Applegate 2007: 451. Glossed as 'to be heavy'. A case of CVC-reduplication.
Barbareño:χul=χul1
Whistler 1980: 41. Glossed as 'to be heavy'.
Number:103
Word:near
Ineseño:muteyʼ1
Applegate 2007: 230. Glossed as 'near / nearby / to be nearby, close to'. Secondary synonym: naqti=kum 'to be near (to)' < naqti= verb prefix of uncertain meaning + kum 'to come, arrive' [Applegate 2007: 237].
Barbareño:mutʼey-(us)1
Whistler 1980: 18. Glossed as 'to be near / to get near'.
Number:104
Word:salt
Ineseño:tip1
Applegate 2007: 371.
Barbareño:tip1
Whistler 1980: 33. Polysemy: 'salt / salty'.
Number:105
Word:short
Ineseño:aqun=kʼot1
Applegate 2007: 75. Polysemy: 'to be low (in height) / to be short (in stature or duration)'. Derivation: verbal prefix aqul= 'of a long, thin object' + root kʼot 'to be broken'.
Whistler 1980: 6. Polysemy: 'snake / Snake (a figure in myth)'.
Number:107
Word:thin
Ineseño:qʰap=qʰap #1
Applegate 2007: 285. Glossed as 'to be thin, slender'. Alternative candidates: yuq=mucʼuʔ 'to be thin, slender' < verbal prefix yuq= + root mucʼuʔ 'small' [Applegate 2007: 461], maχ=walač 'to be thin or gauzy (e.g. netting)' [Applegate 2007: 210], ʔoqʰo 'to be thin, lean' [Applegate 2007: 257].
Barbareño:qʰap=qʰap #1
Whistler 1980: 25. Glossed as 'to be thin'. Alternative candidates: taχšan 'to be thin' [Whistler 1980: 32], yuq=mucʼuʔ 'to be narrow, thin' [Whistler 1980: 42].
Number:108
Word:wind
Ineseño:s=aχta=kʰɨt1
Applegate 2007: 297. Literally 'it blows'. Derivation: s= 3rd person marker + aχta=kʰɨt '(wind) to blow' < verbal prefix aχta= 'through the air / of wind' + bound root =kʰɨt 'coming near / bringing near'.
Barbareño:s=aχ=kʰɨt1
Whistler 1980: 26. Polysemy: 'wind / (wind) to blow'. Cf. aχ=kʰɨt '(wind) to blow' [Whistler 1980: 5].
Number:109
Word:worm
Ineseño:čʼɨqʰɨy #1
Applegate 2007: 110. Alternative candidate: skon 'worm / reptile / vermin' (with such derivatives as iškonič 'to be wormy, worm-infested' and ʔuskon 'to be worm-eaten') [Applegate 2007: 311]. Cf. also škʼɨšʼ 'beach worm' [Applegate 2007: 341].
Barbareño:skišʼ #2
Whistler 1980: 27. Glossed as 'angleworm'.
Number:110
Word:year
Ineseño:šup1
Applegate 2007: 347-348. Polysemy: 'earth / world / year / soil / dirt / place / god, spirit, the Earth Mother'. The polysemy 'earth / world / year' is quite typical for California.
Barbareño:šup1
Whistler 1980: 30. Polysemy: 'world / earth / ground / soil / dirt / land / year / god / name of a particular god'.