Callaghan 1970: 53. Polysemy: 'all / all of it / all of them'. Word class: intransitive verb and particle. Secondary synonym: hˈanːa 'alone / just, only / all / by oneself' (intransitive verb and noun; cf. the following example for the meaning 'all': "That's all I know") [Callaghan 1970: 17].
Lake Miwok:mˈuʔe1
Callaghan 1965: 98. Polysemy: 'every / all / everybody'. Word class: intransitive verb and noun. Distinct from ʔawˈeːcu 'just / only / nothing but / to the extent that / all' (particle) [Callaghan 1965: 174]. Judging from the following examples, the meaning 'all (omnis)' is expressed by mˈuʔe, while 'all (totus)' is ʔawˈeːcu: ʔawˈeːcu t̪ʼˈupʂeti ʂˈawːute 'All she had was one short piece' [Callaghan 1965: 174], maʔˈuːnuc mˈuʔec kost̪ˈaːlat̪ ʂˈikːan 'Put all those apples in the sack' [Callaghan 1965: 123].
Plains Miwok:sɨkːe- #2
Callaghan 1984: 140. Polysemy: 'all / the whole / everything / every'. Word class: noun. Alternative candidate: heni-k 'all' - plural form of heni- 'much, a lot / many, lots of / enough / too much' [Callaghan 1984: 36-37]. Both words can be used in diagnostic contexts for 'all = omnis'. Cf. the following examples: kanːiʔ ciːsɨm heniːkoc miwkoc "I see all the Indians" [Callaghan 1984: 37], sɨkːek melːak "They're all the same size" [Callaghan 1984: 93], taykop sɨkːek "They're all running" [Callaghan 1984: 140].
Northern Sierra Miwok:sokːe-t̪ːi- #2
Callaghan 1987: 200. Polysemy: 'all / everything / the whole / every'. A second possible candidate is ʔoksa-pa- ~ ʔokse-pa- 'all (of something) / all (of a group)' [Callaghan 1987: 280].
Central Sierra Miwok:šˈokːe-t̪ːi-2
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 16. Word class: noun. A West Central dialect form, although not marked as such in the dictionary. Corresponding East Central form is ʔayt̪u- 'all' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 21]. Both šˈokːe-t̪ːi- and ʔayt̪u- can function as 'all = omnis' and 'all = totus'. The dictionary also lists the following stems: hˈokːe-t̪ːi- 'all' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 4], sˈukːe- 'all' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 15], šˈokːe- 'all' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 16]. While West Central šˈokːe-t̪ːi- and East Central ʔayt̪u- are confirmed by numerous textual attestations in [Freeland & Broadbent 1960] and [Berman 1982], none of the other forms for 'all' is attested in the published texts.
Southern Sierra Miwok:ʔayt̪uː-3
Broadbent 1964: 286. Word class: noun. Secondary synonym: t̪oːkoː- (noun) 'all / much / many' [Broadbent 1964: 275]. Numerous textual attestations in [Broadbent 1964] leave no doubt that ʔayt̪uː- is the main word for both 'all = omnis' and 'all = totus'.
NUMBER:2
WORD:ashes
Bodega Miwok:yˈemi1
Callaghan 1970: 30. Word class: noun.
Lake Miwok:wˈiːlok2
Callaghan 1965: 160. Polysemy: 'ashes / white ashes from an ordinary fire / dust'. Word class: noun. Cf. pˈoːt̪el 'white ashes from a forest fire / cotton from willow tassels?' [Callaghan 1965: 110].
Plains Miwok:sikːe- #3
Callaghan 1984: 133. Polysemy: 'dust / dirt / ashes'. Word class: noun. Callaghan gives the meaning 'ashes' with a question mark.
Northern Sierra Miwok:sikːe- #3
Callaghan 1987: 197. Polysemy: 'ashes / dust'. A second candidate is yoli- 'dusty / dust / ashes / powder' [Callaghan 1987: 95].
Central Sierra Miwok:
The word for 'cold ashes' is not attested in [Freeland & Broadbent 1960] and [Berman 1982]. Cf. yˈɨmːi- 'ashes (hot)' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 6].
Southern Sierra Miwok:sikːe-3
Broadbent 1964: 269. Word class: noun. Cf. also sikeːsi-la- 'ashes' [ibid.] from the same root.
NUMBER:3
WORD:bark
Bodega Miwok:ʂˈapːa1
Callaghan 1970: 65. Polysemy: 'covering / thin bark, such as willow bark / grass leaf (adhering to stalk)'. Word class: noun. Bodega Miwok does not have a generic word for bark. Instead, two words are used: ʂˈapːa for thin bark and ʂˈimːe for thick bark. We list both words as quasi-synonyms.
Lake Miwok:ʂˈimːe2
Callaghan 1965: 125. Word class: noun. The dictionary gives two variants: ʂˈimːe and ʂˈimːi, with the remark that the former "is considered correct".
Plains Miwok:semːila-2
Callaghan 1984: 132. Word class: noun.
Northern Sierra Miwok:semːila-2
Callaghan 1987: 196.
Central Sierra Miwok:sˈemːila-2
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 15. Glossed as 'bark (of tree)'. Word class: noun.
Southern Sierra Miwok:semːi-la-2
Broadbent 1964: 268. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:3
WORD:bark
Bodega Miwok:ʂˈimːe2
Callaghan 1970: 67. Glossed as 'thick bark (such as oak bark)'. Word class: noun.
Lake Miwok:
Plains Miwok:
Northern Sierra Miwok:
Central Sierra Miwok:
Southern Sierra Miwok:
NUMBER:4
WORD:belly
Bodega Miwok:pˈuluk1
Callaghan 1970: 62. Polysemy: 'belly / stomach'. Word class: noun.
Lake Miwok:pˈuluk1
Callaghan 1965: 112. Polysemy: 'belly / intestines'. Word class: noun.
Plains Miwok:hena-2
Callaghan 1984: 36. Word class: noun.
Northern Sierra Miwok:lot̪o-3
Callaghan 1987: 136. Polysemy: 'belly / stomach'.
Central Sierra Miwok:lot̪ˈo-3
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 9. Word class: noun.
Southern Sierra Miwok:ʔočeː-4
Broadbent 1964: 291. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:5
WORD:big
Bodega Miwok:ʔomˈoː-tak1
Callaghan 1970: 95. Polysemy: 'to be large / to be important' (glossed as 'to be big' in the English - Bodega Miwok section [Callaghan 1970: 106]). Word class: intensive intransitive verb. Morphological analysis: verbal root ʔˈomo- [Callaghan 1970: 95], verbal suffix -tak 'intensifier' [Callaghan 1970: 77].
Lake Miwok:ʔˈade2
Callaghan 1965: 169. Glossed as 'to be big, large'. Word class: intransitive verb. Secondary synonym: ʔˈudi 'to be head of something / to be foremost / to be great, outstanding / to be huge' (intransitive verb) [Callaghan 1965: 190].
Plains Miwok:teme-3
Callaghan 1984: 149. Polysemy: 'big / wide / high, elevated (metaphorical)'. Word class: adjective. The form teme- is attested in both Jackson Valley and Lockford dialects, but the Jackson Valley dialect additionally has a rare variant temːe-.
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 24. Polysemy: 'big / a big one'. Word class: noun. Derived from ʔˈɨtːɨ- 'much / many' [ibid.] with the augmentative suffix -tːi- [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 19]. Secondary synonym: ʔˈɨtːɨ-kɨt̪a- 'big' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 24], derived from the same root.
Southern Sierra Miwok:ʔoya-ːni-5
Broadbent 1964: 291. Word class: noun. Contains the augmentative suffix -ːni- [Broadbent 1964: 121]. Secondary synonym: ʔonaːčɨ- 'big' (cf. the verb ʔonaːč- 'to be very...; to ... hard') [Broadbent 1964: 293]. Textual attestations in [Broadbent 1964] show that ʔoya-ːni- is the basic word for 'big'.
NUMBER:6
WORD:bird
Bodega Miwok:mˈeyːe1
Callaghan 1970: 49. Word class: noun.
Lake Miwok:mˈele ~ mˈile1
Callaghan 1965: 92. Word class: noun.
Plains Miwok:cicipːu- ~ cicicpu-2
Callaghan 1984: 21. Polysemy: 'bird / small birds'. Word class: noun. Secondary synonym: toloːci- 'bird (generic) / migratory geese?' "AM frequently used this word. MW claims it is only Northern Sierra Miwok. CHM gives 'junco, Junco'" [Callaghan 1984: 158].
Northern Sierra Miwok:mičeːma-ti-3
Callaghan 1987: 150. The word is derived from mičeːma- 'wild meat'. On p. 146 Callaghan suggests that mičeːma-ti- contains the 'animal suffix' -mati- (does this imply a case of haplology?) This word, as well as mičeːma- 'wild meat' itself, is peculiar to Fiddletown dialect. Other dialects (Camanche and Ione) use another word for 'bird': t̪oloːči- [Callaghan 1987: 218].
Central Sierra Miwok:čˈička- #2
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 1. Word class: noun. Alternative candidate: šˈɨːlet̪ɨ- 'bird' (derived from šɨlˈeːt̪- 'to fly', q.v.) [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 16]. There is no way to decide which of these words is the basic term for 'bird' in Central Sierra Miwok.
Southern Sierra Miwok:čička-2
Broadbent 1964: 222. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:7
WORD:bite
Bodega Miwok:kawːˈu-na #1
Callaghan 1970: 35. Glossed as 'to bite once'. Word class: transitive verb. Morphological analysis: verbal root kˈawːu- 'to bite' [ibid.], verbal suffix -na 'transitive' [Callaghan 1970: 53]. Alternative candidate: kˈuʂka-ti 'to bite / to bite off' (perfective transitive verb), derived from kˈuʂːa 'to bite off / to keep biting' (transitive verb) [Callaghan 1970: 42].
Lake Miwok:mˈata2
Callaghan 1965: 91. Polysemy: 'to bite / to bite (said of one fish) / to take a bite / to sting (said of an insect)'. Word class: semelfactive transitive verb.
Plains Miwok:ʔǝːsǝ-3
Callaghan 1984: 198-199. Polysemy: 'to bite / to bite off / to bite at'. Word class: transitive verb.
Northern Sierra Miwok:yɨlːɨ-4
Callaghan 1987: 99. Glossed as 'to bite (dog, spider, mosquito)'. Different from mačːa- 'to bite on something (like cloth), get a hold of something with teeth' (peculiar to Fiddletown dialect) [Callaghan 1987: 143].
Central Sierra Miwok:yˈɨlːɨ- #4
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 6. Word class: verb. Alternative candidate: kasˈɨːt- 'to bite (snake or dog)' [ibid.]. Cf. also yˈɨlːa- 'to bite with poison (snake)' [ibid.]. It is hard to make out the exact semantic difference between yˈɨlːɨ- and kasˈɨːt- from the available occurences of these verbs in Central Sierra Miwok texts. Cf. the following examples: 'As she [Bear] nibbled she bit (yˈɨlːet̪) her [Deer] in the neck' (East Central dialect) [Berman 1982, text VIII, 13]; 'The dragons are growling, and the woman scolds them when they try to bite (kasˈɨːtɨːt̪aːnaːš)' [Berman 1982, text I, 8]; 'That is Serpent. He bites (kˈasːɨtˌiʔ).' [Berman 1982, text III, 10]; '...there were dreadful Things that snapped (kasˈɨtːanɨk) at him. They were the kind that eat people.' [Berman 1982, text III, 37]. We tentatively choose yˈɨlːɨ- mainly because of external correspondences in other Sierra Miwok languages.
Southern Sierra Miwok:yɨlː-4
Broadbent 1964: 241. Word class: verb. Secondary synonym: yɨt̪m- 'to bite', listed only in the English - Southern Sierra Miwok section of the dictionary [Broadbent 1964: 303].
NUMBER:8
WORD:black
Bodega Miwok:lok-ˈoːt̪a1
Callaghan 1970: 45. Glossed as 'to be black'. Word class: intransitive verb. Morphological analysis: verbal root lˈok- [ibid.], -Vːt̪a 'adjective suffix found on several color words' [Callaghan 1970: 102].
Lake Miwok:mulˈuː-mulu2
Callaghan 1965: 97. Glossed as 'to be black'. Word class: intransitive verb. Reduplication of the verbal root mˈulu-.
Plains Miwok:kul-uʔlu-3
Callaghan 1984: 77. Word class: adjective. Contains the adjectival suffix -VʔC2V- 'adjective formative, primarily in color terms' [Callaghan 1984: 226]. Cf. kuːla- (Jackson Valley, Lockford), kulːa- (Jackson Valley) 'charcoal / coals' [Callaghan 1984: 79].
Northern Sierra Miwok:kul-ulːi-3
Callaghan 1987: 120. Polysemy: 'black / dark / black or dark brown (eye)'. Contains the adjectival suffix -VCːi- 'color formative' [Callaghan 1987: 302]. Cf. kulːa- 'coals, charcoal'.
Central Sierra Miwok:kul-ˈulːi-3
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 8. Polysemy: 'black / a black one'. Word class: noun. Cf. kˈulːa- 'the coals' [ibid.].
Southern Sierra Miwok:t̪uːhi- #4
Broadbent 1964: 276. Word class: noun. Alternative candidates: t̪uh-uhːi- 'black', from the same root [ibid.]; kul-ulːi- 'black' (derived from kulːa- 'charcoal') [Broadbent 1964: 248]. Textual attestations: t̪uːhi- (black horse) [Broadbent 1964, text 13, (8)], t̪uh-uhːi- (black maidenhair fern roots, used for basketry) [Broadbent 1964, text 1, (72-74)]. kul-ulːi- is not attested in the published texts.
NUMBER:9
WORD:blood
Bodega Miwok:kˈičːaw1
Callaghan 1970: 37. Word class: noun. Also functions as the intransitive verb 'to bleed'.
Lake Miwok:kˈicːaw1
Callaghan 1965: 61. Word class: noun. Also functions as the intransitive verb 'to menstruate'. Related to the intransitive verb kˈicaw 'to bleed'.
Plains Miwok:kicːǝw1
Callaghan 1984: 70. Word class: noun. Related to kicaːw-ɨ- 'to bleed' [ibid.].
Northern Sierra Miwok:kičːaw-ɨ-1
Callaghan 1987: 112.
Central Sierra Miwok:kˈičːawɨ-1
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 7. Word class: noun. Related to kičˈaːw- 'to bleed' [ibid.].
Southern Sierra Miwok:kičːaw-1
Broadbent 1964: 245. Word class: noun. Related to kičaːw- 'to bleed' [ibid.].
NUMBER:10
WORD:bone
Bodega Miwok:mˈučːi1
Callaghan 1970: 52. Word class: noun.
Lake Miwok:kˈulum2
Callaghan 1965: 69. Polysemy: 'bone / cemetery'. Word class: noun.
Plains Miwok:kǝcǝcːǝ-3
Callaghan 1984: 68. Word class: noun. The form kǝcǝcːǝ- is common to both Jackson Valley and Lockford dialects. Variants: kǝcǝc (Jackson Valley), kǝcːǝc (Lockford).
Northern Sierra Miwok:kɨčːɨč-ɨ-3
Callaghan 1987: 123. Polysemy: 'bone / skeleton'.
Central Sierra Miwok:kˈɨčːɨčɨ-3
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 8. Word class: noun.
Southern Sierra Miwok:kɨčːɨč-3
Broadbent 1964: 248. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:11
WORD:breast
Bodega Miwok:t̪ˈena1
Callaghan 1970: 71. According to [Callaghan 1970], possibly borrowed from Lake Miwok t̪ˈena 'chest', but in [Callaghan 2014: 401] Bodega and Lake Miwok words are treated as cognates.
Lake Miwok:t̪ˈena #1
Callaghan 1965: 135. Glossed as 'chest'. Word class: noun. Alternative candidate: t̪ʼˈeːle 'breast' (borrowed from River Patwin tʼˈeːli 'chest, breast of bird') [Callaghan 1965: 147]. Distinct from mˈuː 'milk / breast / teat' [Callaghan 1965: 97].
Plains Miwok:huyːu-2
Callaghan 1984: 49. Glossed as 'chest'. The additional meaning 'breasts' is given with a question mark. Word class: noun. Distinct from muː- (Jackson Valley), muːsu- (Jackson Valley, Lockford) 'breast / nipples' [Callaghan 1984: 99]. Cf. also nucu- 'chest' (Jackson Valley, "MW says no such word") [Callaghan 1984: 111].
Northern Sierra Miwok:nuču- #3
Callaghan 1987: 170. Glossed as 'chest'. Alternative candidate: ʔuŋːay-ɨ- 'chest' [Callaghan 1987: 290]. Distinct from muːsu- 'breast / tits / mother's milk' [Callaghan 1987: 158].
Central Sierra Miwok:nɨsˈɨːlɨ-4
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 13. Glossed as 'chest'. Word class: noun. Distinct from mˈuːsu- 'breast' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 11] (cf. muːs- 'to suck' [ibid.]).
Southern Sierra Miwok:nɨsɨ-ːli-4
Broadbent 1964: 261. Glossed as 'chest (body-part)'. Word class: noun. Distinct from muːsu- 'breast / udder' (related to muːs- 'to suck at breast') [Broadbent 1964: 258].
NUMBER:11
WORD:breast
Bodega Miwok:mˈuː5
Callaghan 1970: 53. Glossed as 'breast (woman or man)'. Word class: noun. We list t̪ˈena and mˈuː as technical synonyms, since the meaning of the latter is given as generic, not restricted to 'woman's breast' as in the other Miwokan languages.
Lake Miwok:
Plains Miwok:
Northern Sierra Miwok:
Central Sierra Miwok:
Southern Sierra Miwok:
NUMBER:12
WORD:burn tr.
Bodega Miwok:pˈučːa-ti1
Callaghan 1970: 61. Polysemy: 'to burn (wood, etc.) / to put something in the fire / to build (a fire)'. Word class: perfective transitive verb. Morphological analysis: verbal root pˈučːa- 'to burn / to build (a fire)' [ibid.], verbal suffix -ti 'perfective' [Callaghan 1970: 77].
Lake Miwok:hulˈih-nuka #2
Callaghan 1965: 43. Word class: causative transitive verb. Derived from the intransitive verb hˈulih 'to burn, blaze, burn up' [ibid.]. Alternative candidate: yˈu(ː)l-en 'to start (a fire) / to burn / to burn off' (semelfactive transitive verb) [Callaghan 1965: 53]. Cf. also cˈuːp 'to set on fire' (semelfactive transitive verb; also used as an intransitive verb with the meaning 'to get badly burned (said of a person, clothes, or meat)') [Callaghan 1965: 16].
Plains Miwok:wǝːkǝ-3
Callaghan 1984: 175. Polysemy: 'to burn / to cremate'. Word class: transitive verb. Related to wɨke- 'fire' q.v. Cf. also transitive verb wǝlki- 'to burn' (Jackson Valley) [Callaghan 1984: 175].
Northern Sierra Miwok:wɨːkɨ-3
Callaghan 1987: 257. Polysemy: 'to build a fire / to burn something / to burn down'. Derived from wɨke- 'fire' q.v. Cf. also ʔampu- 'to burn' [Callaghan 1987: 263] (the only example in the dictionary is: lot̪ːesaːkɨʔ kikːɨʔ ʔampat̪ "boiling water burned me").
Central Sierra Miwok:wˈɨːk-3
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 20. Polysemy: 'to burn, trans. / to build a fire / to set on fire'. Word class: verb. Related to wɨkeː- 'fire' q.v.
Southern Sierra Miwok:huy-pu-4
Broadbent 1964: 234. Polysemy: 'to light a fire / to tend a fire / to burn, tr. / to cremate'. Word class: verb. Informants: Castro Johnson, of Mariposa; Rose Watt, of Usona; Emma Lord, of Usona. Derived from huyːu- 'fire', q.v. Secondary synonyms: wɨːk- 'to light a fire / to burn, tr.' (informant: Chris Brown, a speaker of Yosemite dialect; related to wɨke- 'fire' in the speech of the same informant) [Broadbent 1964: 285], wɨleː-na- 'to burn, tr.' (with -na- 'causative') [Broadbent 1964: 284].
NUMBER:13
WORD:claw(nail)
Bodega Miwok:pˈičːi1
Callaghan 1970: 59. Polysemy: 'fingernail / toenail? / claws'. Word class: noun. Cf. also ʔˈukːun pˈičːi 'fingernail' and kˈoːn pˈičːi 'toenail' [ibid.].
Lake Miwok:t̪ˈiː2
Callaghan 1965: 136. Polysemy: 'fingernail / claw'. Word class: noun.
The words for '(finger)nail' and 'claw' are not attested in [Freeland & Broadbent 1960] and [Berman 1982].
Southern Sierra Miwok:halaː-3
Broadbent 1964: 227. Polysemy: 'feather / finger- or toenail'. Word class: noun. The word for 'claw' is not attested in the dictionary, but one textual attestation [Broadbent 1964, text 14, (118)] confirms that halaː- can be used for 'claw' as well.
NUMBER:14
WORD:cloud
Bodega Miwok:ʔˈilaw #1
Callaghan 1970: 91. Word class: noun. The word is queried in the dictionary, indicating uncertainty on the part of the informant.
Lake Miwok:mˈolpa2
Callaghan 1965: 95. Word class: noun. Also functions as the intransitive verb 'to be cloudy'. Cf. mˈolːe 'shade / shadow / reflection in the water' [ibid.].
Plains Miwok:moːli-2
Callaghan 1984: 97. Glossed as 'cloudy / shade' on p. 97, but as 'cloud' in the English - Plains Miwok section [Callaghan 1984: 242]. The meaning 'cloud' is also confirmed by the following textual example: moːliʔ tɨsʔe "The clouds are breaking up" [Callaghan 1984: 165]. Word class: adjective and noun. Related to the transitive verb molːi- 'to shade' [Callaghan 1984: 97].
Northern Sierra Miwok:ʔoːpa-3
Callaghan 1987: 286. Polysemy: 'cloudy / cloud'.
Central Sierra Miwok:ʔˈoːpa-3
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 23. Word class: noun.
Southern Sierra Miwok:ʔoːpa-3
Broadbent 1964: 294. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:15
WORD:cold
Bodega Miwok:kˈučːi1
Callaghan 1970: 41. Polysemy: 'to be cool, cold / to be freezing' (used with objects and the weather). Word class: intransitive verb. Distinct from ʂˈil-um 'to be cold' (person or weather) [Callaghan 1970: 67].
Lake Miwok:t̪ˈip-muti2
Callaghan 1965: 137. Glossed as 'to be cold (said of an object or the weather)'. Word class: semelfactive intransitive verb. Also used as the noun 'a cold' (a loan shift from English). Distinct from t̪ˈiːʂ-wa 'to be cold (said of a person)' [ibid.].
Plains Miwok:tǝl-ːǝli-3
Callaghan 1984: 152. Glossed as 'cold / cool (water)'. Word class: adjective. The word has two variant pronunciations: tǝlːǝli- (Jackson Valley, Lockford) and telːeli- (Lockford). Contains an adjective formative -ːVC2i- [Callaghan 1984: 223].
Northern Sierra Miwok:taːlɨme- #4
Callaghan 1987: 229. Glossed as 'cool (things, weather)', but translated as 'cold' in the example taːlɨmeʔ taplaʔ "cold board". No other word with the meaning 'cold', applicable to objects, is attested in the dictionary.
Central Sierra Miwok:tˈalːɨme-4
Berman 1982: 128. Word class: noun. Berman's informant John Kelly preferred the form tˈalːɨmɨ- [ibid.]. The word for 'cold' is absent from [Freeland & Broadbent 1960].
Southern Sierra Miwok:hit̪ɨːp-5
Broadbent 1964: 232. Polysemy: 'cold / a cold thing'. Word class: noun. Derived from hit̪p- 'to be or get cold' [ibid.]. Secondary synonym: t̪ɨːnan- 'cold (?)' [Broadbent 1964: 277]. Distinct from kɨweːŋ-aː- 'cool' [Broadbent 1964: 249].
NUMBER:16
WORD:come
Bodega Miwok:ʔˈoːni1
Callaghan 1970: 96. Word class: intransitive verb (with locative). Secondary synonyms: ʔˈonːa 'to come / to arrive' (intransitive verb) [Callaghan 1970: 95], wˈila 'come! / come on!' (intransitive verb, imperative) [Callaghan 1970: 82]. Illustrative sentences in the dictionary show that ʔˈoːni is used more frequently than ʔˈonːa.
Lake Miwok:ʔˈoːni1
Callaghan 1965: 187. Polysemy: 'to come / to appear / to come to pass, happen'. Word class: iterative intransitive verb. Secondary synonym: cˈokt̪e 'to come from an unseen spot / to go along, come along, follow / to come through (with objective of place) / to become (with instrumental)' (semelfactive intransitive and transitive verb) [Callaghan 1965: 14].
Plains Miwok:ʔǝnːǝ-2
Callaghan 1984: 197. Word class: intransitive verb. An alternative candidate is ʔoːni- 'to come / to approach, get near / to arrive, get somewhere' [Callaghan 1984: 213]. The two verbs can occur in identical contexts, cf. taːwɨm ʔoːniʔːacʔis or taːwɨm ʔǝnːǝʔːacʔis 'I think he's coming' (Jackson Valley) [Callaghan 1984: 197].
Northern Sierra Miwok:ʔɨːnɨ-2
Callaghan 1987: 295. Polysemy: 'to come / to come in / to approach / to come up (to the surface)'.
Central Sierra Miwok:ʔˈɨnːɨ-2
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 24. Word class: verb.
Southern Sierra Miwok:ʔɨnː-2
Broadbent 1964: 295. Word class: verb.
NUMBER:17
WORD:die
Bodega Miwok:t̪ˈulaw1
Callaghan 1970: 75. Word class: intransitive verb.
Lake Miwok:yˈoːk2
Callaghan 1965: 51. Polysemy: 'to die / to be dead / to be dark (said of the moon) / to do something heartily'. Word class: semelfactive intransitive verb. Also functions as the noun 'death'. Cf. cˈaːm 'to fade away, like a flower which is through blooming / to die away / to wear out' (semelfactive intransitive verb) [Callaghan 1965: 11], cognate to the Eastern Miwok verb 'to die'. The earlier meaning 'to die' for Lake Miwok cˈaːm is suggested by ʔˈelay cˈaːm 'stillbirth', lit. "child dead" [ibid.].
Plains Miwok:cemeːn-ɨ-3
Callaghan 1984: 19. Polysemy: 'to die / to be dying'. Word class: intransitive verb.
Northern Sierra Miwok:čamsɨ-4
Callaghan 1987: 41. Polysemy: 'to die / to die from something'.
Central Sierra Miwok:čˈam-šɨ-4
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 1. Word class: verb. Contains the morpheme -šɨ- 'verbalizer, in intransitive or mediopassive verbs' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 16].
Southern Sierra Miwok:čam-h-4
Broadbent 1964: 221. Polysemy: 'to die / to be invisible, of the moon'. Word class: verb.
NUMBER:18
WORD:dog
Bodega Miwok:hayˈuːʂa1
Callaghan 1970: 16. Word class: noun.
Lake Miwok:hˈayu1
Callaghan 1965: 25-26. Word class: noun. This word was borrowed from Lake Miwok into Patwin, Wappo and most Pomo languages. The Miwok origin of the word is clear in view of its preservation in the geographically remote Yosemite dialect of Southern Sierra Miwok.
Plains Miwok:cuːcu--1
Callaghan 1984: 28. Word class: noun. Borrowed from Spanish chucho 'dog'.
Broadbent 1964: 224. Polysemy: 'dog / pet / guardian spirit of shaman'. Word class: noun. Yosemite dialect had another word: hayu- 'dog' [Broadbent 1964: 226].
NUMBER:19
WORD:drink
Bodega Miwok:ʔˈuʂːu1
Callaghan 1970: 101. Word class: intransitive and transitive verb.
Lake Miwok:ʔˈuʂːu1
Callaghan 1965: 192. Word class: semelfactive transitive verb.
Plains Miwok:ʔusːu-1
Callaghan 1984: 216. Word class: transitive verb.
Northern Sierra Miwok:ʔuhu-1
Callaghan 1987: 288. The word sounds as ʔufu- in the speech of one of the Fiddletown informants, Birdie Burris. This is clearly an innovation, since it is said to have sounded as ʔuhu- in the speech of her mother, Queenie Miller (see [Callaghan 1987: 7] on Callaghan's informants). Apart from ʔufu- and its derivatives, the phoneme /f/ occurs only in loanwords [Callaghan 1987: 17].
Central Sierra Miwok:ʔˈušːu-1
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 23. Word class: verb.
Southern Sierra Miwok:ʔuhuː-1
Broadbent 1964: 294. Word class: verb. An irregular verb (present imperfect: ʔuhu(ː)-, present perfect: ʔuhːuː-, imperative: ʔuhːu(ː)-) [Broadbent 1964: 61].
NUMBER:20
WORD:dry
Bodega Miwok:lˈaka #1
Callaghan 1970: 43. Glossed as 'to be dry'. Word class: intransitive verb. Alternative candidate: hˈeːwa ~ hˈelwa 'to be dry' (intransitive verb) [Callaghan 1970: 18]. We tentatively choose lˈaka, because the dictionary provides several examples, showing that this word can be applied to different types of objects: hˈuːlin lˈaka 'The blanket is dry', lˈaka kˈole 'dry grass', lˈaka t̪ˈumay 'dry wood', wˈalːi lˈaka 'It's awfully dry' [Callaghan 1970: 43]. Unfortunately, no examples for hˈeːwa ~ hˈelwa are given in [Callaghan 1970].
Lake Miwok:cˈutul2
Callaghan 1965: 16. Glossed as 'to be dry'. Word class: intransitive verb. Secondary synonym: kˈaːy 'to dry up / to be dry / to go out (said of air) / to fade away' (semelfactive intransitive verb) [Callaghan 1965: 54].
Plains Miwok:hew-eːna-3
Callaghan 1984: 38. Word class: adjective. Contains the resultative suffix -eːna- [Callaghan 1984: 29]. Related to heːw-ukse- 'to dry up' (intransitive verb) [Callaghan 1984: 38] and heːwɨ- 'to dry (meat, etc.)' (transitive verb) [Callaghan 1984: 304]. Secondary synonym: kay-e:na- 'dry', related to kaywɨ, kaːwɨ- 'to dry up', kaye-, kaːye- 'drying up, low (water)' [Callaghan 1984: 60-61].
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 3. Polysemy: 'dry / a dry thing'. Word class: noun. Related to the verbs hˈewːe- 'to dry meat' and hˈeːw- 'to dry clothes' [ibid.].
Southern Sierra Miwok:hewe-ːmuː-3
Broadbent 1964: 231. Word class: noun. Derived from hewːe- 'to dry, tr.' with the suffix -ːmuː- 'predicative' [Broadbent 1964: 121].
NUMBER:21
WORD:ear
Bodega Miwok:ʔˈalok1
Callaghan 1970: 87. Word class: noun. Possibly an archaic derivate of ʔˈalu 'to hear'.
Lake Miwok:ʔˈalok1
Callaghan 1965: 171. Word class: noun. Possibly an archaic derivate of ʔˈalu 'to hear'.
Callaghan 1984: 57. Polysemy: 'ground / land / dirt'. Word class: noun.
Northern Sierra Miwok:walːi-3
Callaghan 1987: 243. Polysemy: 'ground / dirt / down / world / area / place / country / out / outside'. The word is marked as peculiar to Fiddletown dialect.
Central Sierra Miwok:wˈalːi-3
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 19. Polysemy: 'down / earth / world / ground'. Word class: noun. Cf. East Central dialect t̪ˈolːe- 'world, land', t̪ˈoːle- 'ground' [Berman 1982: 132].
Broadbent 1964: 296. Word class: verb. An irregular verb (present imperfect: ʔɨwːɨ-, present perfect: ʔɨwːɨː-, imperative: ʔɨwːɨ(ː)-) [Broadbent 1964: 61].
NUMBER:24
WORD:egg
Bodega Miwok:pˈuːlu1
Callaghan 1970: 63. Word class: noun. Related to the transitive verb pˈulːu 'to be laying (eggs)' [Callaghan 1970: 62]. Secondary synonym: wˈeːbo 'egg' (borrowed from Spanish huevo 'egg') [Callaghan 1970: 80]. The two words occur in virtually identical contexts: kayˈiːna ka pˈulːu wˈeːbo 'The chicken laid an egg', pˈulːu ʔˈopu pˈuːlu 'laying eggs' [Callaghan 1970: 62], but pˈuːlu is more frequent in the examples.
Lake Miwok:pʰˈakpʰak ~ pˈakpak-1
Callaghan 1965: 105, 114. Glossed as 'the egg of domestic fowl, birds, and turtles'. Word class: noun. Borrowed from Hill Patwin pʰakpʰak 'egg'.
Plains Miwok:weːwo--1
Callaghan 1984: 174. Polysemy: 'egg / penis'. Word class: noun. Borrowed from Spanish huevo 'egg, testicles'.
Northern Sierra Miwok:haŋːɨ-2
Callaghan 1987: 58. Polysemy: 'egg / penis'.
Central Sierra Miwok:hˈoŋːu-2
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 4. Word class: noun.
Southern Sierra Miwok:hoŋːu-2
Broadbent 1964: 233. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:25
WORD:eye
Bodega Miwok:ʂˈut̪1
Callaghan 1970: 69. Word class: noun.
Lake Miwok:ʂˈut̪1
Callaghan 1965: 129. Word class: noun.
Plains Miwok:welay2
Callaghan 1984: 171. Word class: noun. The form is peculiar to Jackson Valley dialect. The corresponding Lockford form is wǝlay.
Broadbent 1964: 270. Polysemy: 'grease / fat'. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:27
WORD:feather
Bodega Miwok:pˈut̪ːa1
Callaghan 1970: 63. Word class: noun.
Lake Miwok:pˈut̪ːe #1
Callaghan 1965: 113. Polysemy: 'feathers / that part of the dance headpiece which fits on top of the head'. Word class: noun. Realted to pˈut̪ːa 'to pluck / to shave / to scald the hair off (hogs)' (transitive verb) [ibid.]. Cf. Cache Creek Patwin pute 'down (feathers)' and Hill Patwin pute 'down, body feathers all together'. The direction of borrowing was from Miwok to Patwin, since the Miwok root has cognates in Costanoan [Callaghan 2014: 364]. Alternative candidate: pˈakah 'flower / feather / yellow-hammer feathers used in headdresses' [Callaghan 1965: 105]. Distinct from nˈati 'fine feathers used in basket making' [Callaghan 1965: 99].
Plains Miwok:sale-2
Callaghan 1984: 128. Glossed as 'wing? / feather(s)'. Word class: noun. Secondary synonym: ceːp 'fur / wool' [Callaghan 1984: 20], glossed as 'feather' in English - Plains Miwok section [Callaghan 1984: 250].
Broadbent 1964: 227. Polysemy: 'feather / finger- or toenail'. Word class: noun. Yosemite dialect form: ʂala-ʔ 'feather' [Broadbent 1964: 14].
NUMBER:28
WORD:fire
Bodega Miwok:wˈuki1
Callaghan 1970: 84. Word class: noun. Also functions as the intransitive verb 'to be hot (person or object)'.
Lake Miwok:wˈiki1
Callaghan 1965: 160. Polysemy: 'fire / electricity / battery'. Word class: noun. Related to wˈiːki 'to burn' (intransitive verb) [ibid.].
Plains Miwok:wɨke-1
Callaghan 1984: 181. Word class: noun.
Northern Sierra Miwok:wɨke-1
Callaghan 1987: 257.
Central Sierra Miwok:wɨkˈeː-1
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 20. Word class: noun. Related to wˈɨːk- 'to burn, trans. / to build a fire / to set on fire' q.v.
Southern Sierra Miwok:huyːu-2
Broadbent 1964: 234. Word class: noun. Informants: Castro Johnson, of Mariposa; Rose Watt, of Usona; Emma Lord, of Usona. Secondary synonym: wɨke- 'fire' (informant: Chris Brown, a speaker of Yosemite dialect) [Broadbent 1964: 284]. See 'burn tr.'.
NUMBER:29
WORD:fish
Bodega Miwok:ʔelːˈeː1
Callaghan 1970: 90. Word class: noun. Oblique stem ʔˈelːe-. Cf. ʔelːˈeːwe 'fish / several fish' (noun) [ibid.].
Not attested in [Freeland & Broadbent 1960] and [Berman 1982].
Southern Sierra Miwok:lapiːs-ay- #4
Broadbent 1964: 249. Polysemy: 'trout / fish'. Word class: noun. Suffix -ay- occurs in names of birds, plants, and fresh-water animals [Broadbent 1964: 97]. An alternative candidate: polhuy- 'suckerfish / perch / fish' [Broadbent 1964: 265]. We tentatively choose lapiːs-ay- because of external (Northern Sierra Miwok) evidence.
NUMBER:30
WORD:fly v.
Bodega Miwok:lˈilːu1
Callaghan 1970: 45. Glossed as 'to be flying'. Word class: intransitive verb. Cf. also lilˈuː-ti 'to fly / to fly away' (intransitive perfective verb) [ibid.].
Lake Miwok:lilˈuː-ti1
Callaghan 1965: 79. Polysemy: 'to fly once / to fly away in a group'. Word class: semelfactive intransitive verb. Variant form used by one of the informants (James Knight): lulˈuː-ti [Callaghan 1965: 81]. Cf. another derivative from the verbal root lˈilu- 'to fly': iterative intransitive verb lˈilːu-ti 'to fly, one at a time' [Callaghan 1965: 79].
Plains Miwok:sɨleːt-ɨ-2
Callaghan 1984: 141. Word class: intransitive verb.
Northern Sierra Miwok:sɨleːt̪-ɨ-2
Callaghan 1987: 205. Polysemy: 'to fly / to soar (buzzard)'.
Central Sierra Miwok:šɨlˈeːt̪-2
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 16. Word class: verb.
Southern Sierra Miwok:hɨleː-t̪-2
Broadbent 1964: 238. Polysemy: 'to fly / to jump with both feet / to be in the air'. Word class: verb. The root without the suffix -t̪- occurs in hɨl-ŋe- 'to fly from the nest, of young birds' [ibid.].
NUMBER:31
WORD:foot
Bodega Miwok:kˈoː1
Callaghan 1970: 40. Polysemy: 'foot / toe / track'. Word class: noun. Distinct from hˈoːl 'leg' [Callaghan 1970: 25].
Lake Miwok:kˈolo1
Callaghan 1965: 65. Polysemy: 'foot / tracks'. Word class: noun. Cf. kˈoːlo 'to track (an animal)' (transitive verb) [Callaghan 1965: 67]. Distinct from lˈoːlo 'leg / stem of a pipe' [Callaghan 1965: 81].
Plains Miwok:kolo-1
Callaghan 1984: 73. Polysemy: 'foot / hoof / toe / tracks'. Word class: noun. Distinct from kawːal, kawːali- 'leg / lower leg' [Callaghan 1984: 65].
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 2. Polysemy: 'foot / track'. Word class: noun. Distinct from hˈoːčon- 'leg' (East Central dialect hˈoːčan- 'legs') [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 4], cited as hˈoːčonu- in the English - Central Sierra Miwok section [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 38].
Southern Sierra Miwok:hatːe-2
Broadbent 1964: 228. Polysemy: 'foot / tracks / twelve inches'. Word class: noun. Related to haːt- 'to step on' [Broadbent 1964: 229]. Distinct from hoːčon- 'leg / lower leg' [Broadbent 1964: 234].
NUMBER:32
WORD:full
Bodega Miwok:hˈuwa1
Callaghan 1970: 28. Glossed as 'to be full / full'. Word class: intransitive verb and noun.
Lake Miwok:pˈalːa2
Callaghan 1965: 105. Polysemy: 'to be full (said of a barrel, etc.) / to be full (said of the moon) / to fill'. Word class: iterative intransitive and transitive verb. Cf. also pˈali 'to be full' (intransitive verb) [ibid.].
Plains Miwok:cupːa-3
Callaghan 1984: 27. Word class: adjective. Also functions as the transitive verb 'to fill'.
Northern Sierra Miwok:humaʔni-4
Callaghan 1987: 81.
Central Sierra Miwok:
Not attested in [Freeland & Broadbent 1960] and [Berman 1982].
Southern Sierra Miwok:čuːyaʔne-5
Broadbent 1964: 224. Word class: noun. Related to čuːyaʔ-nɨ- 'to fill' [ibid.].
NUMBER:33
WORD:give
Bodega Miwok:wˈaː1
Callaghan 1970: 78. Word class: intransitive and transitive verb. Secondary synonym: wˈaye 'give me' (transitive verb, occurs only in the imperative) [ibid.].
Lake Miwok:wˈaya1
Callaghan 1965: 151-152. Polysemy: 'to give in one installment / to grant / to share'. Word class: transitive semelfactive verb. Secondary synonym: hˈiːna 'to give / to give away / to share / to divide' (transitive semelfactive verb) [Callaghan 1965: 32]. Examples in [Callaghan 1964] and [Callaghan 1965] show that wˈaya is the basic verb for 'to give'.
Plains Miwok:ʔanti-2
Callaghan 1984: 186. Glossed as 'to give, present (with obj. of recipient)'. Word class: transitive verb. Another word for 'give' is ʔamːɨ- 'to give, present (with obj. of recipient)' [Callaghan 1984: 185]. Callaghan notes that ʔamːɨ- may be a loan from Northern Sierra Miwok ʔamːɨ- 'to give'. Textual examples in the dictionary reveal the following pattern: ʔamːɨ- is used with the first person recipient, ʔanti- is used with second and third person recipients. We enter both verbs as quasi-synonyms. Examples for ʔamːɨ-: suleːyɨt ʔamːɨt hawloːsu "Please give me the arrow" [Callaghan 1984: 33], suːleːyit ʔamːɨt hawloːsu "Please give me an arrow" (Lockford) [Callaghan 1984: 137], suːleːyit ʔamːɨt paːn (or paːnsɨ) "Please give me some bread" (Lockford) [Callaghan 1984: 137], suːleːyit ʔamːɨt kiːksɨ "Please give me water" [Callaghan 1984: 185], ʔamːɨt ʔaːy hawloːsɨ! "Give me another arrow!" (Jackson Valley) [Callaghan 1984: 188]. Examples for ʔanti-: ʔantim hoːwotsu ʔikoc "I'm giving them beads" [Callaghan 1984: 49, 186, 199-200], ʔantim nekoc hoːwotsu "I'm giving them beads" [Callaghan 1984: 106], ʔantisːiːmah nesːɨ tumaysɨ "I'm going to give you this wood" [Callaghan 1984: 106], ʔantik numeh kiːksɨ "Give him more water" [Callaghan 1984: 111], kanːiʔ ʔantisːim ʔaːy "I'm going to give him some more" [Callaghan 1984: 186], ʔantik kiːksɨʔ! "Give it more water!" [Callaghan 1984: 186], ʔantim sawːesɨc tumaysɨ "I'm giving the man a stick" [Callaghan 1984: 186], kanːiʔ ʔantisːim ʔaːy kiːksɨ "I'm going to give him some more water" [Callaghan 1984: 188]. It is worth noting that in Northern Sierra Miwok the verb ʔamːɨ- is used irrespective of the recipient's person (see examples in [Callaghan 1987: 263-264]).
Northern Sierra Miwok:ʔamːɨ- #3
Callaghan 1987: 263. Polysemy: 'to give (with instrumental of object) / to prescribe'. A second candidate is: welka- 'to give / to get something for someone' [Callaghan 1987: 250].
Central Sierra Miwok:ʔˈamːɨ-3
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 21. Glossed as 'to give to, to present'. Word class: verb. Cf. also the form ʔunˌuː 'give! give me!' [Berman 1982: 130; Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 55, 56]. H. Berman comments: "This is perhaps a second person singular volitional similar in formation to ʔuṭùˑ 'get out of the way!'" [ibid.].
Southern Sierra Miwok:ʔamː-3
Broadbent 1964: 286. Polysemy: 'to give / to lend'. Secondary synonym: paːʔ- 'to give' [Broadbent 1964: 263]. Although this is not stated explicitly in the dictionary, it seems that the difference between ʔamː- and paːʔ- is dialectal. paːʔ- is found only in the texts recorded from Chris Brown, a speaker of Yosemite dialect [Broadbent 1964, text 14, (39); text 15, (11); text 16 (6)], while ʔamː- is attested in texts recorded from Castro Johnson of Mariposa [Broadbent 1964, text 5, (54, 65, 87); text 7, (33); text 12, (11, 12, 46, 53, 60)].
NUMBER:33
WORD:give
Bodega Miwok:
Lake Miwok:
Plains Miwok:ʔamːɨ-3
Callaghan 1984: 185. Glossed as 'to give, present (with obj. of recipient)'. Word class: transitive verb.
Northern Sierra Miwok:
Central Sierra Miwok:
Southern Sierra Miwok:
NUMBER:34
WORD:good
Bodega Miwok:t̪ˈowih1
Callaghan 1970: 73. Polysemy: 'to be good, well / to be all right / to be right, correct / well'. Word class: intransitive verb.
Lake Miwok:ʔemˈeːne2
Callaghan 1965: 180. Polysemy: 'to be good / right, correct / well / a good one'. Word class: semelfactive intransitive verb and noun.
Plains Miwok:welwel3
Callaghan 1984: 171. Polysemy: 'good / well / right'. Word class: adjective.
Northern Sierra Miwok:kuči-4
Callaghan 1987: 119. Polysemy: 'good / nice / all right'.
Central Sierra Miwok:kučˈiː-4
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 8. Word class: noun.
Southern Sierra Miwok:čɨt̪ɨː-5
Broadbent 1964: 225. Polysemy: 'good / right / clean / nice'. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:35
WORD:green
Bodega Miwok:ʂil(ː)-ˈiːt̪a #1
Callaghan 1970: 66-67. Polysemy: 'to be yellow / to be green?'. Word class: intransitive verb. Morphological analysis: verbal root ʂˈil- [ibid.], -Vːt̪a 'adjective suffix found on several color words' [Callaghan 1970: 102]. Alternative candidate: luč-ˈuːt̪a 'to be blue / to be green?' (intransitive verb) [Callaghan 1970: 46]. We tentatively choose ʂil(ː)-ˈiːt̪a because of the diagnostic context ʂil(ː)ˈiːt̪a kˈole 'green grass' [Callaghan 1970: 67].
Lake Miwok:ʂiwˈiː-ʂiwi2
Callaghan 1965: 125. Glossed as 'to be green or blue'. Word class: intransitive verb. Also functions as the noun 'mustard greens / soda'. Apparently related to ʂiwˈaː 'bile', ʂˈiwːin 'gall' and/or ʂˈiwak 'grass' [Callaghan 1965: 124-125].
Plains Miwok:cite-3
Callaghan 1984: 22. Word class: adjective. Also functions as a noun: 'green grass / bushes'. Cf. also a derivative from the same root: cit-itːi- ~ cit-iʔti- 'green / green paint / green (fruit)' [ibid.]. Distinct from cok-oʔko- 'light green / faded green' [Callaghan 1984: 24].
Northern Sierra Miwok:čoːki-4
Callaghan 1987: 48. Polysemy: 'green / blue'. Other derivatives from the same root: čok-okːi- 'blue / green / anything green', čoːkita- 'green / green grass / lawn / vegetables / sprout' [ibid.].
Central Sierra Miwok:čit̪-ˈit̪ːi-3
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 1. Polysemy: 'green / blue'. Word class: noun. Related to čit̪ˈaːk- 'to sprout, to grow green', čˈit̪ːakɨ- 'grass (green) / a green tree' [ibid.].
Southern Sierra Miwok:čit̪-it̪ːi-3
Broadbent 1964: 223. Word class: noun. Related to čit̪ːak- 'grass' [ibid.].
NUMBER:36
WORD:hair
Bodega Miwok:mˈolu1
Callaghan 1970: 51-52. Polysemy: 'head / hair / body hair (but not dog's hair)'. Word class: noun.
Lake Miwok:ʂˈaːpa2
Callaghan 1965: 120. Glossed as 'hair on the head'. Word class: noun. Distinct from hˈimi 'pubic hair (both male and female)' [Callaghan 1965: 33], pˈot̪ːol 'fur / animal hair' [Callaghan 1965: 111].
Plains Miwok:tolo-3
Callaghan 1984: 158. Polysemy: 'head (only in Jackson Valley dialect) / hair'. Word class: noun. Cf. also mǝn 'hair on the head' ("This word was used around Pleasonton"). The word is not recognized by Mabel Walloupe, a speaker of Lockford dialect [Callaghan 1984: 94].
Northern Sierra Miwok:hanːa-4
Callaghan 1987: 58. Polysemy: 'head / hair / skull / mind / sense'. Same word as 'head' q.v.
Central Sierra Miwok:yuše-5
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 6, 36. Glossed as 'head hair'. Word class: noun. Cited as yˌuše- in the main section of the dictionary [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 36]. Distinct from hˈiːsoku- 'body hair / fur' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 3].
Southern Sierra Miwok:hiːsok-6
Broadbent 1964: 232. Polysemy: 'hair / fur'. Word class: noun. Related to hisːok- 'to grow hair' [ibid.]. Distinct from hoːmuč- 'facial hair / body hair' [Broadbent 1964: 234].
NUMBER:37
WORD:hand
Bodega Miwok:ʔˈukːuh1
Callaghan 1970: 99. Word class: noun. Distinct from t̪ˈaːlik 'arm / wing / branch?' [Callaghan 1970: 70].
Lake Miwok:ʔˈukːu1
Callaghan 1965: 191. Word class: noun. Variant: ʔˈuku. Distinct from t̪ˈaw-lik 'arm / wing / dime / 12-1/2 cents, a "bit"' [Callaghan 1965: 133].
Plains Miwok:ʔekːuh1
Callaghan 1984: 192. Polysemy: 'hand / wrist / finger'. Word class: noun. Distinct from tumːal 'arm' [Callaghan 1984: 163].
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 18. Word class: noun. Distinct from wˈoːŋot̪u- 'arm' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 20].
Southern Sierra Miwok:tisːɨ-2
Broadbent 1964: 278. Word class: noun. Distinct from paːčan- 'arm' [Broadbent 1964: 262].
NUMBER:38
WORD:head
Bodega Miwok:mˈolu1
Callaghan 1970: 51-52. Polysemy: 'head / hair / body hair (but not dog's hair)'. Word class: noun.
Lake Miwok:cˈanːa2
Callaghan 1965: 12. Polysemy: 'head / memory'. Word class: noun. Secondary synonym: ɬˈubːuduk 'head / skull / front part of the head' (borrowed from Hill Patwin ɬumburuːk 'brains') [Callaghan 1965: 85].
Plains Miwok:tolo-3
Callaghan 1984: 158. Polysemy: 'head / hair'. Word class: noun. The meaning 'head' is attested only in the Jackson Valley dialect. In the Lockford dialect the Spanish loanword kaweːsa- 'head' is used instead [Callaghan 1984: 64].
Northern Sierra Miwok:hanːa-4
Callaghan 1987: 58. Polysemy: 'head / hair / skull / mind / sense'. Same word as 'hair' q.v.
Central Sierra Miwok:hˈanːa-4
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 2. Word class: noun.
Southern Sierra Miwok:hukːuː-5
Broadbent 1964: 235. Word class: noun. This word belongs to the Mariposa dialect. Cf. Yosemite dialect hanːa- 'head' [Broadbent 1964: 228].
NUMBER:39
WORD:hear
Bodega Miwok:ʔˈalu1
Callaghan 1970: 87. Polysemy: 'to hear / to feel / to taste'. Word class: transitive verb. Cf. ʔˈalː-um 'to be tasting' and ʔˈalok 'ear' [ibid.].
Lake Miwok:ʔˈalu1
Callaghan 1965: 171. Polysemy: 'to hear / to feel / to taste / to perceive by a sense other than sight'. Word class: semelfactive intransitive and transitive verb. Cf. ʔˈalok 'ear', q.v.
Callaghan 1970: 38. Polysemy: 'horn / antler / sticker'. Word class: noun. Also functions as the intransitive verb 'to be hard, sharp'.
Lake Miwok:kˈilːi1
Callaghan 1965: 63. Polysemy: 'horn / antler'. Related to kˈiːli 'to hook with the horns' (transitive verb), 'thorn / stickers on weeds or berry bushes' (noun) [Callaghan 1965: 62].
Plains Miwok:kiːli-1
Callaghan 1984: 72. Word class: noun. Variants: kiːli-, kilːi-. Mabel Walloupe, a speaker of Lockford dialect, accepts only kiːli-. The variant kilːi- is possibly borrowed from Northern Sierra Miwok.
Northern Sierra Miwok:kilːi-1
Callaghan 1987: 112.
Central Sierra Miwok:kˈilːi-1
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 7. Glossed as 'antler'. Word class: noun. There is no word glossed as 'horn' in the dictionary.
Southern Sierra Miwok:kilːi-1
Broadbent 1964: 245. Glossed as 'antler'. Word class: noun. There is no word glossed as 'horn' in [Broadbent 1964].
NUMBER:42
WORD:I
Bodega Miwok:kˈanːi ~ kˈani1
Callaghan 1970: 34. Glossed as 'I, me'. Word class: independent pronoun. The alternant kˈani is rare. Comitative case kanːˈiːni, instrumental case kanːˈiʂːu, allative case kanːˈit̪ːo.
Lake Miwok:kˈanːi1
Callaghan 1965: 57. Glossed as 'I, me'. Word class: independent pronoun.
Plains Miwok:kanːi-1
Callaghan 1984: 62. Word class: independent pronoun.
Northern Sierra Miwok:kanːi-1
Callaghan 1987: 104.
Central Sierra Miwok:kaːn1
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 7. Objective case kˈanːiː-y, possessive case kanˌɨː-ŋ, locative case kˈanːiː-t̪, ablative case kˈanːi-mːɨʔ [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 6].
Southern Sierra Miwok:kanːi-1
Broadbent 1964: 93, 243. Independent personal pronoun. Genitive case: kanːɨŋ.
NUMBER:43
WORD:kill
Bodega Miwok:ʔˈoke1
Callaghan 1970: 94. Word class: transitive verb.
Lake Miwok:kˈat̪ː-en2
Callaghan 1965: 58. Word class: semelfactive transitive verb.
Plains Miwok:heʔta-3
Callaghan 1984: 39. Word class: transitive verb.
Northern Sierra Miwok:yinːa-4
Callaghan 1987: 95. A form of the Fiddletown dialect. Camanche dialect has yɨnːa-.
Callaghan 1984: 48. Polysemy: 'knee / kneecap'. Word class: noun.
Northern Sierra Miwok:hoŋːoy-u-3
Callaghan 1987: 78.
Central Sierra Miwok:hˈoŋːoyu-3
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 4. Word class: noun. Cf. hoŋˈoː-t̪- 'to kneel', hˈoŋ-t̪a- 'to hit with the knee' [ibid.].
Southern Sierra Miwok:hoŋːoy-3
Broadbent 1964: 233. Word class: noun. Cf. another word from the same root: hoŋtol- 'knee / kneecap' [ibid.].
NUMBER:45
WORD:know
Bodega Miwok:pˈičah1
Callaghan 1970: 59. Word class: intransitive and transitive verb.
Lake Miwok:nˈeːnut̪2
Callaghan 1965: 101. Polysemy: 'to care / to care about something / to know / to know how / to learn'. Word class: iterative intransitive and transitive verb. Cf. hˈolti 'to not know / to not understand / to not be able to do something' (transitive verb) [Callaghan 1965: 39].
Plains Miwok:ʔekutːa-ʔːe-3
Callaghan 1984: 192. Polysemy: 'to know / to understand'. Word class: intransitive and transitive verb. This form belongs to Jackson Valley dialect. Lockford dialect has ʔokutːe-ʔːe- ~ ʔokutːa-ʔːe-. Mabel Walloupe only considers ʔokutːe-ʔːe- correct. Morphological analysis: ʔekutːa- (Jackson Valley), ʔokutːe- (Lockford) 'smart / a smart person' [Callaghan 1984: 191], -ʔe- verbalizer suffix [Callaghan 1984: 189]. Cf. also variant form ʔoputːe-ʔːe-, corrected by an informant in one example to ʔokutːe-ʔːe- [Callaghan 1984: 209-210].
Northern Sierra Miwok:hɨyʔɨ-ksɨ-4
Callaghan 1987: 86. Polysemy: 'to know (a person) / to know something / to believe / to understand / ought to know'. A form peculiar to Fiddletown dialect. Camanche dialect has hɨʔːɨ-ksɨ- 'to know (a person)' [Callaghan 1987: 90]. Cf. also nenuːt̪-u- 'to know (be acquainted with)' [Callaghan 1987: 165].
Central Sierra Miwok:hˈɨyʔɨ-kːɨ-4
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 4. Word class: verb. East Central dialect form: hˈɨyʔɨ-ksɨ- 'to know' [Berman 1982: 131].
Southern Sierra Miwok:hɨyʔɨ-ksɨ-4
Broadbent 1964: 237. Glossed as 'to know a person or thing'. Word class: verb. Morphological analysis: hɨyʔɨ- 'clever' [ibid.], verbal suffix -ksɨ- 'continuative' [Broadbent 1964: 70]. Secondary synonyms: tɨlɨːl- 'to know, to be clear in one's mind about a thing / to remember something', tɨlɨlːɨ-čː- 'to know' [Broadbent 1964: 280], nenuː-t̪- 'to know a person / to recognize / to be able to tell if...' [Broadbent 1964: 260]. Many textual attestations in [Broadbent 1964] show that hɨyʔɨ-ksɨ- is the main verb for 'to know'.
NUMBER:46
WORD:leaf
Bodega Miwok:kˈolːi1
Callaghan 1970: 39. Word class: noun.
Lake Miwok:ʂˈaːnim2
Callaghan 1965: 120. Polysemy: 'leaf / petal'. Word class: noun.
Plains Miwok:pate-3
Callaghan 1984: 115. Word class: noun.
Northern Sierra Miwok:t̪at̪ːa-4
Callaghan 1987: 211.
Central Sierra Miwok:t̪ˈat̪ːa-4
Berman 1982: 131. Word class: noun. According to Berman [ibid.], the form t̪ˈaːt̪a- in [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 17] results from a typographical error.
Southern Sierra Miwok:t̪at̪ːa-4
Broadbent 1964: 272. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:47
WORD:lie
Bodega Miwok:hˈakːe-na1
Callaghan 1970: 17. Word class: intransitive verb. Derived from hˈakeh 'to lie down' (intransitive verb).
Lake Miwok:cˈat̪e2
Callaghan 1965: 13. Polysemy: 'to lie (a road) / to lie down (said of a person or an animal)'. Word class: semelfactive intransitive and transitive verb (with object of place). Cf. iterative transitive verb cˈat̪ːe 'to lie down several times / to be lying down (said of several people)' [ibid.]. Distinct from a number of verbs for lying in different positions: mˈekuh 'to sit on (said of a bug) / to bore into (like a tick) / to hang one's head down to think / to lie down, face down / to bow' (intransitive semelfactive verb) [Callaghan 1965: 92], mˈet̪uh 'to lie down, belly down' (intransitive verb) [Callaghan 1965: 93], t̪ˈakah 'to lie on one's back / to fall onto one's back' (intransitive semelfactive verb) [Callaghan 1965: 132], cʼˈudcʼudi 'to lie on one's side' (borrowed from Hill Patwin čʼuːčuro 'to be on one's side') [Callaghan 1965: 239].
Plains Miwok:tɨʔel-ːɨcːɨ-3
Callaghan 1984: 166. Polysemy: 'to be lying down / to set (bird)'. Word class: static intransitive verb. A form of Jackson Valley dialect. Lockford dialect has tɨʔːel-ːɨcːɨ-. Morphological analysis: tɨʔel- stem (cf. intransitive verb tɨʔeːl-ɨ- 'to lie down (action)' [Callaghan 1984: 165]), -ːɨcːɨ- (-ˑYcˑY- in Callaghan's morphophonological notation) static suffix [Callaghan 1984: 224].
Northern Sierra Miwok:yaŋːa-čːɨ-4
Callaghan 1987: 94. Polysemy: 'to lie down / to be lying down'. Derived from the same root as yaŋːe- 'to go to sleep / to be sleeping / to doze'.
Central Sierra Miwok:mˈaʔːilː-ɨ-5
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 10. Glossed as 'to lie down'. Word class: verb. This is a West Central dialect form. East Central dialect form: maʔˈiːl- 'to lie down' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 10].
Southern Sierra Miwok:yaŋːa-čː-4
Broadbent 1964: 239. Glossed as 'to be lying down'. Word class: verb. Contains static suffix -čː- [Broadbent 1964: 66].
NUMBER:48
WORD:liver
Bodega Miwok:kˈulːa1
Callaghan 1970: 41. Word class: noun.
Lake Miwok:kˈulːa1
Callaghan 1965: 68. Word class: noun.
Plains Miwok:kɨːla-1
Callaghan 1984: 80. Word class: noun. Variants: kɨːla-, kɨlːa-. Mabel Walloupe, a speaker of Lockford dialect, accepts only kɨːla-. The variant kɨlːa- is possibly borrowed from Northern Sierra Miwok.
Northern Sierra Miwok:kɨlːa-1
Callaghan 1987: 123.
Central Sierra Miwok:kˈɨlːa-1
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 8. Word class: noun.
Southern Sierra Miwok:kɨlːa-1
Broadbent 1964: 248. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:49
WORD:long
Bodega Miwok:kˈaway1
Callaghan 1970: 35. Polysemy: 'to be tall / to be long'. Word class: intransitive verb. Examples: kˈaway mˈolu 'long hair', kˈaway pˈayih 'tall mountain', kˈaway t̪ˈayih 'tall man' [ibid.]. Variant: kˈawal 'to be tall' (intransitive verb) [ibid.].
Lake Miwok:ʔedˈaːk2
Callaghan 1965: 176. Polysemy: 'long / tall / a long way / far / the whole thing'. Word class: intransitive verb and noun. An allomorph with shortened vowel: ʔˈedak-. Variant form used by one of the informants (James Knight): ʔadˈa(ː)k [Callaghan 1965: 169].
Plains Miwok:kacːa-3
Callaghan 1984: 60. Polysemy: 'long / tall'. Word class: adjective.
Northern Sierra Miwok:hɨlawːa-4
Callaghan 1987: 87. In the Camanche dialect this word also means 'tall'.
Central Sierra Miwok:t̪ˈot̪ːot̪o-5
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 17. Word class: noun. Cf. t̪ˈot̪ːo- 'far / a long way' [ibid.].
Southern Sierra Miwok:wilːat̪-6
Broadbent 1964: 283. Word class: noun. Cf. also wilaːt̪oː- 'tall / long' [ibid.].
NUMBER:50
WORD:louse
Bodega Miwok:kˈeːt̪1
Callaghan 1970: 36. Glossed as 'head louse'. Word class: noun. Distinct from čˈupʂi 'body louse' [Callaghan 1970: 14].
Lake Miwok:kˈeːt̪1
Callaghan 1965: 60. Glossed as 'head louse'. Word class: noun. Distinct from cˈupʂe 'body louse / bird louse' [Callaghan 1965: 16].
Plains Miwok:keːn1
Callaghan 1984: 68. Glossed as 'head louse'. Word class: noun. Distinct from cǝpsi- 'body louse' [Callaghan 1984: 20].
Northern Sierra Miwok:ket̪ːɨ-1
Callaghan 1987: 111. Glossed as 'head louse'. Distinct from čɨpsi- 'body louse (grey back)' [Callaghan 1987: 51].
Central Sierra Miwok:kˈet̪ːɨ-1
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 7. Word class: noun.
Southern Sierra Miwok:ket̪ːu-1
Broadbent 1964: 245. Glossed as 'head louse'. Word class: noun. Distinct from sɨpsi- 'body louse' [Broadbent 1964: 270].
NUMBER:51
WORD:man
Bodega Miwok:t̪ˈayih1
Callaghan 1970: 70. Word class: noun. Distinct from ʔˈamta 'husband' [Callaghan 1970: 88].
Lake Miwok:t̪ˈayh1
Callaghan 1965: 131. Polysemy: 'man / male'. Word class: noun. Distinct from mˈiːw 'husband' [Callaghan 1965: 94].
Plains Miwok:sawːeh2
Callaghan 1984: 129. Polysemy: 'man / male / plain bone in gambling game'. Word class: noun. Distinct from naːna- 'husband' [Callaghan 1984: 104].
Northern Sierra Miwok:naŋːa-3
Callaghan 1987: 162. Polysemy: 'male / man (male) / husband'.
Callaghan 1970: 100. Polysemy: 'much / many / enough / plenty'. Word class: noun. Also functions as the intransitive verb 'to be numerous'.
Lake Miwok:cˈane2
Callaghan 1965: 12. Polysemy: 'to be numerous / much / many / a lot / more'. Word class: intransitive verb and noun.
Plains Miwok:heni-3
Callaghan 1984: 36. Polysemy: 'much, a lot / many, lots of / enough / too much'. Word class: noun.
Northern Sierra Miwok:waŋa- #4
Callaghan 1987: 244. Polysemy: 'many, lots, a lot / a bunch / too many (adult term)'. A second candidate is ʔɨt̪ɨːʔ-ɨ- 'many, lots of' [Callaghan 1987: 294] (related to 'big', q.v.).
Central Sierra Miwok:ʔˈɨtːɨ-5
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 24. Polysemy: 'much / many'. Word class: noun. Same root as 'big' q.v.
Southern Sierra Miwok:ʔɨtːɨː-5
Broadbent 1964: 296. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:53
WORD:meat
Bodega Miwok:čoyːˈekːe1
Callaghan 1970: 13. Polysemy: 'deer, Odocoileus hemionus columbianus / meat'. Word class: noun. Variants: čoyˈekːe, čoyːˈeke. Distinct from lˈot̪ːa 'flesh / meat of something, such as a clam' [Callaghan 1970: 46].
Callaghan 1984: 49. Word class: noun. The word is used only in Jackson Valley dialect. In Lockford dialect the word ʔɨmeːna- 'meat' is used instead [Callaghan 1984: 219]. hukːu- is probably borrowed from Northern Sierra Miwok (Camanche dialect) hukːu- 'meat' [Callaghan 1987: 80].
Northern Sierra Miwok:čiːči-3
Callaghan 1987: 46. Glossed as 'meat (any kind)'. This word is peculiar to Fiddletown dialect. Other dialects (Camanche and Ione) use another word for 'meat': hukːu- [Callaghan 1987: 80]. Cf. also mičeːma- 'wild meat' (only in Fiddletown dialect) [Callaghan 1987: 150].
Central Sierra Miwok:pičˈeːma-4
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 14. Word class: noun. Distinct from ʔˈočːuku- 'flesh / meat' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 22].
Southern Sierra Miwok:mičeːma-4
Broadbent 1964: 256. Word class: noun. Informant: Castro Johnson, of Mariposa. Variant form: pičeːma- 'meat' (informants: Chris Brown, of Bootjack; Rose Watt, of Usona; Emma Lord, of Usona) [Broadbent 1964: 264]. The word for 'flesh' is not attested.
NUMBER:54
WORD:moon
Bodega Miwok:pulːˈuːluk ~ pulˈuːluk1
Callaghan 1970: 62. Polysemy: 'moon / month'. Word class: noun.
Lake Miwok:komˈeː-nawa2
Callaghan 1965: 65. Polysemy: 'moon / month'. Word class: noun. A compound with the second element -nawa 'old man'. Secondary synonym: kˈawul hˈiː 'moon', literally 'night sun' [Callaghan 1965: 59].
Plains Miwok:kome-2
Callaghan 1984: 74. Polysemy: 'moon / month'. Word class: noun.
Northern Sierra Miwok:kome-2
Callaghan 1987: 116. Polysemy: 'moon / month'.
Central Sierra Miwok:komˈe-2
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 7. Word class: noun.
Southern Sierra Miwok:kome-2
Broadbent 1964: 246. Polysemy: 'moon / month'. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:55
WORD:mountain
Bodega Miwok:pˈayih1
Callaghan 1970: 58. Glossed as 'hill', but cf. kˈaway pˈayih 'tall mountain' [Callaghan 1970: 35], pˈayin ʔˈečːa 'the other side of the mountain' [Callaghan 1970: 89]. Word class: noun. Variant: pˈayiʂ (only in placename t̪ˈamal pˈayiʂ 'West Hill', probably influenced by Marin Miwok) [Callaghan 1970: 58].
Lake Miwok:pˈawih1
Callaghan 1965: 107. Polysemy: 'hill / mountain'. Word class: noun.
Plains Miwok:weːpa-2
Callaghan 1984: 174. Polysemy: 'mountain / hill'. Word class: noun.
Callaghan 1965: 82. Polysemy: 'mouth / barrel of a gun'. Word class: noun.
Plains Miwok:lupe-2
Callaghan 1984: 88. Word class: noun.
Northern Sierra Miwok:ʔawːo-3
Callaghan 1987: 267.
Central Sierra Miwok:ʔˈawːo-3
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 21. Word class: noun. Cited as ʔˈawːoː- in the English - Central Sierra Miwok section [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 40].
Southern Sierra Miwok:ʔawːo- ~ ʔowːo-3
Broadbent 1964: 287. Word class: noun. The forms ʔawːo- and ʔowːo- are in free variation.
NUMBER:57
WORD:name
Bodega Miwok:ʔˈawe-1
Callaghan 1970: 88. Word class: noun. This word is more likely borrowed from Wappo yˈawe 'name' than cognate to the Eastern Miwok word for 'name'.
Lake Miwok:lˈakt̪e1
Callaghan 1965: 74. Word class: noun. Also functions as the semelfactive transitive verb 'to name'. Related to lˈakat̪ 'to call / to name / to baptize' (semelfactive transitive verb) [ibid.].
Plains Miwok:ʔowaː-se-2
Callaghan 1984: 211. Word class: noun. Derived from ʔowːa- 'to name / to call someone (names)' [ibid.].
Northern Sierra Miwok:ʔoyaː-se-2
Callaghan 1987: 279. Derived from ʔoyːa- 'to name'.
Central Sierra Miwok:ʔoyaː-šeː-2
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 22. Word class: noun. Cited as ʔoyˈaːšeː- in the English - Central Sierra Miwok section [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 40]. Derived from ʔˈoyːa- 'to name, call by name' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 22].
Southern Sierra Miwok:ʔoyaː-he-2
Broadbent 1964: 291. Word class: noun. Derived from ʔoyːa- 'to name' [Broadbent 1964: 292].
NUMBER:58
WORD:neck
Bodega Miwok:helːˈeːke ~ helˈeːke1
Callaghan 1970: 19. Word class: noun. Distinct from t̪okːˈaːni 'throat' [Callaghan 1970: 72].
Lake Miwok:helˈeːki1
Callaghan 1965: 29. Glossed as 'neck, especially the front part'. Word class: noun. Distinct from ʂodˈoːmay 'nape (first three cervicals)' [Callaghan 1965: 125] and dolˈoːmen 'throat' (borrowed from Patwin dˈolomeʔ 'Adam's apple') [Callaghan 1965: 23].
Plains Miwok:toːpa-2
Callaghan 1984: 161. Polysemy: 'neck / nape of neck'. Word class: noun. Distinct from nǝmːit 'throat / gullet / front of the neck / windpipe' [Callaghan 1984: 107].
Northern Sierra Miwok:t̪oːpa-2
Callaghan 1987: 220. Glossed as 'nape, back part of neck'. Distinct from t̪okːoloːla- 'throat / neck (front part) / alimentary canal, gullet' [Callaghan 1987: 218]. There is no word for 'neck' as a whole in the dictionary.
Central Sierra Miwok:nˈoːno-3
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 13. Word class: noun. Distinct from sečˈe- 'nape of neck' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 15], wˈɨkːɨl-na- 'throat' (West Central dialect) [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 20], mˈɨʔːɨta- 'throat' (East Central dialect) [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 11].
Southern Sierra Miwok:hɨpːɨt̪-ːa-4
Broadbent 1964: 237. Word class: noun. Informant: Rose Watt, of Usona. Cf. hɨpːɨt- 'nape of neck' (informants: Castro Johnson, of Mariposa; Chris Brown, of Bootjack), hɨpɨːt- 'to hug' (informant: Chris Brown, a speaker of Yosemite dialect) [ibid.]. Distinct from lolːa- 'throat' [Broadbent 1964: 252], tokːoʔ-la- 'throat' (derived from toːk- 'to choke, tr.') [Broadbent 1964: 279].
NUMBER:59
WORD:new
Bodega Miwok:ʂˈukːu1
Callaghan 1970: 68. Polysemy: 'to be new / to be young'. Word class: intransitive verb.
Lake Miwok:ʂukˈuː1
Callaghan 1965: 128. Polysemy: 'to be new / to be fresh'. Word class: intransitive verb.
Plains Miwok:weːsɨ-2
Callaghan 1984: 174. Word class: adjective.
Northern Sierra Miwok:wenme-mi-3
Callaghan 1987: 248. A form of the Fiddletown dialect. Camanche dialect has wenːe-mi-. Derived from the same root as wenmeʔ 'now / today / pretty soon' [Callaghan 1987: 247].
Central Sierra Miwok:
Not attested in [Freeland & Broadbent 1960] and [Berman 1982].
Southern Sierra Miwok:ʔiwin-nɨ-meː-4
Broadbent 1964: 290. Polysemy: 'new / fresh / young'. Word class: noun. Derived with the verbalizer suffix -nɨ- [Broadbent 1964: 75-76] and habitual nominal suffix -meː- (meaning '(he) always...') [Broadbent 1964: 103] from ʔi-wːi-n 'now' [Broadbent 1964: 290]. The latter form is morphologically analysed as follows: ʔi- 'that, demonstrative stem' [ibid.], -wi- ~ -wːi- suffix of obscure meaning, added to certain demonstrative stems [Broadbent 1964: 116], -n = ending of the temporal case [Broadbent 1964: 50].
Berman 1982: 126. Word class: noun. Cited (apparently erroneously) as nit̪ˈo- in [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 12, 40]. Berman's informant John Kelly pronounced this word as nitˈo- [Berman 1982: 126].
Southern Sierra Miwok:nitoː-2
Broadbent 1964: 260. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:62
WORD:not
Bodega Miwok:hˈama ~ hama1
Callaghan 1970: 17. Polysemy: 'no / not (clause initial)'. Word class: particle. Opposed to hˈelːa 'not' (clause non-initial). The two particles can co-occur: kat̪ˈawuh kaː ʔuhʔˈupːa, hˈama hˈelːa ʔˈupːa nih wˈaːputi 'I thought it was raining, but it isn't raining yet' [ibid.]. We list both particles as synonyms.
Lake Miwok:hˈelːa2
Callaghan 1965: 29. Glossed as 'no / not / never / not to'. Word class: particle. Also functions as the exclamation 'No! (Don't do what you were going to do)'. Weak form: hela [Callaghan 1965: 30]. Cf. hˈelːa-k 'to be all gone / to fail to be (in a certain place) / to lack' (passive intransitive verb) [Callaghan 1965: 30], derived from hˈelːa with the suffix -ak 'to possess' [Callaghan 1963: 213-214].
Plains Miwok:ket3
Callaghan 1984: 67-68. Glossed as 'negative particle / not / never / don't'. Word classː particle. Abundant examples in the dictionary show that this is the main verbal negation, both indicative and prohibitive. Secondary synonyms: particle heːla(ʔ) 'no / not' [Callaghan 1984: 39] (examples illustrate only the context 'not here'), verbal suffix -n(ː)imi- (Jackson Valley, Lockford), -n(ː)emi- (Jackson Valley) 'not, didn't / never' (-nHimi-, -nHemi- in Callaghan's morphophonological notation) [Callaghan 1984: 112].
Northern Sierra Miwok:=wa-4
Callaghan 1987: 241. Negative verbal, nominal, and adjective suffix. Always follows augmented stems. After -s(ː)e-ʔ- 'past tense in negative constructions' has allomorphs -wa- ~ -a-, elsewhere only -wa- is used. Other means of verbal negation are -ʔaŋkɨ- 'negative verbal suffix' (on Stem 3 and complex stems) [Callaghan 1987: 264] and -ke ~ -keʔ ~ -keː 'negative postfix' [Callaghan 1987: 110]. We enter -wa- and -ʔaŋkɨ- as techincal synonyms.
Broadbent 1964: 245. Polysemy: 'no / not'. Word class: particle. Functions as the main means of verbal negation, both indicative and prohibitive.
NUMBER:62
WORD:not
Bodega Miwok:hˈelːa2
Callaghan 1970: 19. Glossed as 'not (clause non-initial)'. Word class: particle.
Lake Miwok:
Plains Miwok:
Northern Sierra Miwok:=ʔaŋkɨ-5
Callaghan 1987: 264. Negative verbal suffix.
Central Sierra Miwok:
Southern Sierra Miwok:
NUMBER:63
WORD:one
Bodega Miwok:kˈenːe1
Callaghan 1970: 36. Word class: noun.
Lake Miwok:kˈenːe1
Callaghan 1965: 61. Word class: noun.
Plains Miwok:kenːatɨ-1
Callaghan 1984: 67. Word class: noun.
Northern Sierra Miwok:lut̪ːi-2
Callaghan 1987: 140. Polysemy: 'single (body part) / one / one (of them) / a certain'.
Central Sierra Miwok:kˈeŋːe-1
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 7, 52. Word class: noun.
Southern Sierra Miwok:keŋːeː-1
Broadbent 1964: 245. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:64
WORD:person
Bodega Miwok:mˈičːa1
Callaghan 1970: 49. Word class: noun.
Lake Miwok:kˈoːca2
Callaghan 1965: 66. Polysemy: 'Indian / person'. Word class: noun.
Plains Miwok:miːw #3
Callaghan 1984: 95. Glossed as 'Indian'. Word class: noun. There is no word glossed as 'person' in the dictionary. The word miːw, however, is translated as 'person' in the phrase ʔamahʔamaʔ miːw 'the same person' [Callaghan 1984: 184]. Polysemy 'person / Indian' is widespread in California.
Northern Sierra Miwok:miwːɨ-3
Callaghan 1987: 152. Polysemy: 'person / Indian'.
Central Sierra Miwok:mˈiwːɨ-3
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 11. Polysemy: 'person / Indian / human being'. Word class: noun.
Southern Sierra Miwok:miwːɨː-3
Broadbent 1964: 256. Polysemy: 'person / Indian'. Word class: noun. Related to miːwɨ- 'body' [ibid.].
NUMBER:65
WORD:rain
Bodega Miwok:ʔˈupːa1
Callaghan 1970: 100. Word class: noun. Also functions as the intransitive verb 'to rain'.
Lake Miwok:ʔˈuːpa1
Callaghan 1965: 195. Polysemy: 'rain / a shower'. Word class: noun. Also functions as the intransitive verb 'to rain'.
Plains Miwok:hoːma-2
Callaghan 1984: 47. Word class: noun. Related to the verb homːa- 'to rain' [ibid.].
Northern Sierra Miwok:nɨkːa-3
Callaghan 1987: 170. The verb 'to rain' has the same stem as the noun: nɨkːa-.
Central Sierra Miwok:nˈɨkːa-3
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 13. Word class: noun. The verb 'to rain' has the same stem: nˈɨkːa- [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 13, 43].
Southern Sierra Miwok:nɨkːa-3
Broadbent 1964: 261. Word class: noun. The verb 'to rain' has the same stem: nɨkːa- [ibid.].
NUMBER:66
WORD:red
Bodega Miwok:kˈičː-ulu1
Callaghan 1970: 37. Glossed as 'to be red'. Word class: intransitive verb. Morphological analysis: verbal root kˈičːi- (apparently related to kˈičːaw 'blood / to bleed') [ibid.], verbal suffix -ulu 'adjective formative' [Callaghan 1970: 99].
Lake Miwok:ʔawˈaː-ʔawa2
Callaghan 1965: 174. Polysemy: 'to be red / to be brown'. Word class: intransitive verb. Callaghan notes that "[m]ost color terms are verbal compounds consisting of a strong verbal root followed by its weak alternant" [Callaghan 1963: 59].
Plains Miwok:wet-eʔte-3
Callaghan 1984: 172. Word class: adjective. Contains the adjectival suffix -VʔC2V- 'adjective formative, primarily in color terms' [Callaghan 1984: 226].
Callaghan 1965: 130. Word class: noun. Southern Pomo sˈuːlen 'root' is apparently borrowed from Lake Miwok.
Plains Miwok:sacːa-3
Callaghan 1984: 127. Polysemy: 'root / butt'. Word class: noun.
Northern Sierra Miwok:yoːmeča-4
Callaghan 1987: 96. Cf. also suːli- 'basket root' [Callaghan 1987: 205] and sačːa- 'root (generic) (only in Camanche dialect) / bottom' [Callaghan 1987: 190].
Central Sierra Miwok:
Not attested in [Freeland & Broadbent 1960] and [Berman 1982].
Southern Sierra Miwok:wiːmeya-5
Broadbent 1964: 284. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:69
WORD:round
Bodega Miwok:pˈoːlo1
Callaghan 1970: 60. Glossed as 'to be round, spherical'. Word class: intransitive verb. Also functions as the noun 'ball'.
Lake Miwok:pˈowːolo1
Callaghan 1965: 111. Glossed as 'to be round'. Word class: intransitive verb. Variants: pˈowːulu, pˈowːulo, pˈolːolo. Cf. polˈoːlo 'ball / dry oak ball / baseball (the game) / Ball Dance' [Callaghan 1965: 110]. Kashaya poloːlo 'round' is apparently borrowed from Miwok.
Plains Miwok:woːla--1
Callaghan 1984: 180. Word class: adjective. Attested in this meaning only in Jackson Valley dialect. In Lockford the word is attested as the noun 'marble'. Borrowed from Spanish bola 'ball'.
Northern Sierra Miwok:hupːe-te-2
Callaghan 1987: 84. Polysemy: 'round (like a bowl, ball or ring) / marble'. Cf. hupːa- 'to roll something' [Callaghan 1987: 83].
Central Sierra Miwok:
Not attested in [Freeland & Broadbent 1960] and [Berman 1982].
Southern Sierra Miwok:haʔːata-3
Broadbent 1964: 228. Word class: noun. Cf. also haʔːata-mːa- 'spherical' [ibid.], formed with the suffix -mːa- 'one who (has or does something) to excess' [Broadbent 1964: 110].
NUMBER:70
WORD:sand
Bodega Miwok:ʂˈukuy1
Callaghan 1970: 68. Word class: noun.
Lake Miwok:ʂˈukuy1
Callaghan 1965: 128, 261. Polysemy: 'sand / gravel in a creek'. Misprinted as {ṣúuj} in [Callaghan 1965: 128]; misprint corrected by the author in [Berman 1973: 261].
Plains Miwok:huːma-2
Callaghan 1984: 52. Polysemy: 'sand / gravel'. Word class: noun.
Northern Sierra Miwok:wiskala-3
Callaghan 1987: 253.
Central Sierra Miwok:
Not attested in [Freeland & Broadbent 1960] and [Berman 1982].
Southern Sierra Miwok:wiskala-3
Broadbent 1964: 283. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:71
WORD:say
Bodega Miwok:ʔˈona1
Callaghan 1970: 95. Word class: intransitive and transitive verb.
Lake Miwok:hˈint̪e #2
Callaghan 1965: 34. Polysemy: 'to do, in the most general sense / to be a certain way / to gather / to fix up / to say / to think'. In the case of the first two meanings, the specific action or state of being is often mentioned in the following sentence [ibid.]. Word class: intransitive and transitive verb. Examples: delˈeːka katu hˈint̪e ʔaye kahˈuːni 'I thought you said three'; kilˈaːkon kelac mˈakʂatu ʔatˈaːwaʂitu wˈeːta hint̪e 'The old people used to talk (ʔatˈaːwaʂitu) like that, they said (hint̪e)' [ibid.]; kanˈiː ʔaye hˈelːa kamˈakʂan t̪ˈemːa katu konhˈint̪e 'But me, I can't do that, they say' [Callaghan 1965: 59]. Distinct from direct quotative particle kaʂa [Callaghan 1965: 58], wˈeno ~ weno 'they say / That's what I heard / it is said' (quotative particle) [Callaghan 1965: 159]. Alternative candidates: hˈuːni(h) 'to think something is so, especially when it is not / to mean what one has said / to say, tell / to show' (semelfactive intransitive and transitive verb) [Callaghan 1965: 45], lˈiːlaw 'to say / to tell / to describe / to tell on or about someone' (iterative intransitive and transitive verb) [Callaghan 1965: 78], ʔˈaːtaw 'to speak, talk / to make a speech / to make the characteristic sound (said of an animal) / to progress (in an interview) / to say / to talk about' (semelfactive intransitive and transitive verb) [Callaghan 1965: 168].
Plains Miwok:kacːɨ- #3
Callaghan 1984: 60. Word class: intransitive verb. Apparently the basic word for 'to say'. Other candidates include hiːkɨ- 'to do something / to say / to happen' (intransitive verb) [Callaghan 1984: 45] and ʔiːkɨ- 'to say / to do' (intransitive verb) [Callaghan 1984: 203-204]. hiːkɨ- is illustrated in the dictionary by the following examples: 'What are you doing?', 'What happened?' and 'What does he want to do?', so the real meaning of the verb is rather 'to do what? / to say what?' (verbs with this meaning exist in other Miwok languages).
Northern Sierra Miwok:kačːɨ-3
Callaghan 1987: 109. Polysemy: 'to be / to do / to say / to claim'. Different from liwa- 'to talk / to say / to speak (especially Indian) / to make the characteristic sound' [Callaghan 1987: 133]. One more verb is glossed as 'to say': mičːɨ- 'to do / to say' [Callaghan 1987: 150]. However, examination of examples adduced in the dictionary leaves no doubt that this verb means 'to do what? / to say what?', much like its Southern Sierra Miwok etymological counterpart mi-čː- 'to do what?' [Broadbent 1964: 256]. Cf. the following examples: mičːɨ-s? "What did you say?", mičːɨ-m ʔot̪o? "What'll I say?" (ʔot̪o 'then') [Callaghan 1987: 150].
Central Sierra Miwok:kˈačːɨ-3
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 6. Polysemy: 'to say / to do / to say to someone / to do to someone'. Word class: verb.
Southern Sierra Miwok:kačː-3
Broadbent 1964: 242. Word class: verb.
NUMBER:72
WORD:see
Bodega Miwok:ʔˈute1
Callaghan 1970: 101. Polysemy: 'to see / to find'. Word class: transitive verb.
Lake Miwok:ʔˈute1
Callaghan 1965: 193. Polysemy: 'to look at / to see / to find'. Word class: transitive verb and particle. Also functions as the particle 'You see? / Look here'.
Plains Miwok:ciːsɨ-2
Callaghan 1984: 23-24. Polysemy: 'to see / to look / to look at / to look for'. Word class: intransitive and transitive verb.
Northern Sierra Miwok:heteːy-ɨ-3
Callaghan 1987: 68. Polysemy: 'to see / to notice'.
Central Sierra Miwok:šɨy-ŋe-4
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 16. Word class: verb. Secondary synonym: nˈanːɨ- 'to find / to perceive / to see' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 12].
Southern Sierra Miwok:hɨy-ŋe-4
Broadbent 1964: 237. Word class: verb. Contains mediopassive suffix -ŋ(ː)e- [Broadbent 1964: 82]. Cf. other synonyms from the same root: hɨyː- 'to see / to look' (irregular defective verb, lacks present imperfect forms) [Broadbent 1964: 61-62, 237], hɨyːi-čː- ~ hɨyːɨ-čː- 'to see' (the two forms are in dialectal variation) [Broadbent 1964: 237].
NUMBER:73
WORD:seed
Bodega Miwok:semˈiːya-1
Callaghan 1970: 64. Word class: noun. Borrowed from Spanish semilla 'seed'.
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 15. Glossed as 'wild seeds'. Word class: noun. Borrowed from Spanish semilla 'seed'.
Southern Sierra Miwok:simiːya--1
Broadbent 1964: 269. Word class: noun. Borrowed from Spanish semilla 'seed'.
NUMBER:74
WORD:sit
Bodega Miwok:wˈat̪eh1
Callaghan 1970: 79. Glossed as 'to sit down'. Word class: intransitive verb.
Lake Miwok:hˈowo2
Callaghan 1965: 41. Polysemy: 'to sit / to sit down / to set up (out of bed) / to ride'. Word class: semelfactive intransitive verb (with allative of place).
Plains Miwok:hǝʔ-ːǝcːǝ- #3
Callaghan 1984: 42. Polysemy: 'to be sitting / to be sitting down / to be sitting around'. Word class: stative intransitive verb. Contains static verbal suffix -ˑYcˑY- (in Callaghan's morphonological notation) [Callaghan 1984: 224]. Alternative candidates: hɨːʔa- 'to sit' (intransitive verb; same root as in hǝʔ-ːǝcːǝ-; not recognized by Mabel Walloupe, a speaker of Lockford dialect) [Callaghan 1984: 42], kǝʔ-ːǝcːǝ- 'to sit down / sitting down / to be sitting / to sit around' (stative intransitive verb; "Same as hǝʔˑǝcˑǝ-") [Callaghan 1984: 69], toʔ-ːucːu- 'to be sitting down' (stative intransitive verb) [Callaghan 1984: 160].
Northern Sierra Miwok:huŋ-ːučːu-4
Callaghan 1987: 83. Glossed as 'to be sitting (person) / to be sitting (on a chair)'. Derived from the same root as huŋːe- 'to sit down' [Callaghan 1987: 82].
Central Sierra Miwok:tˈoʔː-učːu- #5
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 19. Word class: verb. Contains suffix -ɨčːɨ- 'static of bodily position' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 21]. Alternative candidate: hˈuŋːe- 'to sit' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 4]. Distinct from tˈoʔ-ŋe- 'to sit down' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 19], hˈɨŋːe- 'to sit down' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 5].
Southern Sierra Miwok:toʔːu-čː-5
Broadbent 1964: 279. Word class: verb. Derived from toːʔ- 'to seat, tr. / to sit someone down' [ibid.] with the static suffix -čː- [Broadbent 1964: 66].
NUMBER:75
WORD:skin
Bodega Miwok:ʂˈuluk1
Callaghan 1970: 69. Word class: noun. Apparently related to ʂˈulːa 'to skin' (transitive verb), ʂˈulik 'to skin' (transitive verb) [ibid.].
Lake Miwok:ʂˈuluk1
Callaghan 1965: 128. Polysemy: 'the skin of an animal, fruit, or fish / shell / outer covering'. Word class: noun. Cf. ʂˈulih 'to shed, peel off' (semelfactive intransitive verb) [ibid.].
Plains Miwok:talka-2
Callaghan 1984: 145. Polysemy: 'skin / hide / shell?'. Word class: noun. Cf. also kaskara- 'skin / peeling', borrowed from Spanish cáscara 'husk, peeling' [Callaghan 1984: 64].
Northern Sierra Miwok:pɨčːeta- #3
Callaghan 1987: 188. Alternative candidates: talka- 'hide (of deer, bear, etc.) / skin / fur / rind (bacon skin) / leather' [Callaghan 1987: 227], tolːe-ča- 'peeling / skin / acorn shell / scab / callus' [Callaghan 1987: 236] (derived from toːlu- 'to peel, pare / to peel something off / to tear off (paper) / to pick at / to hull' [Callaghan 1987: 235]). It is not clear which of these words is the unmarked designation of human skin.
Central Sierra Miwok:tˈolːeča-4
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 19. Word class: noun. Distinct from tˈalka- 'hide / rawhide' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 18].
Southern Sierra Miwok:nɨkha- #5
Broadbent 1964: 261. Polysemy: 'skin / outer surface'. Word class: noun. Alternative candidates: lawːut̪- 'hide / rawhide / skin' [Broadbent 1964: 249], tolːa- 'skin / father (term of rerefence?), obs.' [Broadbent 1964: 278] (related to toːl- 'to skin roots / to peel off, tr.' [Broadbent 1964: 279]). The choice between the synonyms is arbitrary, since available Southern Sierra Miwok texts do not mention human skin.
NUMBER:76
WORD:sleep
Bodega Miwok:ʔˈeːč1
Callaghan 1970: 89. Word class: intransitive verb.
Lake Miwok:ʔˈeːc1
Callaghan 1965: 176. Polysemy: 'to sleep / to wane (said of the moon)'. Word class: intransitive verb. Allomorph with shortened vowel: ʔˈec-.
Plains Miwok:ʔeːcɨ-1
Callaghan 1984: 195. Polysemy: 'to sleep / to be asleep / to go to sleep (part of the body)' (the latter meaning is attested only in Jackson Valley dialect). Word class: intransitive verb.
Northern Sierra Miwok:yaŋːe-2
Callaghan 1987: 94. Polysemy: 'to go to sleep / to be sleeping / to doze'. Derived from the same root as yaŋːa-čːɨ- 'to lie down / to be lying down'.
Central Sierra Miwok:tˈɨyːe-3
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 19. Polysemy: 'to sleep / to fall asleep'. Word class: verb.
Southern Sierra Miwok:tɨyːe-3
Broadbent 1964: 280. Word class: verb. Related to noun tɨye- 'sleep' [Broadbent 1964: 279]. Distinct from moyoː-t̪- 'to go to sleep' (informant: Chris Brown, a speaker of Yosemite dialect) [Broadbent 1964: 257].
NUMBER:77
WORD:small
Bodega Miwok:ʔumˈučːe1
Callaghan 1970: 99. Glossed as 'to be small'. Word class: intransitive verb.
Lake Miwok:kʼˈučːi ~ kʼˈucːi-1
Callaghan 1965: 72-73. Polysemy: 'to be small / to be weak (said of a voice) / to be narrow'. Word class: semelfactive intransitive verb. Also functions as the noun 'a little bit'. Borrowed from Patwin kʼˈuči 'small' (this word has a Wintun etymology); cf. also Southeastern Pomo kʼˈučʼi-n 'small', apparently borrowed from the same source. Cf. also kʼučˈuːy ~ kucʼˈuːy 'to be small (said of several things)' (iterative intransitive verb), borrowed from Cache Creek Patwin kʼučuːy 'small' [Callaghan 1965: 73] and kʼˈuʂːi 'to be small' (intransitive verb) [ibid.].
Plains Miwok:ʔiti-tːi-2
Callaghan 1984: 202. Polysemy: 'little, small / narrow'. Word class: adjective. -tːi- is a frozen diminutive suffix [Callaghan 1984: 166].
Northern Sierra Miwok:ʔičːipi-t̪ːi-3
Callaghan 1987: 275. Polysemy: 'small, little / small size / a little bit / a small piece'. Derived from the same root as ʔičiːpu- 'to make something small'. -t̪ːi- is a diminutive suffix. Callaghan notes similarity to English itty bitty, but, given the mophological transparency of ʔičːipi-t̪ːi- on Miwok ground, this is probably a chance similarity.
Central Sierra Miwok:tˈuːni-4
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 19. Polysemy: 'small / young'. Word class: noun. Cf. other derivatives from the same root: tˈunːi-či- 'little', tˈunːi-či-kči- 'little / a bit / scrap' (with diminutive suffix -kči-) [ibid.].
Southern Sierra Miwok:činːipi- ~ činːimi-5
Broadbent 1964: 223. Word class: noun. The two forms are in free variation. Cf. other synonyms from the same root: čint̪i-t̪ːi- 'small', činːipi-čːɨ- ~ činːimi-čːɨ- 'small' (informants: Castro Johnson, of Mariposa; Rose Watt, of Usona; Emma Lord, of Usona), činːipi-t̪ki- ~ činːimi-t̪ki- 'small' (informants: Castro Johnson, of Mariposa; Rose Watt, of Usona; Emma Lord, of Usona), čɨnːipi-čːɨ- 'small' (informant: Chris Brown, a speaker of Yosemite dialect) [ibid.].
NUMBER:78
WORD:smoke
Bodega Miwok:kˈaːl1
Callaghan 1970: 32. Glossed as 'smoke (from a fire or cigarette)'. Word class: noun. Also functions as the verb 'to be smoking (from a fire)'.
Lake Miwok:kˈaːl1
Callaghan 1965: 54. Glossed as 'smoke from a fire'. Word class: noun. Also functions as the intransitive verb 'to smoke (said of a fire)'. Cf. kˈalːe 'to be smoky, cloudy, sultry' (intransitive verb) [Callaghan 1965: 56].
Plains Miwok:kaːlih ~ kaːlis1
Callaghan 1984: 65. Polysemy: 'smoke (usually from fire) / haze'. Word class: noun.
Northern Sierra Miwok:hakːis-ɨ-2
Callaghan 1987: 56. Glossed as 'smoke from fire / cigarette smoke'. Derived from hakiːs-ɨ- 'to smoke (of fire or stick)'.
Central Sierra Miwok:hˈakːisa-2
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 2. Word class: noun. Related to hakiːs- 'to smoke' and hˈak-si- 'to smoke, of a fire' [ibid.].
Southern Sierra Miwok:hakːis-aː-2
Broadbent 1964: 227. Word class: noun. Derived from hak-si- 'to smoke, of fire' [ibid.] with the nominal suffix -aː- [Broadbent 1964: 99].
NUMBER:79
WORD:stand
Bodega Miwok:t̪ˈalah1
Callaghan 1970: 70. Word class: intransitive verb.
Lake Miwok:t̪ˈalah1
Callaghan 1965: 132. Polysemy: 'to stand (said of a person or thing) / to stand up / to be standing / to be in a vertical position'. Word class: semelfactive intransitive verb. Also functions as the noun 'stand, a term referring to the operation of driving deer towards a waiting hunter'. Distinct from hˈacah 'to be, to be standing (said of an animal or an object)' (semelfactive intransitive verb) [Callaghan 1965: 25].
Plains Miwok:kuna- #2
Callaghan 1984: 77-78. Polysemy: 'to be standing / to land (bird)?'. Word class: intransitive verb. Alternative candidates: kun-ːucːu- 'to be standing / to be still (water)' (stative intransitive verb; same root as in kuna-) [Callaghan 1984: 78], til-ːǝcːǝ- 'to be standing (water) / to stand still' (stative intransitive verb) [Callaghan 1984: 154].
Northern Sierra Miwok:hač-ːičːɨ-3
Callaghan 1987: 61. Glossed as 'to be standing / to be standing on four feet / to stand around'. Derived from haːčɨ- (transitive verb) 'to stand (a person) somewhere'.
Broadbent 1964: 228. Polysemy: 'to be standing / to be parked or stationary'. Word class: verb. Derived from haːč- 'to stop or halt, tr. / to stand up, tr.' [ibid.] with the static suffix -čː- [Broadbent 1964: 66].
NUMBER:80
WORD:star
Bodega Miwok:hˈit̪ːi1
Callaghan 1970: 23. Word class: noun. According to Callaghan, the word may be derived from hˈi- 'sun' (bound form) plus *-t̪ːi 'diminutive suffix' [ibid.].
Lake Miwok:t̪ˈoʔle2
Callaghan 1965: 140. Word class: noun.
Plains Miwok:holːokː-ay3
Callaghan 1984: 47. Polysemy: 'star / Morning Star'. Word class: noun. -ay is a noun suffix with obscure meaning [Callaghan 1984: 15].
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 3. Polysemy: 'day / sun'. Word class: noun. Related to hiʔˈeːm- 'to be sunny / to come out (of the sun) / to pay a visit in the daytime', hˈiʔme- 'sunny / a sunny place' [ibid.]. Alternative candidate: wat̪ɨ- 'sun' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 20]. Although [Freeland & Broadbent 1960] give no dialect identification for these words (thus they both must be West Central or pan-Central), we may note that the only attested textual occurence of hiʔˈeːma- 'sun' is in the text "Shaman and Clown" (West Central dialect) [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 66], whereas wat̪ɨ- 'sun' appears only in the East Central dialect texts (informant Lena Cox) [Berman 1982, text VIII, 14; text IX, 1, 5, 11, 13, 14].
Southern Sierra Miwok:wat̪u-2
Broadbent 1964: 282. Polysemy: 'sun / clock'. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:83
WORD:swim
Bodega Miwok:ʔˈaːla-ti1
Callaghan 1970: 85. Word class: intransitive verb. Distinct from ʔˈupuh 'to take a bath / to bathe' (intransitive and transitive verb) [Callaghan 1970: 100].
Lake Miwok:ʔˈupuh2
Callaghan 1965: 192. Polysemy: 'to swim (said of a person or a fish) / to bathe'. Word class: intransitive verb. Distinct from t̪ˈimːuh- 'to ford, swim across' (intransitive verb) [Callaghan 1965: 137].
Plains Miwok:ʔǝpsǝ-2
Callaghan 1984: 198. Polysemy 'to swim (Jackson Valley) / to bathe (Lockford)'. Word class: intransitive verb. Cf. ʔelya- 'to dog-paddle / to swim (Lockford)' [Callaghan 1984: 192]. ʔǝpsǝ- is also attested in the meaning 'to swim' in the Lockford dialect, cf. the following example: nǝwːǝn ʔuːsistoʔ kanːiʔ ʔǝpsǝsːim 'If I stay here I'll swim' (Lockford) [Callaghan 1984: 217].
Northern Sierra Miwok:ʔɨpsɨ-2
Callaghan 1987: 292. Polysemy: 'to swim / to bathe / to take a shower / to swim across'.
Central Sierra Miwok:mɨːŋ-3
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 11. Word class: verb. Distinct from ʔˈɨp-šɨ- 'to bathe' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 24].
Southern Sierra Miwok:ʔepy--1
Broadbent 1964: 289. Polysemy: 'to swim actively, using arms and legs / to swim to somewhere'. Word class: verb. Apparently borrowed from Chukchansi Yokuts ʔeːpʰi- 'to swim'. Distinct from ʔɨp-h- 'to swim around / to bathe' [Broadbent 1964: 296]. Cf. the following context: ""But you know I can't swim (ʔepyɨnint̪iʔ)," said the jackrabbit" [Broadbent 1964, text 11, (4)].
NUMBER:84
WORD:tail
Bodega Miwok:kˈolːa-1
Callaghan 1970: 39. Word class: noun. Borrowed from Spanish cola 'tail'.
Lake Miwok:kˈoːk1
Callaghan 1965: 66. Word class: noun.
Plains Miwok:koːla- ~ kolːa--1
Callaghan 1984: 73. Word class: noun. The variant koːla- is used in both Jackson Valley and Lockford dialects, the variant kolːa- is attested only in Jackson Valley. Borrowed from Spanish cola 'tail'.
Callaghan 1970: 57. Word class: attributive independent pronoun. Example: nˈoʂ ʔˈalwah 'that tree'. Derived from nˈoː 'that' (independent pronoun) with the demonstrative adjective suffix -ʂ [Callaghan 1970: 65]. Distinct from ʔˈiti 'he, she / it, that / there is' (third person singular independent pronoun) [Callaghan 1970: 92]. Cf. also mˈaː 'that' (independent pronoun; example: mˈaː kačˈačːo 'That's my daughter-in-law') [Callaghan 1970: 47].
Lake Miwok:dˈoː1
Callaghan 1965: 23. Polysemy: 'that (at a distance) / there / the other way'. Word class: independent pronoun. Distinct from the independent anaphoric pronoun mˈaː 'it, that; usually referring to a previously mentioned inanimate object / there, referring to a previously mentioned place / them, referring to previously mentioned people' ("the last usage is rare") [Callaghan 1965: 86], ma 'it, that; usually referring to a previously mentioned inanimate object / there, referring to a previously mentioned place / he, they; referring to a person or people previously mentioned' [ibid.].
Plains Miwok:noː-1
Callaghan 1984: 110. Polysemy: 'there / he, she, it (over there) / that'. Word class: demonstrative pronoun. Apparently the basic opposition in the spatial deixis is the one between noː- 'that / he, she, it (over there)' and neː- 'this / he, she, it (nearby)'. Other pronouns glossed as 'that' are ʔiː- 'that / that one / he, she, it' [Callaghan 1984: 202] and independent pronoun ʔiːke- (Lockford), ʔeːke- (Jackson Valley, Lockford) 'that' [Callaghan 1984: 203]. We include both noː- and ʔiː- as technical synonyms.
Northern Sierra Miwok:noː-1
Callaghan 1987: 169. Other pronouns, glossed as 'that': ʔiː-kah 'that, that one / he, she, it / that is' [Callaghan 1987: 278], ʔeke- ~ ʔeki- 'what / that / anything' [Callaghan 1987: 270]. Examples, adduced in the dictionary, show that ʔiːkah is the most frequently employed of these pronouns. However, if we take into account the opposition between neː-ʔiː 'this one' and noː-ʔiː 'that one' [Callaghan 1987: 278], the safest way would be to include both noː- and ʔiː-kah as technical synonyms.
Central Sierra Miwok:no-1
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 12. Word class: noun.
Southern Sierra Miwok:ʔi-2
Broadbent 1964: 94-95, 290. Polysemy: 'that / there'. Demonstrative stem. "When ʔi- is followed immediately by case, the postfix ||-ʔok|| is always present" [Broadbent 1964: 94].
NUMBER:85
WORD:that2
Bodega Miwok:
Lake Miwok:
Plains Miwok:ʔiː-2
Callaghan 1984: 202. Polysemy: 'that / that one / he, she, it'. Word class: demonstrative pronoun. Reduced form: ʔi-.
Northern Sierra Miwok:ʔiː-kah2
Callaghan 1987: 278. Polysemy: 'that, that one / he, she, it / that is'.
Central Sierra Miwok:
Southern Sierra Miwok:
NUMBER:86
WORD:this
Bodega Miwok:nˈi-ʂ1
Callaghan 1970: 55. Word class: attributive independent pronoun. Examples: nˈiʂ kˈočːa 'this house', nˈiʂ ʔˈomču 'this winter'. Derived from nˈiː 'this / here' (independent pronoun) [ibid.] with the demonstrative adjective suffix -ʂ [Callaghan 1970: 65]. Another candidate with the same root is nˈičːi 'this' (attributive independent pronoun; example: nˈičːi ʔˈaːnyu 'this year') [ibid.]. Cf. also demonstrative nominal prefix ʔiʂ- 'this / the' [Callaghan 1970: 92], translated both as 'this' and 'that' in example sentences.
Lake Miwok:nˈeː1
Callaghan 1965: 99-100. Glossed as 'this, the'. Word class: independent pronoun.
Plains Miwok:neː-1
Callaghan 1984: 105-106. Polysemy: 'this / this is, these are / he, she, it (nearby) / the'. Word class: demonstrative pronoun. Short form: ne-.
Northern Sierra Miwok:neː-kah1
Callaghan 1987: 166. The pure stem neː- also functions as demonstrative pronoun 'this' [Callaghan 1987: 165].
Central Sierra Miwok:ne-1
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 12. Glossed as 'this (here)'. Word class: noun. Distinct from anaphoric stem ʔi- 'this, previously mentioned; the one in question' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 22]. The forms nˈeːšɨ- 'this' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 12] and ʔˈiːšɨ- 'this' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 22] are derived from demonstrative and anaphoric pronoun stems respectively.
Callaghan 1970: 50. Second person singular independent pronoun. Weak form: mi.
Lake Miwok:mˈiː1
Callaghan 1965: 93. Glossed as 'you (singular)'. Word class: independent pronoun. Objective case mi-c, mi, comitative case mˈiː-ni, locative case mˈiː-wa-m.
Plains Miwok:miː-1
Callaghan 1984: 95. Direct stem. Word class: independent pronoun.
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 8. Glossed as 'teeth'. Word class: noun.
Southern Sierra Miwok:kɨt̪ːɨ-1
Broadbent 1964: 248. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:90
WORD:tree
Bodega Miwok:ʔˈalwah1
Callaghan 1970: 87. Word class: noun.
Lake Miwok:ʔˈalwa1
Callaghan 1965: 171-172. Polysemy: 'tree / bush'. Word class: noun. Variant: ʔˈala. Weak form (used as a second element of compounds): -ʔala ~ -ʔalwa. The variant ʔˈala probably arose under the influence of the weak form -ʔala.
Plains Miwok:ʔalaːwah1
Callaghan 1984: 183. Polysemy: 'tree / vine'. The variant ʔalaːwah is used in both Jackson Valley and Lockford dialects, the variant ʔalaːwas is attested only in Lockford.
Northern Sierra Miwok:leːka-2
Callaghan 1987: 131. Polysemy: 'stick / tree, particularly a young tree still in the process of growing'. In Camanche dialect, opposed to yamaːla- 'old tree (growth complete)' [Callaghan 1987: 92].
Central Sierra Miwok:lˈaːma-3
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 8. Word class: noun.
Southern Sierra Miwok:laːma-3
Broadbent 1964: 249. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:91
WORD:two
Bodega Miwok:ʔˈoʂːa1
Callaghan 1970: 98. Word class: noun.
Lake Miwok:ʔˈotːa1
Callaghan 1965: 189. Word class: noun and adjective. Allomorph ʔota- "occurs only with suffixal material which produces morphophonemic stress shift". Weak form: -ʔota.
Callaghan 1984: 211-212. Word class: plural noun. Variants: ʔoːyo-kːo- (Lockford), ʔoyːo-kːo (Lockford?), ʔoyːa-kːo- (Jackson Valley), ʔoyːo-hko- (Jackson Valley), ʔoːya-kːo- (Jackson Valley) ("MW says only ʔoˑjokˑo is correct"). Derived from ʔoːya- ~ ʔoyːa- 'double (i.e. fruit) / a twin' [Callaghan 1984: 211]. -kːo- is a plural affix [Callaghan 1984: 80].
Northern Sierra Miwok:ʔotiː-ko-1
Callaghan 1987: 285. Inanimate counting numeral (for everything but people and sometimes animals). Cf. ʔotiː-yakː-o 'animate counting numeral (for people and occasionally animals or ghosts, but not plants or things)'. -ko- is a plural suffix [Callaghan 1987: 113].
Central Sierra Miwok:ʔotˈiː-ko-1
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 23, 52. Word class: noun. The same source also lists ʔotiː- 'two' as a separate stem [ibid.], but its existence is somewhat doubtful. It is not found without -ko- in Central Sierra Miwok texts in [Freeland & Broadbent 1960; Berman 1982], and [Callaghan 1994] does not mention the existence of such a form in Central Sierra Miwok.
Southern Sierra Miwok:ʔotiː-1
Broadbent 1964: 293. Word class: noun. Cf. also ʔotiː-ko- 'two' [ibid.]. The distribution between ʔotiː- and ʔotiː-ko- is not clear.
NUMBER:92
WORD:walk (go)
Bodega Miwok:wˈaː1
Callaghan 1970: 78. Glossed as 'to go'. Word class: intransitive and transitive verb.
Lake Miwok:wˈeː-ta1
Callaghan 1965: 156. Polysemy: 'to go (usually with locative of place) / to go through (with object of place) / to go along (with object of place) / to pass (said of time) / to be doing something (with instr. of verb) / to become (with instr.)'. Word class: semelfactive intransitive and transitive verb. Cf. wˈeː 'go, go on' (particle), wˈeː-nuka 'to take or drive someone' (causative transitive verb) [Callaghan 1965: 155]. Distinct from wˈic-ay 'to walk' (semelfactive intransitive verb) [Callaghan 1965: 159]. Secondary synonym: ʔˈukan 'to go in / to go / to enter' (semelfactive intransitive verb with locative of place and semelfactive transitive verb) [Callaghan 1965: 191].
Plains Miwok:mɨkeːy-ɨ-2
Callaghan 1984: 100. Glossed as 'to go'. Word class: intransitive verb. Variant: mekeːy-ɨ- (given by Callaghan with a question mark). Secondary synonyms: haːcɨ- 'to go' (intransitive verb; "same as wiˑty- and mykeˑj-y-") [Callaghan 1984: 34]; wiːtɨ- 'to leave' (intransitive verb; glossed both as 'to leave' and 'to go' in the English - Plains Miwok section of the dictionary) [Callaghan 1984: 179, 253, 263]. Textual examples show that mɨkeːy-ɨ- is the main word for 'to go'.
Northern Sierra Miwok:wɨ-ksɨ- #1
Callaghan 1987: 257. Polysemy: 'to go / to go through / to lead (road) / to leave'. Other candidates include wɨː- 'to go' (defective) [Callaghan 1987: 258] and yoːwu- 'to go / to turn' [Callaghan 1987: 96]. Cf. also mukeːy-ɨ- 'to go' (only Camanche dialect) [Callaghan 1987: 157].
Central Sierra Miwok:wɨ-kšɨ-1
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 20. Glossed as 'to go'. Word class: verb. Secondary synonym: wɨ- 'to go' (apparently a defective verb like its Northern Sierra Miwok and Southern Sierra Miwok cognates).
Southern Sierra Miwok:wɨ-ks-1
Broadbent 1964: 284. Glossed as 'to go'. Word class: verb. Secondary synonym: wɨː- 'to go' (irregular and defective verb: stems 3 and 4 are absent, present imperfect forms are found only with first person pronominal suffixes) [Broadbent 1964: 38, 61-62, 285]. According to [Broadbent 1964: 38], the more usual form meaning "to go" is wɨ-ks-.
NUMBER:93
WORD:warm (hot)
Bodega Miwok:wˈuki1
Callaghan 1970: 84. Glossed as 'to be hot (person or object)'. Word class: intransitive verb. Also functions as the noun 'fire'. Distinct from wˈiːlaw 'to be hot (weather)' [Callaghan 1970: 82] and hˈuːn-ak 'to be warm (person or room) / to warm something' (example: hˈuːnak lˈiwa 'warm water') [Callaghan 1970: 27].
Lake Miwok:ʔˈeːt̪aw2
Callaghan 1965: 177. Glossed as 'to be hot, warm (said of an object or the weather)'. Word class: intransitive verb. Cf. ʔˈeːt̪wa 'to be hot (said of a person)' (intransitive verb) [Callaghan 1965: 177]. Distinct from hˈun-hun 'to be warm' (intransitive verb) [Callaghan 1965: 43].
Plains Miwok:ʔapːuh3
Callaghan 1984: 186. Polysemy: 'hot (Jackson Valley) / warm (Lockford)'. Word class: adjective. Variants: ʔapːuh (Jackson Valley, Lockford), ʔampu- (Jackson Valley). Distinct from hǝm-ːǝmi- 'lukewarm' [Callaghan 1984: 41].
Northern Sierra Miwok:ʔampu-pu-3
Callaghan 1987: 263. Glossed as 'hot'. Derived from ʔampu- 'to burn'. Distinct from tomtom-u- 'warm' [Callaghan 1987: 236]. Cf. also pɨːtɨme- 'burning hot (fire, weather, sun, etc., but not food)' [Callaghan 1987: 190].
Central Sierra Miwok:wɨltɨtːɨ-4
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 20. Glossed as 'hot'. Word class: noun. Cited as wˈɨltɨtːɨ- in the English - Central Sierra Miwok section [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 37]. Related to wɨlɨːt- 'to be hot' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 20].
Southern Sierra Miwok:wɨlːɨt-4
Broadbent 1964: 285. Glossed as 'hot'. Word class: noun. Distinct from tomeːŋ-aː- 'warm' [Broadbent 1964: 278]. A synonym, formed from the same root, is wɨlɨːt-aː- 'hot' [Broadbent 1964: 285].
NUMBER:94
WORD:water
Bodega Miwok:lˈiwa1
Callaghan 1970: 45. Word class: noun.
Lake Miwok:kˈiːk2
Callaghan 1965: 62. Polysemy: 'water / juice / liquid'. Word class: noun. Also functions as the adjective 'watery'.
Plains Miwok:kiːk2
Callaghan 1984: 71. Word class: noun.
Northern Sierra Miwok:kikːɨ-2
Callaghan 1987: 112.
Central Sierra Miwok:kˈikːɨ-2
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 7. Word class: noun.
Southern Sierra Miwok:kikːɨ-2
Broadbent 1964: 245. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:95
WORD:we1
Bodega Miwok:mˈaː-ko1
Callaghan 1970: 47. First person plural independent pronoun. Contains plural suffix -ko [Callaghan 1970: 38]. Cf. first person dual independent pronoun ʔˈočːi 'we two, us two' [Callaghan 1970: 93].
Lake Miwok:mˈaː1
Callaghan 1965: 88. Glossed as 'we (plural)'. Word class: independent pronoun. Weak form: ma. Cf. dual independent pronoun ʔˈoci 'we two' (appositional case ʔˈocːi) [Callaghan 1965: 184], variant form used by one of the informants (James Knight): ʔˈici- 'we two' [Callaghan 1965: 181].
Plains Miwok:masːi-1
Callaghan 1984: 91-92. Glossed as 'we, first person plural independent pronoun'. Word class: independent pronoun.
Northern Sierra Miwok:masːi-1
Callaghan 1987: 145. "First person plural independent pronoun. Often exclusive." [ibid.]
Central Sierra Miwok:maːš1
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 10. Glossed as 'we (exclusive)'. Objective case: mˈašːiː-y, possessive case mašˌi-ŋ, locative case mˈašːiː-t̪, ablative case mˈašːi-mːɨʔ [ibid.].
Southern Sierra Miwok:mahːi-1
Broadbent 1964: 93, 254. First person dual and plural exclusive independent pronoun.
NUMBER:95
WORD:we2
Bodega Miwok:
Lake Miwok:
Plains Miwok:ʔicːɨ-2
Callaghan 1984: 199. Glossed as 'you and I (Jackson Valley) / we inclusive? (Lockford)'. Word class: independent pronoun. Reduced form: ʔicɨ-.
Northern Sierra Miwok:ʔičːi-2
Callaghan 1987: 275. Glossed as 'we two inclusive'.
Central Sierra Miwok:ʔoti-čːiːk3
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 23. Glossed as 'we (inclusive)'. Derived from the numeral ʔotiː- 'two'. Cf. also ʔotˌiː-m 'I and thou' [ibid.].
Southern Sierra Miwok:ʔotitːi-3
Broadbent 1964: 93, 293. First person plural inclusive independent pronoun. Derived from the numeral ʔotiː- 'two'. Informants: Rose Watt, of Usona; Emma Lord, of Usona. Dialectal variant: ʔotičːi- (informant Chris Brown, a speaker of Yosemite dialect). Cf. first person dual inclusive independent pronoun ʔotiː-me- [Broadbent 1964: 93, 293].
NUMBER:96
WORD:what
Bodega Miwok:hˈint̪i1
Callaghan 1970: 22-23. Polysemy: 'what / why / something, anything / sake, benefit / possession'. Word class: noun. Examples: hˈint̪i ʔˈopu ʔunhˈinak? 'What are you doing?' [Callaghan 1970: 21], hˈint̪i kan ʔˈona? 'What did you say?' [Callaghan 1970: 23]. Independent pronoun ʔˈeke 'what?' is attested in illustrative sentences only with various case suffixes: ʔˈeke-t̪ (quantitative) 'how much?', ʔekˈe-ʂːu (instrumental) 'what's that? / just barely', ʔekˈe-t̪ːo (allative) 'where?' [Callaghan 1970: 89].
Lake Miwok:hˈint̪i ~ hint̪i1
Callaghan 1965: 36. Polysemy: 'what (interrogative) / how (interrogative) / something / some sort of / what, that which, whatever'. Word class: independent pronoun.
Plains Miwok:hiːti-1
Callaghan 1984: 46. Polysemy: 'how / what / something'. Word class: noun.
Broadbent 1964: 274. Polysemy: 'something / what?'. Word class: noun. Mi-, glossed in [Broadbent 1964: 256] as 'what? Demonstrative stem', functions as the root of all question words (including the verb mi-čː- 'to do what?'), except t̪inːɨ- 'what?' and mana- 'who?' [Broadbent 1964: 95].
NUMBER:97
WORD:white
Bodega Miwok:pot-ˈoːt̪a1
Callaghan 1970: 61. Glossed as 'to be white'. Word class: intransitive verb. Morphological analysis: verbal root pˈot- (apparently related to noun pˈota 'foam') [ibid.], -Vːt̪a 'adjective suffix found on several color words' [Callaghan 1970: 102].
Lake Miwok:cetˈaːw2
Callaghan 1965: 13. Glossed as 'to be white'. Word class: intransitive verb. Variant form used by one of the informants (James Knight): citˈaːw [Callaghan 1965: 14].
Plains Miwok:put-uʔtu-1
Callaghan 1984: 124. Word class: adjective. Contains the adjectival suffix -VʔC2V- 'adjective formative, primarily in color terms' [Callaghan 1984: 226].
Northern Sierra Miwok:kel-elːi-3
Callaghan 1987: 111. Derived from keːla- 'snow / ice' [ibid.] with the adjectival suffix -VCːi- 'color formative' [Callaghan 1987: 302].
Central Sierra Miwok:kel-ˈelːi-3
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 7. Polysemy: 'white / a white one'. Word class: noun. Derived from kˈeːla- 'snow' [ibid.].
Southern Sierra Miwok:pas-asːi-4
Broadbent 1964: 262. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:98
WORD:who
Bodega Miwok:mˈant̪i1
Callaghan 1970: 48. Polysemy: 'who / someone'. Word class: noun.
Lake Miwok:mˈant̪i1
Callaghan 1965: 90. Polysemy: 'someone / anyone / who (interrogative)'. Word class: noun.
Callaghan 1970: 41. Word class: noun. Variants: kulˈeyːih, kulˈeːyih. Related to kˈulːeh 'wife' [ibid.] and kˈuːleh 'to get married / to marry someone' [Callaghan 1970: 42]. Cf. also kuyˈeyːih 'old woman' [Callaghan 1970: 41].
Lake Miwok:pˈocːi ~ pʼˈocːi2
Callaghan 1965: 109. Polysemy: 'woman / a married woman / female'. Word class: noun. Distinct from kˈulːe 'wife' [Callaghan 1965: 69]. Cf. Hill Patwin pʼokita 'woman' and pʼoksin 'sister-in-law' (due to misprint, the latter term appeared in [Callaghan 1965: 109] as pʼokain; misprint corrected by the author in [Berman 1973: 261]).
Plains Miwok:ʔǝsǝːʔǝh3
Callaghan 1984: 198. Polysemy: 'woman / wife / wrapped bone in gambling game'. Word class: noun. Variants: ʔǝsǝːʔǝh, ʔɨsɨːʔɨh? ("The first alternant is probably correct"). Related to ʔǝsǝwːi- 'daughter-in-law (Jackson Valley) / lady (Lockford)', ʔǝsǝʔtǝ- 'to marry a woman, get married (said of a man)' [ibid.].
Callaghan 1970: 66-67. Polysemy: 'to be yellow / to be green?'. Word class: intransitive verb. Morphological analysis: verbal root ʂˈil- [ibid.], -Vːt̪a 'adjective suffix found on several color words' [Callaghan 1970: 102].
Lake Miwok:ʂˈulen kˈeː #2
Callaghan 1965: 128. Polysemy: 'yellow / orange'. Literally 'baby's excrement', cf. ʂˈule 'baby' [ibid.] and kˈeː 'excrement, droppings' [Callaghan 1965: 60]. [Callaghan 1965] gives no other form for 'yellow', but in [Callaghan 1991] the position for 'yellow' in Lake Miwok Swadesh wordlist is filled by two items, each supplied with question mark: ʂˈulen kˈeː and cakˈaː-caka. In [Callaghan 1965] the latter word is given only as a noun with the meaning 'canary bird' [Callaghan 1965: 11].
Plains Miwok:yɨl-ɨʔlɨ- #3
Callaghan 1984: 58. Word class: adjective. Contains the adjectival suffix -VʔC2V- 'adjective formative, primarily in color terms' [Callaghan 1984: 226]. Another candidate is mariːyu- 'yellow / orange' (adjective), borrowed from Spanish amarillo 'yellow' [Callaghan 1984: 91].
Northern Sierra Miwok:tay-ayːi-4
Callaghan 1987: 225. Polysemy: 'yellow / light'. Contains the adjectival suffix -VCːi- 'color formative' [Callaghan 1987: 302]. Callaghan notes: "Egg yolks are this color". Secondary synonyms: mariːyu- 'yellow' (borrowed from Spanish amarillo) [Callaghan 1987: 145], čiwiːtɨ- 'mustard yellow / yellow-green / brownish yellow' [Callaghan 1987: 46] and topiːs-ɨ- 'yellow (like dry grass) / tan / dusty' [Callaghan 1987: 234].
Callaghan 1970: 90. Word class: noun. Examples: kakˈočːan ʔenˈakmu 'far from my house', ʔenˈakt̪o kaː ʔˈopːoy 'I walked far'.
Lake Miwok:ʔedˈaːk1
Callaghan 1965: 176. Polysemy: 'long / tall / a long way / far / the whole thing'. Word class: intransitive verb and noun. Allomorph with shortened vowel: ʔˈedak-. Variant form used by one of the informants (James Knight): ʔadˈa(ː)k [Callaghan 1965: 169].
Plains Miwok:totːo-2
Callaghan 1984: 160. Glossed as 'far away'. Word class: demonstrative pronoun.
Northern Sierra Miwok:t̪ot̪ːoʔ #2
Callaghan 1987: 219. Polysemy: 'distant, way off / far / over there / as far as' (adv.). A second candidate is wila- 'a long time / too long / far / far away' [Callaghan 1987: 252].
Central Sierra Miwok:t̪ˈot̪ːo- #2
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 17. Polysemy: 'far / a long way'. Word class: noun. Alternative candidates: kˈot̪ːo- (adverb) 'distant / far / the other side' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 7], kˈoːt̪o- (adverb) 'beyond / distant / far / other side' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 8]. The number of attested textual occurences of these words is too small to determine which of them is the basic word for 'far'. Cf.: "It is almost dark when he appears again, coming from far away (t̪ˈot̪ːoʔ)" [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 56, 58], "[A man who is a Poisoner] must live far away (t̪ˈot̪ːoʔ) from everyone" [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 65], "Get as far away from here as you can", lit. "Far-away (kˈot̪ːˌoʔ) go-thou-hence!" [Berman 1982, text VII, 25] (all cited texts are in West Central dialect).
Southern Sierra Miwok:kot̪-t̪a-n3
Broadbent 1964: 246. Glossed as 'far off'. Word class: noun. Contains nominal suffix -t̪a(ː)- and temporal case ending -n. A synonym from the same root is kot̪-t̪o- 'far / a while ago' [Broadbent 1964: 246], glossed as 'a while ago / the other side' in [Broadbent 1964: 115]. kot̪-t̪a-n occurs more frequently in the texts than kot̪-t̪o-, but the precise difference in meaning is hard to establish.
NUMBER:102
WORD:heavy
Bodega Miwok:hˈete1
Callaghan 1970: 20. Glossed as 'to be heavy'. Word class: intransitive verb. Example: hˈete lˈupːuh 'heavy rock'.
Lake Miwok:ʔˈiːwak2
Callaghan 1965: 182. Glossed as 'to be heavy'. Word class: intransitive verb.
Plains Miwok:ʔǝlǝʔːǝl #3
Callaghan 1984: 196. Polysemy: 'heavy / hard and heavy / something heavy, such as heavy bread or a heavy rock / thick (fog)'. Word class: adjective and noun. Another candidate is katakːat 'hard / heavy / stiff / difficult' [Callaghan 1984: 64].
Northern Sierra Miwok:lew-te-tɨ-4
Callaghan 1987: 131. Glossed as 'heavy (said of something one is carrying)'. Cf. lewːɨ-wɨ- 'heavy (said of something on a person)' [ibid.].
Central Sierra Miwok:lˈewtetɨ-4
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 9. Word class: noun. Another candidate, lˈewːi- 'heavy / thick' [id.], has the same root.
Southern Sierra Miwok:leweːt̪-aː-4
Broadbent 1964: 250. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:103
WORD:near
Bodega Miwok:hˈawen #1
Callaghan 1970: 18. Word class: noun. Example: kakˈočːan hawˈent̪o 'Near my house'. Alternative candidate: nˈakih 'near / edge' (noun; example: kawˈat̪eh kalˈupːun nakˈiht̪o 'I sat down near the rock') [Callaghan 1970: 53-54]. We tentatively choose hˈawen because of external evidence.
Lake Miwok:yˈole2
Callaghan 1965: 49. Polysemy: 'near / around / along / nearby / nearly'. Word class: intransitive verb and noun.
Plains Miwok:haːye-1
Callaghan 1984: 32. Polysemy: 'near / close by'. Word class: noun. Cf. hayːe- 'beside / near' (noun) [Callaghan 1984: 31] - a borrowing from Northern Sierra Miwok?
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 2. Word class: adverb. Related to hayˌeː- 'near' (noun), hˈayːe- 'to approach' [ibid.].
Southern Sierra Miwok:hayːe-1
Broadbent 1964: 226. Word class: noun. Related to the verb hayːe- 'to touch'. Cf. other synonyms from the same root: hayeː-t̪o-ʔ 'near' [ibid.], hayeː-t̪-aː- 'near' (derived from hayeː-t̪- 'to approach') [Broadbent 1964: 227].
NUMBER:104
WORD:salt
Bodega Miwok:kˈoyːo1
Callaghan 1970: 39. Word class: noun. Also functions as the intransitive verb 'to be salty'.
Lake Miwok:kˈoyːo1
Callaghan 1965: 64. Word class: noun.
Plains Miwok:ʔawːeh-1
Callaghan 1984: 188. Word class: noun. Variants: ʔawːeh, ʔawːes ("second variant may be archaic word for ocean salt"). According to [Callaghan 2014: 461], this word is a loan from San Francisco Bay Costanoan (cf. Chocheño ʔawːeš ~ ʔaweš 'salt'), probably through Bay Miwok. The word is used only in Jackson Valley dialect. In Lockford dialect the word koyːo- 'salt' is used instead [Callaghan 1984: 72].
Northern Sierra Miwok:koyːo-1
Callaghan 1987: 114.
Central Sierra Miwok:
Not attested in [Freeland & Broadbent 1960] and [Berman 1982].
Southern Sierra Miwok:koyːo-1
Broadbent 1964: 246. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:105
WORD:short
Bodega Miwok:t̪onːˈu-ku1
Callaghan 1970: 73. Glossed as 'to be short'. Word class: intransitive verb. Examples: t̪onːˈuku t̪ˈayih 'short man', t̪onːˈuku ʔˈalwah 'short tree'.
Lake Miwok:cʼotˈoːy-1
Callaghan 1965: 20. Polysemy: 'to be short / to be brief'. Word class: intransitive verb. Borrowed from Hill Patwin tʼodoːy 'short' before the sound change Proto-Wintun *čʼ > Patwin tʼ.
Plains Miwok:caːpu--1
Callaghan 1984: 19. Glossed as 'short (said of a man, road, stick)'. Word class: adjective. Borrowed from Spanish chapo 'a short stout person'.
Northern Sierra Miwok:čaːpu-t̪ːi- ~ čapːu-t̪ːi--1
Callaghan 1987: 42. Polysemy: 'short / low (house)'. Borrowed from Mexican Spanish chapo 'a short, stout person'. Examples include 'low house', 'short stick', 'short road', 'short man' and 'short dress'. Other candidates: 1) hayːe-t̪ːi- 'short / close' (adj. and noun), e. g. in "short road" [Callaghan 1987: 56]. 2) ʔenaːn-ɨ- 'short (adj.) / midget (noun)' [Callaghan 1987: 272]. The latter meaning is secondary: Camanche dialect has ʔenaːnɨʔ neknekeːtɨʔ 'Midget (a mythological character)', literally 'Short Midget' [Callaghan 1987: 164].
Central Sierra Miwok:
Not attested in [Freeland & Broadbent 1960] and [Berman 1982].
Southern Sierra Miwok:hulːiwi- #2
Broadbent 1964: 235. Word class: noun. An alternative candidate is t̪oʔːono- 'short' [Broadbent 1964: 275], cited as toʔːono- and derived from toːʔ- 'to seat (trans.)' in [Broadbent 1964: 124]. We tentatively choose hulːiwi- because it has two derivatives: huliw-na- 'to make short' and hulwi-t̪ːi- 'short pieces' [Broadbent 1964: 235].
Callaghan 1965: 117. Word class: noun. According to Callaghan, "[p]robably from Hill Patwin porwan 'snake' with -ay by analogy" [ibid.]. Distinct from holˈoːmay 'rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis' [Callaghan 1965: 39].
Plains Miwok:wilo-2
Callaghan 1984: 177. Polysemy: 'snake / watersnake'. Word class: noun. The word has two pronunciation variants: wilo- (Jackson Valley) and wilu- (Lockford).
No generic word for snake is attested. Words for particular kinds of snakes are: hˈaːmaːwa- 'big rattlesnake' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 2], hˈoːt̪oŋya- 'king snake' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 4], lˈoːpatːi- 'gopher snake' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 9], šˈumːaka- 'watersnake' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 16], wˈakːaːli- 'rattlesnake' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 19], wˈiwːiʔna- 'blue racer snake' [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 20].
Southern Sierra Miwok:ʔiči-4
Broadbent 1964: 290. Word class: noun.
NUMBER:107
WORD:thin
Bodega Miwok:fˈiːnu-1
Callaghan 1970: 15. Glossed as 'to be fine, thin'. Word class: intransitive verb. Borrowed from Spanish fino 'fine'.
Lake Miwok:ʂul-ˈuːlum1
Callaghan 1965: 128. Glossed as 'to be thin (said of clothing)'. Word class: intransitive verb. No word for 'thin (1D)' is attested in [Callaghan 1965].
Plains Miwok:piːnu--1
Callaghan 1984: 121. Polysemy: 'fine / thin'. Word class: adjective. Borrowed from Spanish fino 'fine'.
Northern Sierra Miwok:t̪ɨt̪ːela-2
Callaghan 1987: 223. Glossed as 'thin (material)'. Examples include 'thin cloth', 'thin board' and 'thin leaf'. Cf. čakmi- 'thin (leaf) / transparent' [Callaghan 1987: 41].
Central Sierra Miwok:sˈeːsi- #3
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 15. Word class: noun. The word is glossed as 'thin', but its precise meaning is uncertain, because its cognate in Southern Sierra Miwok is sesːi- 'thin, of liquid' [Broadbent 1964: 268].
Southern Sierra Miwok:t̪at̪ːa-pa-4
Broadbent 1964: 272. Word class: noun. Apparently derived from t̪at̪ːa- 'leaf' q.v. Secondary synonym: čak-akːi- 'lace / thin, filmy, of fabric' [Broadbent 1964: 221]. Cf. also tasɨw-meː- 'thin, scrawny' [Broadbent 1964: 277], tosuy-meː- 'thin, scrawny', tosːoyu-mːa- 'thin', tosːuy- 'thin, scrawny' [Broadbent 1964: 279] (all these words mean 'thin (of person)' and therefore are ineligible).
NUMBER:108
WORD:wind
Bodega Miwok:kˈiwel1
Callaghan 1970: 38. Word class: noun. Also functions as the transitive verb 'to fan'.
Lake Miwok:hˈena2
Callaghan 1965: 31. Polysemy: 'breath / life / feelings / personality / air / wind'. Word class: noun. Related to the verbal roots hˈen- 'to breathe / to be well' [Callaghan 1965: 30] and hˈeːn- 'to be breathing' [Callaghan 1965: 29].
Plains Miwok:wǝlːǝli-3
Callaghan 1984: 175. Polysemy: 'wind / air'. Word class: noun. The meaning 'air' is attested only in Jackson Valley dialect.
Northern Sierra Miwok:heːnis-a-2
Callaghan 1987: 65. Derived from hensi- 'to blow (of wind)'.
Central Sierra Miwok:henˈa-2
Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 3. Polysemy: 'breath / wind'. Word class: noun. Cited as henˌaː- in the English - Central Sierra Miwok section [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 51]. Cf. hˈen-si- 'to blow / to breathe' [ibid.] (-si- is a verbalizer suffix [Freeland & Broadbent 1960: 15]).
Southern Sierra Miwok:kanːɨm-aː- #4
Broadbent 1964: 243. Word class: noun. Derived from kanm- 'to blow, of the wind' [ibid.]. An alternative candidate is pukːuy-aː- 'wind', derived from pukuːy- 'to blow, of the wind' [Broadbent 1964: 266]. It is tempting to think that these words belong to different dialects, but there is no way to prove this: the word for 'wind' does not occur in the available texts.
Broadbent 1964: 283. Polysemy: 'worm / bug'. Word class: noun. Cf. also keːhu- 'angleworm' [Broadbent 1964: 245] and the Yosemite dialect form keːʂɨ-ʔ 'worm' [Broadbent 1964: 13].
NUMBER:110
WORD:year
Bodega Miwok:ʔˈaːnyu-1
Callaghan 1970: 86. Word class: noun. Borrowed from Spanish año 'year'.
Lake Miwok:wˈali1
Callaghan 1965: 153. Polysemy: 'season / year / area / space / world'. Word class: noun. Cf. wˈalːi 'outside' (noun) [Callaghan 1965: 154].
Plains Miwok:ʔomuːc-a- ~ ʔumuːc-a-2
Callaghan 1984: 208. Polysemy: 'winter / year'. Word class: noun. Morphological analysis: ʔomuːc- ~ ʔumuːc- = stem (cf. intransitive verb ʔomuːc-u- ~ ʔumuːc-u- 'to go into winter' and noun ʔoːmuc 'winter'), -a- = nominalizer suffix [Callaghan 1984: 15].
Northern Sierra Miwok:ʔumuːč-a-2
Callaghan 1987: 289. Polysemy: 'winter / year'.
Central Sierra Miwok:
Not attested in [Freeland & Broadbent 1960] and [Berman 1982].
Southern Sierra Miwok:ʔuːmuč-aː- #2
Broadbent 1964: 294. Word class: noun. Related to ʔumču- 'to be winter', ʔumču-no- 'wintertime' [ibid.]. Alternative candidates: helːak- 'year' (related to helːak-no- 'summer') [Broadbent 1964: 230], ʔanyo- 'year / age' (borrowed from Spanish año 'year') [Broadbent 1964: 287]. We tentatively choose ʔuːmuč-aː- because of external evidence.
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