Fischer 1985: 15. A quantitative word, to which the subjectival concord is prefixed (cf. um=ntu w=ɔnkɛ 'all men', aba=ntub=ɔnkɛ 'all people'). Distinct from the adverbial kwapʰɛla 'all' = 'quite, entirely'. Quoted as =ɔ́ŋkɛ̀ in [Donnelly 2007: 1044].
Number:2
Word:ashes
Xhosa:u=tʰutʰu [uthuthu]1
Fischer 1985: 31. No plural form. Class 11 (6). Secondary synonym: i=šɔǀǀa [ibid.] (a rare word with unclear semantics). Distinguished also from u=vundu 'hot ashes'.
Number:3
Word:bark
Xhosa:i=ǀǀɔlɔ [ixolo]1
Fischer 1985: 45. General meaning of the word is 'cover, shell, skin', etc.; the more specialized meaning 'tree bark' may be expressed by the concatenation i=ǀǀɔlɔlɔ=m=tʰi 'cover of tree' (see under 'tree').
Number:4
Word:belly
Xhosa:isi=su1
Fischer 1985: 52. Class 7 (4). Quoted as ìsí=sù in [Donnelly 2007: 1044].
Number:5
Word:big
Xhosa:=kʰulu [-khulu]1
Fischer 1985: 55. Quoted as =kʰúlù in [Donnelly 2007: 1044].
Number:6
Word:bird
Xhosa:in=taka1
Fischer 1985: 56. Plural form: iːn=taka. Class 9/10 (5). Quoted as ín=tàkà in [Donnelly 2007: 1044].
Number:7
Word:bite
Xhosa:=lum-a1
Fischer 1985: 56. Quoted as =lûm-à ~ =lúm-à in [Donnelly 2007: 1044].
Number:8
Word:black
Xhosa:=mɲam-a [-mnyama]1
Fischer 1985: 57. Quoted as =mɲám-à in [Donnelly 2007: 1045].
Number:9
Word:blood
Xhosa:i=gazi1
Fischer 1985: 59. Plural form: ama=gazi. Class 5/6 (3). Quoted as í=gàzì in [Donnelly 2007: 1045].
Number:10
Word:bone
Xhosa:i=tʰambɔ [ithambo]1
Fischer 1985: 63. Plural form: ama=tʰambɔ. Class 5/6 (3). Quoted as î=tʰâmbɔ̀ in [Donnelly 2007: 1045].
Number:11
Word:breast
Xhosa:isi=fuba1
Fischer 1985: 69. Class 7 (4). Distinct from i=bɛlɛ 'female breast' [ibid.].
Number:12
Word:burn tr.
Xhosa:=čʰ=is-a [-tshisa]1
Fischer 1985: 75. The transitive stem is formed from the intransitive =č-a 'to burn' with the productive suffix -is-. The intransitive verb is quoted as =čʰ-á in [Donnelly 2007: 1045].
Number:13
Word:claw(nail)
Xhosa:u=zipʰɔ [uzipho]1
Fischer 1985: 397. Plural form: iːn=zipʰɔ. Class 11/10 (6). Quoted as (l)ú=zìpʰɔ̀ ~ (l)í=zìpʰɔ̀, pl. íːn=zìpʰɔ̀ in [Donnelly 2007: 1048].
Number:14
Word:cloud
Xhosa:ili=fu1
Fischer 1985: 102. Class 5 (3). Quoted as ílí=fù in [Donnelly 2007: 1045].
Number:15
Word:cold
Xhosa:=band-a1
Fischer 1985: 105. Secondary synonym: =tʰɛǀɛkɛ [ibid.]. Quoted as =bánd-à in [Donnelly 2007: 1045].
Number:16
Word:come
Xhosa:=z-a1
Fischer 1985: 107. Quoted as =(i)zà in [Donnelly 2007: 1045].
Number:17
Word:die
Xhosa:=bub-a1
Fischer 1985: 158. Secondary synonym: =f-a [ibid.] (this verb is more archaic and used much more rarely than =bub-a; the root is more properly preserved in the derived nominal uku=fa 'death'). Only the more archaic verb is quoted as =fá in [Donnelly 2007: 1045].
Number:18
Word:dog
Xhosa:in=ǯa [inja]1
Fischer 1985: 170. Plural form: izin=ǯa. Class 9/10 (5). Quoted as ín=ǯà in [Donnelly 2007: 1045].
Number:19
Word:drink
Xhosa:=sɛl-a [-sela]1
Fischer 1985: 175. Quoted as =sɛ́l-à in [Donnelly 2007: 1045].
Number:20
Word:dry
Xhosa:=ɔm-ilɛ [-omile]1
Fischer 1985: 177. Derived from the verb =om-a 'to be dry'. Quoted as =ɔ̂m-à ~ =ɔ̀m-á in [Donnelly 2007: 1045].
Number:21
Word:ear
Xhosa:in=Łɛbɛ [indlebe]1
Fischer 1985: 180. Plural form: iːn=Łɛbɛ. Class 9/10 (5). Quoted as ín=Łɛ̀bɛ́ in [Donnelly 2007: 1046].
Number:22
Word:earth
Xhosa:um=ɬaba [umhlaba]1
Fischer 1985: 181. Class 3 (2). Meaning glossed as 'earth (soil)'; distinct from i=ɬaba-tʰi 'earth (world)', although both words share the same root. Quoted as úm=ɬâbà in [Donnelly 2007: 1046].
Number:23
Word:eat
Xhosa:=ɕ-a [-tya]1
Fischer 1985: 181. Quoted as =ɕ-á in [Donnelly 2007: 1046].
Number:24
Word:egg
Xhosa:i=!anda [iqanda]1
Fischer 1985: 183. Plural form: ama=!anda. Class 5/6 (3). Quoted as í=!àndá ~ lí=!àndá in [Donnelly 2007: 1046].
Number:25
Word:eye
Xhosa:il=isɔ [iliso]1
Fischer 1985: 202. Suppletive plural: am=ɛɬɔ. Class 5/6 (3). Quoted as íl=ìɬɔ́, pl. ám=ɛ̀ɬɔ́ in [Donnelly 2007: 1046].
Number:26
Word:fat n.
Xhosa:ama=futʰa [amafutha]1
Fischer 1985: 209. Class 6 (3). Quoted as ámà=fútʰà 'grease' in [Donnelly 2007: 1047].
Number:27
Word:feather
Xhosa:u=siba1
Fischer 1985: 210. Plural form: iːn=ciba. Class 11/10 (6). Quoted as (l)î=sîbà ~ (l)û=sîbà in [Donnelly 2007: 1046].
Number:28
Word:fire
Xhosa:um=lilɔ [umlilo]1
Fischer 1985: 216. Class 3 (2). Quoted as úm=lìlɔ̀ in [Donnelly 2007: 1046].
Number:29
Word:fish
Xhosa:in=ƛanzi [intlanzi]1
Fischer 1985: 217. Plural form: iːn=ƛanzi. Class 9/10 (5). Quoted as ín=ƛànzì in [Donnelly 2007: 1046].
Number:30
Word:fly v.
Xhosa:=bʰabʰ-a [-bhabha]1
Fischer 1985: 223. Quoted as =bʰàbʰ-à in [Donnelly 2007: 1046].
Number:31
Word:foot
Xhosa:u=ɲawɔ [unyawo]1
Fischer 1985: 225. Plural form: iː=ɲawɔ. Class 11/10 (6). Different from um=lɛnzɛ 'leg' [Fischer 1985: 339]. Quoted as (l)ú=ɲàwɔ̀ ~ (l)í=ɲàwɔ̀ in [Donnelly 2007: 1046].
Number:32
Word:full
Xhosa:=zɛlɛ1
Fischer 1985: 235. Cf. zal-is-a 'to fill' [Fischer 1985: 214]. Quoted as =zɛ́lɛ̀ in [Donnelly 2007: 1046].
Number:33
Word:give
Xhosa:=nik-a1
Fischer 1985: 246. Quoted as =ník-à in [Donnelly 2007: 1046]. Secondary synonym: =pʰ-a (the meaning is closer to 'donate, present, give as a gift').
Number:34
Word:good
Xhosa:=lung-il-ɛ [-lungile]1
Fischer 1985: 251. Derived from lung-a 'to be / get well'. Quoted as =lùng-ìlɛ̀ in [Donnelly 2007: 1046].
Number:35
Word:green
Xhosa:=lu=ɬaz-a [-luhlaza]1
Fischer 1985: 60, 255, 508. Polysemy: 'blue / green / raw'. Quoted as =lù=ɬáz-à in [Donnelly 2007: 1047].
Number:36
Word:hair
Xhosa:u=nwɛlɛ [unwele]1
Fischer 1985: 261. Plural form: iː=nwɛlɛ. Class 11/10 (6). Distinct from u=bɔya 'hair of the body; hair of animals' [ibid.]. Quoted as íː=nwɛ́lɛ̀ (pl.) in [Donnelly 2007: 1047].
Number:37
Word:hand
Xhosa:is=anŁa [isandla]1
Fischer 1985: 263. Plural form: iz=anŁa. Distinct from in=galɔ 'arm' [Fischer 1985: 28]. Quoted as ís=áɲŁà in [Donnelly 2007: 1047].
Number:38
Word:head
Xhosa:in=ƛɔkɔ [intloko]1
Fischer 1985: 269. Plural form: iːn=ƛɔkɔ. Class 9/10 (5). Quoted as ín=ƛɔ́kɔ̀ in [Donnelly 2007: 1047].
Number:39
Word:hear
Xhosa:=va1
Fischer 1985: 270. Quoted as =(i)vá in [Donnelly 2007: 1047].
Number:40
Word:heart
Xhosa:in=ƛiziyɔ [intliziyo]1
Fischer 1985: 270. Plural form: iː=ƛiziyɔ. Class 9/10 (5). Quoted as ín=ƛízíyɔ̀ in [Donnelly 2007: 1047]. Secondary synonym: i=pʰapʰu [ibid.] (this word is encountered very rarely and may be considered archaic).
Number:41
Word:horn
Xhosa:u=pʰɔndɔ [uphondo]1
Fischer 1985: 281. Plural form: iːm=pɔndɔ. Class 11/10 (6). Distinct from i=ǀǀilɔngɔ 'musical horn' [ibid.]. Quoted as ú=pʰɔ̀ndɔ̀ in [Donnelly 2007: 1047].
Number:42
Word:I
Xhosa:m-na1
Fischer 1985: 287. This is the stressed emphatic form; the meaning of the 1st p. sg. is normally expressed with the subject prefix ndi-. Quoted as m̀-ná in [Donnelly 2007: 1047].
Number:43
Word:kill
Xhosa:=bulal-a1
Fischer 1985: 326. Quoted as =bùlál-à in [Donnelly 2007: 1047].
Number:44
Word:knee
Xhosa:i=dɔlɔ [idolo]1
Fischer 1985: 328. Plural form: ama=dɔlɔ. Class 5/6 (3). Quoted as í=dɔ̀lɔ̀ in [Donnelly 2007: 1047].
Number:45
Word:know
Xhosa:=azi1
Fischer 1985: 328. Quoted as =âzì in [Donnelly 2007: 1047].
Number:46
Word:leaf
Xhosa:i=ɡ!abi [igqabi]1
Fischer 1985: 336. Plural form: ama=ɡ!abi. Class 5/6 (3).
Number:47
Word:lie
Xhosa:=lal-a1
Fischer 1985: 344. Static action verb, same as 'to sleep' q.v.; different from butʰum-a 'to lie down' [ibid.].
Number:48
Word:liver
Xhosa:isi=bindi1
Fischer 1985: 351. Class 7 (4). Quoted as ísì=bîndì in [Donnelly 2007: 1048].
Number:49
Word:long
Xhosa:=dɛ [-de]1
Fischer 1985: 354. Quoted as =dɛ̀ in [Donnelly 2007: 1048].
Number:50
Word:louse
Xhosa:i=ntwala1
Fischer 1985: 358. Plural form: iː=ntwala. Class 9/10 (5). Quoted as í=ntwálà in [Donnelly 2007: 1048].
Number:51
Word:man
Xhosa:in=dɔda1
Fischer 1985: 365. Plural form: ama=dɔda. Class 9/6. Quoted as ín=dɔ̀dà in [Donnelly 2007: 1048].
Number:52
Word:many
Xhosa:=ninzi1
Fischer 1985: 367. Quoted as =nínzì in [Donnelly 2007: 1048].
Number:53
Word:meat
Xhosa:i=ɲama [inyama]1
Fischer 1985: 374. Class 5 (3). Quoted as í=ɲàmà 'flesh' in [Donnelly 2007: 1046].
Number:54
Word:moon
Xhosa:i=ɲanga [inyanga]1
Fischer 1985: 389. Plural form: iː=ɲanga. Class 9/10 (5). Quoted as í=ɲàŋgá in [Donnelly 2007: 1048].
Number:55
Word:mountain
Xhosa:in=taba1
Fischer 1985: 392. Plural form: iːn=taba. Class 9/10 (5). Quoted as ín=tàbà in [Donnelly 2007: 1048].
Number:56
Word:mouth
Xhosa:um=lɔmɔ [umlomo]1
Fischer 1985: 392. Class 3 (2). Quoted as úm=lɔ̀mɔ̀ in [Donnelly 2007: 1048].
Number:57
Word:name
Xhosa:i=gama1
Fischer 1985: 397. Plural form: ama=gama. Class 5/6 (3). Quoted as î=gâmà in [Donnelly 2007: 1048]. The alternate translation of 'name' as u=dumɔ [ibid.] refers to 'name = fame, notoriety' rather than personal name.
Number:58
Word:neck
Xhosa:in=tamɔ [intamo]1
Fischer 1985: 401. Plural form: iːn=tamɔ. Class 9/10 (5). Quoted as ín=tàmɔ̀ in [Donnelly 2007: 1048].
Number:59
Word:new
Xhosa:=čʰa [-tsha]1
Fischer 1985: 403. Quoted as =čʰá in [Donnelly 2007: 1048].
Number:60
Word:night
Xhosa:ubu=suku1
Fischer 1985: 404. Class 14 (7). Quoted as úbù=sûkù in [Donnelly 2007: 1048].
Number:61
Word:nose
Xhosa:im=pumlɔ [impumlo]1
Fischer 1985: 408. Plural form: iːm=pumlɔ. Class 9/10 (5). Quoted as ím=púm̀lɔ̀ in [Donnelly 2007: 1048].
Number:62
Word:not
Xhosa:a-1
Fischer 1985: 408. This is the most common prefixal morpheme of negation; it usually functions as part of a circumfix (a- ... -i for the present tense; a- ... -aŋa for the recent past tense, etc.).
Number:63
Word:one
Xhosa:=ɲɛ [-nye]1
Fischer 1985: 419. Quoted as =ɲɛ̀ in [Donnelly 2007: 1048].
Number:64
Word:person
Xhosa:um=ntu1
Fischer 1985: 450. Plural form: aba=ntu 'people' [Fischer 1985: 447]. Class 1/2 (1). Quoted as ùḿ=ntù in [Donnelly 2007: 1048].
Number:65
Word:rain
Xhosa:im=vula1
Fischer 1985: 504. Class 9 (5). Quoted as ím=vúlà in [Donnelly 2007: 1049].
Number:66
Word:red
Xhosa:=bomvu1
Fischer 1985: 514. Quoted as =bòmvú in [Donnelly 2007: 1049].
Number:67
Word:road
Xhosa:in=Łɛla [indlela]1
Fischer 1985: 538. Plural form: iːn=Łɛla. Class 9/10 (5). Quoted as ín=Łɛ̀là in [Donnelly 2007: 1048].
Number:68
Word:root
Xhosa:in=ɡǀambu [ingcambu]1
Fischer 1985: 541. Plural form: iːn=ɡǀambu. Class 9/10 (5). Quoted as ínɡǀâmbú in [Donnelly 2007: 1049].
Number:69
Word:round1
Xhosa:=sisazingɛ [-sisazinge]1
Fischer 1985: 543. Meaning glossed as 'round (as a circle)' (i. e. '2D').
Number:69
Word:round2
Xhosa:=ɳ!ʰukuva [-ngqukuva]2
Fischer 1985: 543. Meaning glossed as 'round (as a ball)' (i. e. '3D').
Number:70
Word:sand
Xhosa:in=ƛaba-tʰi [intlabathi]1
Fischer 1985: 553. Class 9 (5). Cf. 'earth' with the same root. Quoted as ín=ƛàbâ-tʰí in [Donnelly 2007: 1049].
Number:71
Word:say
Xhosa:=tʰi [-thi]1
Fischer 1985: 556. This is the main Xhosa verb that introduces direct speech; distinct from =tʰɛtʰ-a 'to speak'. Quoted as =tʰì in [Donnelly 2007: 1049].
Number:72
Word:see
Xhosa:=bɔn-a [-bona]1
Fischer 1985: 567. Quoted as =bɔ̂n-à in [Donnelly 2007: 1049].
Number:73
Word:seed
Xhosa:im=bewu1
Fischer 1985: 567. Plural form: iːm=bewu. Class 9/10 (5). Quoted as ím=bêwù in [Donnelly 2007: 1049].
Number:74
Word:sit
Xhosa:=ɬal-a1
Fischer 1985: 590. This is the static verb ('to be sitting'); the dynamic meaning 'to sit down' is usually rendered as a complex expression (=ɬala pʰanci). Quoted as =ɬàl-à in [Donnelly 2007: 1049].
Number:75
Word:skin
Xhosa:ulu=su1
Fischer 1985: 592. Class 11/6. This word generally refers to human skin; for 'animal skin', the more common equivalent is isi=kʰumba [ibid.]. Only the latter is quoted as ísí=kʰùmbà in [Donnelly 2007: 1049].
Number:76
Word:sleep
Xhosa:=lal-a1
Fischer 1985: 594. Same word as 'to lie' q.v. Quoted as =lál-à in [Donnelly 2007: 1049].
Number:77
Word:small
Xhosa:=ɳǀina-nɛ [-ncinane]1
Fischer 1985: 597. Quoted as =ɳǀíná-nɛ̀ in [Donnelly 2007: 1049].
Number:78
Word:smoke
Xhosa:um=si1
Fischer 1985: 598. Class 3 (2). Quoted as úm=sí in [Donnelly 2007: 1049].
Number:79
Word:stand
Xhosa:=m-a1
Fischer 1985: 618. Distinct from =pʰakam-a 'to stand up' [ibid.]. Quoted as =(i)mà in [Donnelly 2007: 1050].
Number:80
Word:star
Xhosa:in=kwɛnkwɛzi [inkwenkwezi]1
Fischer 1985: 619. Plural form: iːn=kwɛnkwɛzi. Class 9/10 (5).
Number:81
Word:stone
Xhosa:ili=ɕɛ [ilitye]1
Fischer 1985: 626. Class 5 (3). Quoted as ìlí=ɕɛ̀ in [Donnelly 2007: 1050].
Number:82
Word:sun
Xhosa:i=langa1
Fischer 1985: 638. Quoted as (l)í-làŋgà in [Donnelly 2007: 1050].
Number:83
Word:swim
Xhosa:=!ubʰ-a [-qubha]1
Fischer 1985: 644. Of people; for objects, the verb =dad-a 'to float' [ibid.] is used instead.
Number:84
Word:tail
Xhosa:um=sila1
Fischer 1985: 647. Class 3 (2). Quoted as úm=sîlà in [Donnelly 2007: 1050].
Number:85
Word:that
Xhosa:=ɔ1
Fischer 1985: 657. The actual forms are essentially the different variants of the demonstrative pronoun 'this' (q.v.), modified with the distal deixis suffix -ɔ: l=ɔː, ɛl=ɔ, ɛs=ɔ, ɔl=ɔ, etc.
Number:86
Word:this
Xhosa:lɔ #1
Fischer 1985: 661. The forms for 'this' differ in Xhosa depending on the noun class, and, in contrast with the situation for 'that', there is no universal invariant: cf. lɔ (class 1, 3), aba (class 2), lɛ (class 4, 9), ɛli (class 5), la (class 6), ɛsi (class 7), ɛzi (class 8, 10), ɔlu (class 11), ɔbu (class 14), ɔku (class 15). We tentatively include lɔ on the list, since -l- is the most frequent consonant to appear in all the variants.
Number:87
Word:thou
Xhosa:wɛ-na [wena]1
Fischer 1985: 737. This is the stressed emphatic form; the meaning of the 2nd p. sg. is normally expressed with the subject prefix u- (or the object suffix -ku-). Quoted as wɛ̀-ná in [Donnelly 2007: 1051].
Number:88
Word:tongue
Xhosa:ulw=imi1
Fischer 1985: 670. Plural form: iːlw=imi. Class 11/10 (6). Quoted as úlw=îmì in [Donnelly 2007: 1050].
Number:89
Word:tooth
Xhosa:i=ziɲɔ [izinyo]1
Fischer 1985: 671. Plural form: ama=ziɲɔ. Class 5/6 (3). Quoted as (l)í=zîɲɔ̀ in [Donnelly 2007: 1050].
Number:90
Word:tree
Xhosa:um=tʰi [umthi]1
Fischer 1985: 679. Class 3 (2). Quoted as úm̀=tʰí in [Donnelly 2007: 1050].
Number:91
Word:two
Xhosa:=bini1
Fischer 1985: 687. Quoted as =bìní in [Donnelly 2007: 1050].
Number:92
Word:walk (go)
Xhosa:=y-a1
Fischer 1985: 249.
Number:93
Word:warm
Xhosa:=šušu [-shushu]1
Fischer 1985: 283. Meaning glossed as 'hot'; distinct from =fudum-ele 'warm' [Fischer 1985: 713]. Quoted as =šùšú in [Donnelly 2007: 1047].
Number:94
Word:water
Xhosa:ama=nzi1
Fischer 1985: 714. Class 6 (3). Quoted as ámâ=nzì in [Donnelly 2007: 1050].
Number:95
Word:we
Xhosa:tʰi-na [thina]1
Fischer 1985: 717. This is the stressed emphatic form; the meaning of the 1st p. pl. is normally expressed with the subject prefix si-. Quoted as tʰî-ná in [Donnelly 2007: 1050].
Number:96
Word:what
Xhosa:nto=ni1
Fischer 1985: 721. The main interrogative morpheme is =ni (nto- = 'thing'). Quoted as ntó=ní in [Donnelly 2007: 1050].
Number:97
Word:white
Xhosa:=mɬopʰɛ [-mhlophe]1
Fischer 1985: 724. Quoted as =mɬópʰɛ̀ in [Donnelly 2007: 1050].
Number:98
Word:who
Xhosa:uba=ni1
Fischer 1985: 723. The main interrogative morpheme is =ni (cf. 'what'). Quoted as úbâ=ní (subj.) ~ bà=ní in [Donnelly 2007: 1051].
Number:99
Word:woman
Xhosa:um=fazi1
Fischer 1985: 731. Plural form: aba=fazi. Class 1/2 (1). Quoted as úm=fâzì in [Donnelly 2007: 1051]. In Fischer's dictionary, the word is marked as 'not very polite': the alternate designation is in=kosi=kazi 'married woman', but textual usage shows that the latter is rather a markedly polite term for 'wife', 'lady'.
Number:100
Word:yellow
Xhosa:=lu=bʰɛlu [-lubhelu]1
Fischer 1985: 737. Secondary synonym: =mtʰubi id. (also translated as 'yellow' in some sources).
Number:101
Word:far
Xhosa:=kudɛ [-kude]1
Fischer 1985: 207. Alternate synonym: mgama (usually as an adverb: 'far off').
Number:102
Word:heavy
Xhosa:=nzima1
Fischer 1985: 271.
Number:103
Word:near
Xhosa:=kufupʰi [-kufuphi]1
Fischer 1985: 399.
Number:104
Word:salt
Xhosa:i=ɕuwa [ityuwa]1
Fischer 1985: 552. Plural form: iː=ɕuwa. Class 9/10 (5).
Number:105
Word:short
Xhosa:=fučʰa-nɛ [-futshane]1
Fischer 1985: 581.
Number:106
Word:snake
Xhosa:i=ɲɔka [inyoka]1
Fischer 1985: 599. Plural form: iː=ɲɔka. Class 9/10 (5).
Number:107
Word:thin
Xhosa:=liǀwɛǀwɛ [-licwecwe]1
Fischer 1985: 660.
Number:108
Word:wind
Xhosa:u=mɔya1
Fischer 1985: 727. Plural form: imi=mɔya. Class 3/4 (2).
Number:109
Word:worm
Xhosa:um=sundulu1
Fischer 1985: 733. Class 3 (2). Meaning glossed as 'earthworm' (distinct from um=bungu 'grub', 'larva', etc.).
