Adams 2013: 432. Polysemy: 'all (omnis) / all (totus)'. Cf.: "all the fires of hell suffusing my body", "his whole body burns like a firebrand with passion" etc. Corresponds to Tocharian A po / pont- 'all'. Goes back to Proto-Tocharian *pont-, further to Ancient Greek {πα̃ς, πάντες} 'all'.
NUMBER:2
WORD:ashes
Tocharian B:
Not attested reliably. Cf. two words normally used in juxtaposition whose meanings are close to 'ashes', but there is no evidence that any of them indeed functioned as a basic term for 'ashes':
1) tweye 'dust, ashes' [Adams 2013: 344], used for Sanskrit {rajāṁsi} 'particles of dust', cf. "toward the air like dust (taur) and ashes (tweye)", "because of this, infertile ground, dust (taur) and ashes (tweye), appears", "never does either dust or ashes stick to his body". Could be from PIE {*dʰwoyo}-, derived from {*dʰew-} 'to blow'.
2) taur 'dust, ashes; rubbish-heap' [Adams 2013: 330], see above for examples, without evident etymology. Cf. also 'they spread dust (taur) over [their] head[s], [and] (they lamented?) out of the whole throat' (PK-NS-36A a5).
NUMBER:3
WORD:bark
Tocharian B:
Not attested reliably. Cf. the words enm-e-tre and last-o, which could mean 'bark' or 'root-bark', see the discussion in [Adams 2013: 92, 593].
NUMBER:4
WORD:belly
Tocharian B:kac-o {kātso}1
Adams 2013: 165. Polysemy: 'belly / stomach / womb'. Cf. "... letting grow the belly [and] the navel" (PK AS 7M b5), belly vs. breast (B 73 b2), "in [cases of] water belly [= 'dropsy']". Perhaps from IE {*gʷōt-yōn-} with Germanic cognates.
Distinct from co {tso} 'abdomen'(?) [Adams 2013: 812].
NUMBER:5
WORD:big
Tocharian B:oro-cc-e {orotstse}1
Adams 2013: 127. Polysemy: 'big, large / great'. Cf. "[if] the lower belly is big" (the context is unreliable; text W-14 a6 in [Filliozat 1948: 70]), "the text becomes [too] large" (B 197 a2). Without transparent etymology.
Distinct from trekte 'coarse' (as opposed to 'fine') [Adams 2013: 338].
NUMBER:6
WORD:bird
Tocharian B:sal-am-o luw-o1
Adams 2013: 752. The collocation šalamo luw-o literally means 'flying animal' with sǝl- / sal- 'to fly' q.v. and luw-o 'animal'.
Another candidate is kenc {kents} which is likely to be translated as 'goose' since it originates from Indo-European *'goose', but the general meaning 'bird' also cannot be excluded for this Tocharian word [Adams 2013: 207].
Distinct from specific bird names: seri [Adams 2013: 765], {ṣparā-yäkre} [Adams 2013: 730], {yāmuttsi} 'a kind of waterfowl' [Adams 2013: 532], skren 'dove' or 'crow' [Adams 2013: 774].
NUMBER:7
WORD:bite
Tocharian B:
Not attested. Cf. cak- {tsāk-} 'to pierce; bite (of a snake)' [Adams 2013: 800; Malzahn 2010: 975], e.g., '[if] a snake, viper, or cat-snake(?) bites' (B 503 a2), "with pierced eyes" (B 40 b2). Etymology uncertain, possibly from PIE {*dēnḱneha-}.
NUMBER:8
WORD:black
Tocharian B:erk-ent-1
Adams 2013: 101 'black'. Cf. "an oil of black sesame" (W-22 a4 in [Filliozat 1948: 72]), "of black wool" (PK AS 8C b7). Corresponds to Tocharian A arkant- 'black'. Etymology unclear, possibly from PIE {*h1rgw-ont-} 'dark'.
Distinct from kwel-e whose meaning is rather 'dark, dark grey'. Cf. 'his own people began to decorate [his] body with grey {kweleṃ} and black {erke-}' (B 118 b2).
NUMBER:9
WORD:blood
Tocharian B:yasar1
Adams 2013: 525. 'blood'. Cf. "blood and flesh from the body" (IOL Toch 214 a3).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {ysār} 'blood', perhaps from PIE "collective" {*h1ésh2ōr}.
Corresponds to Tocharian A {āy} 'bone' and is cognate with the PIE term for 'bone' (see discussion in [Adams 2013: 49]).
NUMBER:11
WORD:breast
Tocharian B:pracak-o {pratsāko}1
Adams 2013: 445. Cf.: "a sliver of acacia or human bone [is] to be stuck in the breast of the effigy" (PK AS 8C b4), 'high, very broad shoulders, a broad, soft, flat chest' (73a6); 'belly' vs. 'breast', cf. 'the belly is not high, not grown lean, completely controlled with (the buttocks(?)) and distinguished (or 'decorated'(?)) with the breast' (B 73 b2-b3).
Tocharian A {pratsak} 'chest', cf. 'flat, broad and wide [is] your chest' (A 378 5). From PIE {*proty-(h3)ōkw-eha-} with equivalents Gr. πρόσωπον 'face' and Skt. {prátīka-} 'face'.
Distinct from paʆč-e {paśce*}, attested only in dual. {päścane} [Adams 2013: 386]. Polysemy: 'female breasts / the seat of wisdom'. The metaphoric meaning 'the seat of wisdom' suggests that paʆče may have been the original term for 'breast, chest (in general)', later narrowing to 'female breasts' (or simply unattested as 'male breast' due to scantiness of the corpus). Cf. 'she placed the palms of [her] hands on [her] breasts' (B 84 b5), 'the breasts, the stomach, the whole body the powder makes white', but it is unclear whether a woman is described. (W-30 a5 in [Filliozat 1948: 75]), but also "make it known to him in ear and heart (lit.: 'in his breasts'). Possible IE cognates: Hit. istanza, Skt. stánā (nom.dual. 'breasts'), Av. fštāna-, Modern Persian pistān, Arm. stin, Gr. sténion (see in [Adams 2013: 386]).
Cf. the term čaŋk-e {caṅke}, which is glossed as 'lap, bosom, breast, chest, [individual] breast' in [Adams 2013: 267-268]. However, the only context where the translation 'breast' is proposed is doubtful: "high over the breast the stomach [is] to be anointed with chicken broth; over the stomach a covering [is] to be bound; the breasts become nautse" (W-14 b1 in [Filliozat 1948: 70]); it seems that {caṅke} should refer rather to the genital area here. Some other contexts: "[he is] to sit in a house with arms akimbo" (unreliable, B 322 a1); "in the lap / bosom of the mountain" (B 76 a3). The exact anatomic meaning of {caṅke} is thus unclear.
Corresponds to Tocharian A {cwaṅke} 'lap (A 314 a7), loin (A 43+52 b4) / wall (of a mountain, cf. A 287+259 a6)'. Extra-Tocharian connections are unclear.
Cf. piʆpik {piśpik} 'woman's breast' or 'nipple' [Adams 2013: 416]. If the reading is correct, it must translate the BHS word stana-. Etymologically unclear.
NUMBER:12
WORD:burn tr.
Tocharian B:cǝk- {tsäk-}1
Adams 2013: 802; Malzahn 2010: 980-981. (vt.) 'burn up, consume by fire; apply heat to (in cooking), i.e., roast, boil; burn off, evaporate', cf. 'fire burns it up, water carries it [away]'(B 33 a4), 'I burn up my life's position in the fires of shame (and) remorse' (IOL Toch 5 b3).
Distinct from sälp- (vi) 'to be set alight, blaze up; glow; blush; burn' [Adams 2013: 754; Malzahn 2010: 943] and tsāk- (vi) '±glow' [Adams 2013: 799].
Tocharian {tsäk-} should regularly reflect PIE {*dhegwh-}.
NUMBER:13
WORD:claw (nail)
Tocharian B:mekw-a1
Adams 2013: 502. (f.pl.) '(finger / toe) nails', cf. 'the fingers, very soft and illuminated by his own nails' (B 74 a6).
Tocharian A maku N.-Acc.Pl. 'nails / claws' (cf. A 321 a2: 'with hard nails and teeth' or 'with sharp claws and tusks'(?)).
If PTch {*mekwā} is the result of distant assimilation and goes back to {*nekwā}, it could reflect PIE {*h3nogwh-} with the same meaning.
NUMBER:14
WORD:cloud
Tocharian B:tarkǝr {tarkär}1
Adams 2013: 297. Cf.: 'like the moon coming out from (behind) the clouds' (PK NS 27 b2), 'they make rain for sure the greed at first from the cloud' (PK NS 39 b2), 'the surface of the sky became without clouds (and) clear' (B 350 a4).
Tocharian A {tärkär*} 'cloud, rain cloud'. PTch {*tärkär}, possibly connected to PIE {*dherg-}.
Adams 2013: 236. Cf.: 'there are eight cold hells' (B 18 b5), 'they enter the cold water in the pond' (B 29 a6), 'cold rays (of the moon)' (B 52 b7).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {kroś} 'cold', cf. 'very hot (and) very cold water' (A 432 b8). PTch {*kroścē}.
NUMBER:16
WORD:come
Tocharian B:kǝm- {käm-}1
Adams 2013: 170-171; Malzahn 2010: 571-572. Cf.: 'then these brahmans came into king Aranemi's country' (B 81 b2), 'quickly thou wilt come to Rājagriha' (B 514 a5), 'now the time will come' (B 27 b7), 'the rain will come from [all] four directions' (PK AS 6Ca6).
Corresponds to Tocharian A kum- 'to come'. PTch {*k(w)äm-} from PIE {*gwem-}.
NUMBER:17
WORD:die
Tocharian B:sruk-1
Adams 2013: 790-792; Malzahn 2010: 972. Cf.: '(if) he dies, he is consequently reborn in hell' (B 17 a8), 'whoever may be born will not die' (B 46 b2), 'just as one dead did not move' (B 606 a1).
Corresponds to Tocharian A sruk- 'to kill' (and old causative). From PIE {*streug-}. The basic Tocharian A term for 'die' is {wäl-} [Malzahn 2010: 892-893].
NUMBER:18
WORD:dog
Tocharian B:ku1
Adams 2013: 190. Paradigm: ku [nom] / kwe-n [acc.] {ku / kweṃ}. Translates B(H)S śvāṇa in the calendar cycle (B 549 a5), 'in the dog year' (IOL Toch 249 b2).
Corresponds to Tocharian A ku, acc. {koṃ} 'dog'. PTch {*kŭwŭ} from PIE {*k̂úwō(n)}.
NUMBER:19
WORD:drink
Tocharian B:yok-1
Adams 2013: 551-552; Malzahn 2010: 810. Cf.: 'day and night the rākṣasa drinks the life-water of these beings' (B 45 a5), '(this is) to be drunk with warm water' (PK AS 3A b6), 'it is to be eaten and drunk' (B 497 a10), 'eating, drinking, lodging' (B 50 b3).
Tocharian A term 'to drink' has a suppletive paradigm: yok- [pres.] / {tsuk-} [pret., subj., imv.]. The latter stem, {tsuk-} [Malzahn 2010: 994-995], means 'to suck (out)' in Toch. B. The main stem yok- is cognate with Hitt. eku-/aku-.
NUMBER:20
WORD:dry
Tocharian B:as-ar-e {asāre}1
Adams 2013: 35. If correctly identified as adjective and not a 3.pl.pret., cf.: 'the ponds (are) dry (or 'dried out'?)'.
Corresponds to Tocharian A {āsar* ~ āsam*} 'dry'. Both the A and B forms are adjectival derivatives of the Common Tocharian verb {ās-} 'to dry out (trans./intrans.)' [Adams 2013: 63].
NUMBER:21
WORD:ear
Tocharian B:klauc-o {klautso}1
Adams 2013: 249. Cf.: 'to hear with divine ear' (PK AS 16.2 b5), 'ear, nose, tongue, body (and) mind' (B 527 a5), 'moving like the tongue of snakes, like an elephant's ear' (B 3 b4).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {klots} 'ear'. Proto-Tocharian derivative in -t- from PIE {*k̂leu-} 'to hear'.
NUMBER:22
WORD:earth
Tocharian B:ken {keṃ}1
Adams 2013: 205. Polysemy: 'earth / ground / base'. Cf.: 'neither water nor fire nor earth' (B 143 b2), 'he planted the roots in the ground' (B 388 a2), 'of mountain, forest, air, earth (or) water' (all adjectives) (B 338 a2), 'the ... of water will purge this earth' (PK AS 19.21 a3).
Tocharian A {tkaṃ} 'earth, ground'. A {tkaṃ} and B {keṃ} regularly reflect the PIE term {*dh(e)ĝhom-}.
NUMBER:23
WORD:eat
Tocharian B:ʆuw- {śuw-}1
Adams 2013: 691-692; Malzahn 2010: 922. Cf.: 'they ate its fruit, and sweet was the taste' (B 3 a8), 'they did not eat each other' (B 3 b1), 'ripe grain is to be eaten' (B 461 a5), 'food to be eaten' (B 335 b4).
The Tocharian A verb 'to eat' has a suppletive paradigm: {śuw-} [pres.] ~ {tāp-} [pret., subj.] [Malzahn 2010: 640, 923]. PTch {*śäuwā-} reflects PIE {*ĝyewhxeha-}.
NUMBER:24
WORD:egg
Tocharian B:
Not attested.
NUMBER:25
WORD:eye
Tocharian B:ek1
Adams 2013: 78. Cf.: 'you had eyes and ears to see and hear good and evil' (B 108 a6), 'seeing the behavior of the gem with gracious eyes' (PK AS 16.7 a2), 'with (tend)er, pleasant eyes having looked at the Brahmins he s(ays)' (PK NS 35 a3 [CEToM]).
Corresponds to Tocharian A ak 'eye'. From PIE {*h3(e/)okw}.
NUMBER:26
WORD:fat n.
Tocharian B:
There are two Tocharian B lexemes, šaʎpe and šmare, which are sometimes translated as 'fat', although their reliably established meaning is rather 'oil'. Additionally there is also Toch. B op, which would be a good cognate for the PIE term for '(animal) fat', but its exact synchronous meaning in Toch. B is uncertain.
1) šaʎpe ~ šaʎwe {ṣalype ~ ṣalywe}, glossed as 'salve, ointment; oil' [Adams 2013: 714-715]. Cf.: '(if) I make a wound in the body by a sword, with powders and salves the flesh heals again' (B 15 b1 +17 b3), 'ricinus oil' (PK AS 2A a5), 'sesame oil' (B 497 b5), 'rosewood oil is to be put into the fire (as) oblation' (PK AS 8A b8). Corresponds to Tocharian A {ṣälyp}. PTch {*ṣälype} from PIE {*sélpos}.
2) šmare {ṣmare}, glossed as 'smooth (adj.); oil, fat (n.)' [Adams 2013: 731-732]. Cf.: 'as if without oil like in an extinguished lamp' (B 588 b8). Otherwise attested as adjective. Not attested in Tocharian A. From PIE {*smer(w)os}.
3) op [Adams 2013: 122]. Scarcely attested, but the meaning 'fat' or 'butter' is rather probable, cf.: 'neither op nor honey gladdens the heart' (B 591 b7), also in an enumeration of foodstuff in B 433 a17. See further in [Adams 2013: 122].
NUMBER:27
WORD:feather
Tocharian B:par-w-a1
Adams 2013: 383. Only pl. forms are attested. Cf.: 'without feathers he will rise from the nest' (B 282 b1), 'a crow's feathers (are) to be plucked' (W-32 b3 [Filliozat 1948: 76]). The Proto-Tocharian suffix *-w- can be singled out.
Distinct from collective par {pār*} 'plumage' [Adams 2013: 391], which contains the same root.
Cognate to Slavic *pero 'feather'.
No expressions for 'feather' in Tocharian A.
NUMBER:28
WORD:fire
Tocharian B:puwar1
Adams 2013: 421-422. Cf.: 'fire burns it up, water carries it (away)' (B 33 a4), 'a fire of grass, chaff, dung, or wood' (B 194 b1), 'the fire blazes in (his) spirit' (B 8 a5), 'the fires of hell' (B 243 b3).
Corresponds to Tocharian A por 'fire'. PTch probably {*pŭwār}.
NUMBER:29
WORD:fish
Tocharian B:laks1
Adams 2013: 590. Cf.: 'if there is water in the pool, animals, fish, etc. will find pleasure there' (B 11 b4), 'horse, cow, and fish liver, it (is) to be avoided' (adj.) (B 559 b4-b5). Translates Skt. matsya 'fish' in B 308 b3.
Originates from the zero-grade of PIE {*lok̂si-} 'salmon'.
In Tocharian A only {wri lu} 'water animal' is known as a designation for 'fish'.
NUMBER:30
WORD:fly v.
Tocharian B:sǝl- {säl-}1
Adams 2013: 752-753; Malzahn 2010: 941. Polysemy: 'to fly / to arise'. Attested as past participle in 'with arisen mind' (B 77 a4) and most frequently as participle sal-am-o in the expression 'flying animal', i.e., 'bird' q.v.
Tocharian A {säl-} 'to fly, fly up, jump up (into the air)', cf.: 'in the sky eagles (are) flying over vultures' (PK NS 1 b3), 'adorned women fall down, as it were, and jump up from the ground' (A 253 b3 [CEToM]), also as adjective salat in the expression 'flying and running animals' (i.e. 'birds and animals; A 394 a1-a2).
PTch {*säl-} should reflect PIE {*sel-}.
Distinct from B plu- 'to soar', see notes on 'to swim'.
NUMBER:31
WORD:foot
Tocharian B:paiyy-e 1
Adams 2013: 432. Cf.: 'falling down from (his) feet' (B 88 a2), 'hands and feet' (B 231 a4), 'the big toe of the right foot' (B 371 a2), '(he) honored the tender feet of the omniscient.' (PK AS 6A a6), 'a (nail) of his (enemy's) foot (is) to be put into the fire as an oblation' (PK AS 8A b8).
Corresponds to Tocharian A pe 'foot'. The dual forms B pai-ne, A pe-n go back to PTch {*pei-ne}, where {*pei-} reflects the PIE dual {*póde} modified with the dual ending {*-ne}. Synchronic singular forms represent backformations from {*pei-ne}.
NUMBER:32
WORD:full
Tocharian B:it-e1
Adams 2013: 68. Indeclinable. Polysemy: 'full / abundant / profuse'. Cf.: '… made completely full with water' (B 212 a2-a3), 'with eyes full with water' (B 407 a6), '(one is) to place those thirsty for alcohol on four very full containers' (PK AS 8C a4), 'full of joy' (PK NS 32 a3), 'full of every possession' (B 46 a3), 'he stretched fully the bow and shot' (B 109 b6).
Potentially cognate with Tocharian A {ypic ~ ywic} 'full' (if built on unattested A *wit). Extra-Tocharian connections are unknown.
Cf. Tocharian B pǝlleu {pälleu} (obl. stem pǝllent-) 'full moon' [Adams 2013: 406]. It should be noted, however, that the context PK AS 13D b4 reads {īte pälleṃtne} 'in the full pällent'. The word can be connected with PIE {*pleh1-} 'fill' as per [Adams 2013: 406].
NUMBER:33
WORD:give
Tocharian B:ai-1
Adams 2013: 106-107; Malzahn 2010: 542-543. Suppletive paradigm: ai- [pres., subj.] / wǝs- {wäs-} [pret.] / pe=te [imv.]. Cf.: 'giving a gift' (B 23 b7), 'the being that gives cloth [also] obtains ten advantages' (PK AS 7J a2), 'he should give food' (PK AS 7J b6), '(the king) will give you the prince Uttara' (B 81 a6).
Corresponds to Tocharian A e [pres., subj.] / {wäs-} [pret.] / 2 sg. paṣ, 2 pl. pac [imv.] 'to give'.
A e-, B ai- reflect PTch {*āi-} from the PIE {*hxei-} 'take, give'.
The imperative forms in A and B are synchronically opaque (built with imv. prefix pǝ-), but could be traced (at least B pete) to PIE {*dh3o} or {*deh3}, further see [Adams 2013: 107].
Etymology of the preterite stem {wäs-} is unclear.
NUMBER:33
WORD:give
Tocharian B:wǝs- {wäs-}2
Preterite stem.
NUMBER:34
WORD:good
Tocharian B:kar-c-e {kartse}1
Adams 2013: 153-154. Synchronically, a suppletive paradigm: karc-e [nom. sg. m., nom.-obl. sg. f.] / krent- [obl. sg. m., obl. pl. m.-f.]. Glossed as 'good, beautiful (adj.) / good, welfare (n.)'. Cf.: 'good in form, good in smell, good in taste, provided with good signs' (B 107 a4-a5), 'you will be better than all' (B 107 b3), '(it is) good for diseases' (B 500 a4).
Corresponds to the Tocharian A term for 'good' which is also synchronically suppletive: {kāsu} [nom. sg. m.] / {krant- ~ kränt-} [obl. sg.-pl. m., nom.-obl. sg.-pl. fem.]
All forms should be diachronically cognate with each other, although further etymology is unclear.
NUMBER:35
WORD:green
Tocharian B:motar-cc-e {motartstse}1
Adams 2013: 511-512. Scarcely attested, cf.: '(incapable) of being green; incapable of growing or thriving' (IOL Toch 106 b5).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {motarts*} 'some sort of dark color, blue or green', cf. 'golden, green (?), red, white ... rays' (A 346 a4); however, the Toch. A word might be a borrowing from Toch. B. due to the irregular correspondence B -ä- vs. A -a-. Probably cognate with Hitt. {āntara} 'blue' and Proto-Slav. {*modrŭ} '(dark) blue' [Adams 2013: 511].
NUMBER:36
WORD:hair
Tocharian B:yok1
Adams 2013: 550. Polysemy: 'head hair / body hair / a single hair / wool'. Cf.: 'hair on the head' (B 603 b4), 'one by one a soft hair has emerged in pore on thy body' (B 74 a3), 'different kinds of hair' (PK AS 8C b5-b6), 'If a monk gives to an unrelated nun some wool to work, this wool ought to be abandoned (by him)' (PK AS 18A a1). Etymology is unclear.
Distinct from lece {letse} 'lock of hair', cf. 'In my disheveled hair curls everywhere animals have made nest[s]' (B 89 a2). It can reflect PIE {*wlotyo} via metathesis from {*woltyo}, cf. O.Irish folt 'hair' [Adams 2013: 610].
In Tocharian A, there is an opposition: ʆaku {śāku} 'head hair' as in 'his head is rounded like a parasol, his hair is thick and blue' (A 217 b1) vs. yok 'body hair', see [Adams 1982].
NUMBER:37
WORD:hand
Tocharian B:šar {ṣar}1
Adams 2013: 711-712. Cf.: 'with hands folded' (B 16 b6), '(the brahmans) honor the king just raising (their) hand' (B 81 b5), 'whatever monk holds jewels with (his) own hand' (B 337 a1).
Tocharian A car {tsar} 'hand'. The relationship between A and B forms is not entirely clear, although the forms can hardly be separated from each other. Perhaps A c- and B š- represent different reflexes of a PTch * čṣ-, eventually from PIE {*ĝhesr-} [Adams 2013: 711-712].
NUMBER:38
WORD:head
Tocharian B:aʆč-e {āśce}1
Adams 2013: 61-62. Paradigm: aʆč- [nom. sg.] / aʆč- ~ ašč- [gen. sg.] / ast- [acc. pl.]. Cf.: 'he put the diadem on (his) head' (B 109 a5), '[(one should) not sit in a house with the head covered' (B 321 b2). Etymology is uncertain, see different suggestions in [Adams 2013: 61-62].
Distinct from the rare form ʆpal {śpāl} 'head', which is only attested once: 'splitting (?) roughly (their) heads with arrows' (THT 2247 a5). Two adjectives are derived from this noun: indecl. ʆpal-men {śpāl-meṃ} ( fossilized abl. sg. of ʆpal) and ʆpal-u- {śpāl-u}, both meaning 'excellent'.
In Tocharian A, the basic term for 'head' is ʆpal {śpāl}. AB {śpāl} regularly reflects PIE {*ghebh-(e)l-} 'head'.
NUMBER:39
WORD:hear
Tocharian B:kʎaus- {klyaus-}1
Adams 2013: 250-251. Polysemy: 'to hear / to listen'. Cf.: 'the great mournful voice was heard' (B 589 b6 ), 'if he sees or hears of the honor (given) to another' (B 33 b4), 'to listen with a divine ear' (PK AS 16.2 b5), 'hear now this with love!' (B 8 a7).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {klyos-} 'to hear / to listen'.
From PTch {*klyeus-}, PIE {*k̂lēu-s-}.
NUMBER:40
WORD:heart
Tocharian B:ar-aɲč-e {arañce}1
Adams 2013: 23. Polysemy: 'heart / seat of emotions'. Cf.: 'the hearts beat (while) living' (B 119 a4), 'with heavy heart (lit. 'compressing(?) the heart')' (B 85 a5), 'my life, my spirit, my heart' (B 496 a8).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {āriñc} 'heart', PTch {*ār-äñc-e}. Without obvious IE etymology.
There is also a Toch. B hapax kǝrya- {käryāñ} [Adams 2013: 175] attested in the phrase 'the hearts of some (sick persons) are bounding' (IOL Toch 1 a4). However, the translation 'hearts' is not so obvious since {arañce} also occurs in the same text (IOL Toch 1 a1); moreover, this context with {käryāñ} may be compared with Toch. A 'my desires {käryāñ} are restrained' (A 115 a4). The cognate Tocharian A term {kri ~ käry} means 'will, desire'. The A and B forms reflect PTch {*käryā}, from the PIE term for 'heart'.
NUMBER:41
WORD:horn
Tocharian B:kror-iy-a1
Adams 2013: 235. Polysemy: 'horn / crescent of the moon (?)', cf.: '(having) a bright horn on the top of the head' (B 580 b4).
Corresponds to Tocharian A kror 'crescent of the moon', cf. 'like a triple crescent of the moon' (A 67 b3). PTch {*kror-}.
In Tocharian A, two genders are distinguished: {näṣ} 'I (m.)' and {ñuk} 'I (f.)'.
Phonological and morphological details remain obscure, but PToch. *ɲV- can hardly be separated from the PIE oblique stem *me-. Further see [Adams 2013: 283-284], where the dissimilative scenario *meme > *mene > *mne > *ne is discussed.
NUMBER:43
WORD:kill
Tocharian B:kau-1
Adams 2013: 222; Malzahn 2010: 606-607. Polysemy: 'kill, strike down / destroy; chop up'. Cf. 'The king of Magadha, incited by evil friends, killed his good father' (IOL Toch 5 b4-b5), 'he killed (his) father, the great righteous king' (PK AS 7C a6), 'he kills birds and animals (lit. flying and running animals)' (B 29 b8); 'it (the rain) destroys the mind' (PK AS 6C b1), 'He breaks the bones' (PK AS 4A b1).
Corresponds to Tocharian A ko- 'to kill'. Both A and B, PTch {*kāu-}, may correspond to PIE {*kehaw-}, cf. OHG {houwan}, Lith. {káuju}.
Distinct from nǝk {näk-} 'destroy; (mid.) disappear, perish' [Adams 2013: 355], cf. 'the flood destroys the seeds' (B 33 b7), 'the country perishes without refuge' (B 123 a6). Tocharian A {näk-} 'to perish'. Reflects PIE {*nek̂-} 'kill'.
NUMBER:44
WORD:knee
Tocharian B:ken-i1
Adams 2013: 205. Attested only in the dual form 'knees', cf. 'Ānanda sat on his knees' (b 5 B4, CEToM), 'he set him upon his knees (and) began to kiss (his) little face with (his) tongue' (B 83 3).
The stem keɲinta {keñinta*} can be seen as pl. of keni, cf. 'the daughter(?) sits on her/his keñinta' (B 325 a2); however, in this case a dual would be expected instead of plural. Other possible meanings are 'skirts' or 'baby-carrier' [Adams 2013: 203]
Corresponds to Tocharian A {kanweṃ} (dual) 'knees'. A and B forms regularly reflect PTch {*kenw-} and PIE {*ĝonu}.
NUMBER:45
WORD:know
Tocharian B:kǝrs- {kärs-}1
Adams 2013: 176; Malzahn 2010: 579-580. Polysemy: 'to know (a situation), know that / recognize', cf. 'know this and go from my house!' (B 23 b6), 'who will let the great king know of our arrival?' (B 81 b3), 'to know past and future' (PK AS 16.2 b5), 'may I know my body to be fragile like a pot' (PK AS 5B a3). This verb yields the term 'knowledge'.
Corresponds to Tocharian A kärs- < PIE {*kers-} 'to cut off'.
Distinct from aik- 'to know how to, be acquainted with an object/person' [Adams 2013: 107; Malzahn 2010: 543-544], cf. ''[if] a monk does not know the way' (B 330 a2), 'you knew all the sufferings of the saṃsāra' (B 214 a2-a3), 'then fools (can) know the laws' (B 286 b2). This verb yields the terms 'knowledge / wisdom' and 'all-knowing (Omniscient, i.e. Buddha)'. Corresponds to Tocharian A aik- ' to know how to, be acquainted with an object/person'. Cf. PIE {*haeik-} and Goth. {aih, aigum} 'have, possess'.
Tocharian A {knā(n)-} 'to know (a situation), know that' [Malzahn 2010: 609-610] corresponds to Tocharian B {nān-} 'to appear, be presented' [Adams 2013: 354]; moreover, the root is preserved in Tocharian B adj. aknātsa 'foolish, stupid' with the negative prefix a-. From PIE {*ǵnh3-} 'to know'.
NUMBER:46
WORD:leaf
Tocharian B:pilt-a1
Adams 2013: 415. Polysemy: 'leaf / petal'. Translates Skt. pattra 'leaf' in B 308 b5, b6. Elsewhere the word occurs only in connection with 'lotus', cf. '[two] eyes like the petals of blue lotus' (B 575 a3; further in PK AS 3A a3, PK AS 3B a5, B 622 b4).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {pält} 'leaf', cf. 'lotuses with a thousand leaves' (A 1 b1; cf. Skt. sahasra-pattra), 'the divine lotus leaf' (A 23 b5), 'the leaves of a tree' (A 340 b2). PTch {*pältā}.
Distinct from the Sanskrit loanword patr {paträ} 'leaf', used only in borrowed Skt. compounds (names of medical ingredients), cf. suraspaträ 'myrrh-leaf' in W-23 b2 [Filliozat 1948: 73] etc.
Distinct from the scarcely attested word welke 'petal (?)' [Adams 2013: 665], cf. 'petals (?) of X-flower' (W-32 b2-b3 in [Filliozat 1948: 76]).
NUMBER:47
WORD:lie
Tocharian B:ʎǝk- {lyäk-}1
Adams 2013: 615; Malzahn 2010: 860. Polysemy: 'to lie / to lie down', cf. 'one should lie (and) sit on the grass and eat alms' (PK AS 7A a6), 'from nine to ten days he lies down' (B 9 a5).
Cf. cognate forms: Tocharian A lake and B leke, leki 'bed, resting place' [Adams 2013: 607].
The verb regularly reflects PIE {*legh-}.
NUMBER:48
WORD:liver
Tocharian B:wǝstary-e {wästarye}1
Adams 2013: 651. 'liver', cf. the only available context 'horse, cow, and fish liver [is] to be avoided' (B 559 b4-5).
Not attested in Tocharian A. Related to Gr. hústros 'stomach', hustéra 'womb'.
NUMBER:49
WORD:long
Tocharian B:pǝrkar-e {pärkare}1
Adams 2013: 399. Polysemy: 'long (spatial) / long (temporal)', cf. 'long fingers' (B 73 b1), 'you went a long way' (B 353 b4); 'he obtains long life' (PK AS 7J b4), 'through long ages' (B 83 2, B 562 a3).
Tocharian A {pärkär} 'long', cf. 'long fingers' (YQ II.4 b5), 'The Asaṃkhyeya-time is very long' (A 18 a1).
Probably from the PIE term for 'tall' (cf. Hitt. parkus).
Distinct from walke (adv., adj., indecl.) 'long' [Adams 2013: 632] (only with nouns of time). Probably related to OCS {velikъ} 'great'; also distinct from laukaɲɲe {laukaññe} and laukar, both (adv.) 'for a long time' [Adams 2013: 611].
NUMBER:50
WORD:louse
Tocharian B:
Not attested reliably. Cf. pǝrʆeri ~ pǝršeri {pärśeri* ~ pärṣeri*} '(head-)louse (?)' [Adams 2013: 401], whose meaning is actually uncertain and based only on the fact that the word occurs (just once) in connection with the head, e.g., '(the remedy) [is] to be put on the head; it destroys lice (?)' (W-3 a3-a4 in Filliozat 1948: 65), 'shinbone marrow with water [is] to be cooked; it destroys lice(?)' (W-5 a5 in [Filliozat 1948: 66]). Etymology unknown.
NUMBER:51
WORD:man
Tocharian B:eŋkw-e ~ eŋw-e {eṅ(k)we}1
Adams 2013: 82-83. Meaning 'man' (as opposed to woman). Cf. 'the woman clung to the form of a man' (B 9 b4), '(in order) to subject a man or a woman' (PK AS 8A b7), 'from the signs of female and male' (B 8 a6).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {oṅk} 'man'. Both A and B reflect PTch {*eṅkwe} which could originate from PIE {*nḱw-ó-} 'mortal' < {*nḱ-u-} 'dead [one]; body' with the semantic development 'mortal' > 'human being' > '(adult) male human being' [Adams 2013: 83]. Cf. the Tocharian B verb {näk- ~ nek-} 'destroy'.
NUMBER:52
WORD:many
Tocharian B:mak-a {māka}1
Adams 2013: 479. Adv., adj., usually indecl., polysemy: 'many / much'. Cf. 'many monks were sitting in conversation' (B 3 a5), 'many dangers [are] there where fools (act)' (B 44 a6-a7), 'many buddhas will arise in the world' (17 a8); 'he who has gathered much' (B 44 a8), 'the monks felt very much aversion to the world' (B 42 a8).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {māk} 'many'. Connected in some way with PIE {*meĝha-} 'great' (Skt. {máhi} 'great,' Gr. méga 'id.', Arm. {mec} 'id.'), however the Tocharian forms should reflect the variant {*moĝ(ō)ha-}.
NUMBER:53
WORD:meat
Tocharian B:mis-a {mīsa}1
Adams 2013: 498. F. pl.tant. Polysemy: 'meat / flesh'. Cf. 'cooked meat' (PK AS 2B b4), 'fish meat finely chopped' (PK AS 3A al-a2) vs. 'in the 24th week flesh appears over his [the embryo's] body' (B 603 a3-a4), 'blood and flesh' (IOL Toch 214 a3), 'they ate the flesh of the son' (B 239 a2), 'Flesh of the thigh he gave to his wife as food' (IOL Toch 214 a6).
Reflects PIE {*memseha}.
NUMBER:54
WORD:moon
Tocharian B:meɲ-e {meñe}1
Adams 2013: 503. Polysemy: 'moon / month'. Cf. 'the moon-god with the (constellation) Rohini' (B 389 a8, cf. Tocharian A context 253 b1 below), 'sun, moon, and all the stars' (B 45 b7), 'in the dark night the light of moon and stars' (B 154 b2), 'in these three months' (PK AS 6L b5), 'having surpassed with his face disk the moon in (the time of) full (moon)' (B 92 b1). 'moon' vs. 'full moon', cf. 'as the moon (meñe) after the (time of) full(moon) (pällent)' (B 292 b1); 'in the passing of days and months' (B 3 b5).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {mañ} 'moon / month', cf. 'like the moon together with [the constellation] Rohiṇī' (A 253 b1). A mañ with B meñe originate from PTch {*mēñē} < PIE {*meh1nē(n)}.
Distinct from:
1. pǝlleu {pällew*} (obl. forms in pällent-) 'full moon, [time of the] full moon' [Adams 2013: 406]. Cf. 'Thereupon the full moon [went] in the lunar mansion Rohiṇī' (PK AS 13D b4). NB: in the context PK AS 13D b4 we have {īte pälleṃtne} 'in the full pällent'. The word "must ultimately be connected with PIE {*pleh1-} 'fill'" [Adams 2013: 406].
2. pratiwat ~ pratipat 'new moon' [Adams 2013: 443], cf. 'from the new moon (pratiwat) to the full moon (pällent)' (B 439 a3), 'in the year of the horse, in the tenth month (meñ), on the new moon (pratipat)' (G-Su34.1 in [Adams 2013: 443]). From Skt. pratipad-.
NUMBER:55
WORD:mountain
Tocharian B:šal-e {ṣale}1
Adams 2013: 714. 'mountain, hill', cf. 'of a mountain, forest, sky, ground, and water' (B 338 a2), 'the high mountain of exaltation is surely easy to climb up' (B 554 b5), 'the mountain Sumeru' (B 152 b6).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {ṣul} 'mountain', further apparently related to Tocharian B {oṣṣale} 'north'. Possible PIE connections could be *swelo- (cf. Germ. *swel-) or *selwo- (cf. Lat. silvaː 'forest'). For further discussion see [Adams 2013: 714].
NUMBER:56
WORD:mouth
Tocharian B:koy-n1
Adams 2013: 216-217. Cf. 'with mouth decorated with four decades of pure teeth' (B 248 b2-b3), 'may never a lying word emerge from my mouth!' (S-3a6/b1C), 'I will hear a word from your mouth' (B 86 b2), 'red mouths' (B 576 a5), 'without wish we go into the mouth of the death' (B 576 b6).
Corresponds to Tocharian A koy- 'mouth'. May reflect PIE {*ĝhh2oy-u-} 'a gaping,' a derivative of {*ǵhh2(e)i-} 'yawn, gape' with secondary n-suffixation in Tocharian B? Cf. the Tocharian B collocation {koynkakāyau} 'opened mouth' (B 282 b4) where both words may be connected with the same PIE verb [Adams 2013: 217].
NUMBER:57
WORD:name
Tocharian B:ɲem {ñem}1
Adams 2013: 288. Cf. 'At that time the maternal brother of the Omniscient [= Buddha] Nanda by name was very attached to (his own) body' (PK AS 6B a5), 'for all wind and bile diseases, this salve samasattu by name [is] the remedy' (B 497 a5), 'name and form' (B 569 a2), 'Upoṣatha by name, he was the [most] glorious god' (B 23 a1).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {ñom} 'name' and to the PIE term for 'name'.
NUMBER:58
WORD:neck
Tocharian B:kraɲ-i {krāñi(ye)*}1
Adams 2013: 230. Glossed as '(nape of the) neck', cf. the opposition 'neck' vs. 'throat': '[the pain is] in the neck (krāñi), in the jaw, in the arm, in the head, in both eyes, in the throat (kor-), in the ear; the back [is] sick' (PK AS 2B a3-a4).
Corresponds phonologically to Gr. {krāníon} '(top of the) head' and to PIE {*k̂rh2sníyom}, a derivative of {* k̂rh2sn-}, the base for the weak cases of the word for 'head' [Adams 230].
Distinct from kor 'throat [both internal and external], neck; cavity [in general](?)' [Adams 2013: 217]. Cf. 'the wind goes into the throat, into the navel, to the heart, down into the feet' (B 41 b3), 'they spread dust (taur) over [their] head[s], [and] (they lamented?) out of their whole throat' (PK-NS-36A a5).
NUMBER:59
WORD:new
Tocharian B:ɲuw-e {ñuwe}1
Adams 2013: 287. Polysemy: 'new; day of the new moon; novice', cf. 'they donated [it] to the monastery on the [day] of the new (moon)' (MIK III 4048 2), 'inhabitant of Ñuwa Riye (i.e. New City)' (SI B Toch. 12.1 cited in [Adams 2013: 287]), 'which monk (buys(?)) a new clothing…' (B 317 b6).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {ñu}'new'. PTch {*ñäwe} reflects PIE {*néwo-}.
NUMBER:60
WORD:night
Tocharian B:yši-e {yṣīe}1
Adams 2013: 566. 'night', cf. 'in the dark night the light of moon and stars' (B 154 b2), 'day and night' (B 15 a6).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {wṣe} 'night', PTch {*wi̯äṣi-}, possible derivative of the PIE verb {*h2wes-} 'stay, remain'.
Distinct from adverbs:
1) nekčie {nekcīye} (adv.) 'last night, at night' (= B(H)S {doṣā}) [Adams 2013: 363], from PIE {*nokwtewyo-}. In Tocharian A, the forms {nakcu} 'at night, last night', {nokte} 'at night' and {noktiṃ} 'last night (or 'in the evening'?)' are attested; specific semantic differences remain unclear.
2) kǝstwer {käst(u)wer} (adv.) 'by night, at night' [Adams 2013: 189]. Cf. 'by day he will find pleasure in words and conversations, by night in sleep' (B 27 a4), 'the worms eat at his wounds day and night' (B 33 a8-b1). Etymology uncertain; formally, the word can be derived from an unpreserved verb {käst-} 'extinguish'.
NUMBER:61
WORD:nose
Tocharian B:mel-i1
Adams 2013: 504-505. Plurale tantum, not duale tantum 'nose', perhaps also 'nostrils', cf. 'when he inhales through the nose' (B 41 b3), 'ear, nose, tongue, body and mind' (B 527 a5), 'salt has to be mixed with syrup [and] Piper longum in the nose/nostrils' (PK AS 2B a3).
Tocharian A {malañ} (pl. tantum) 'nose'; sg. form attested only in the compound akmal 'face (lit. eye-nose)'.
PIE connections are unclear: PIE {*mel-} 'project', PIE {*meh1lo-} 'mark, sign', or somehow connected with English smell (phonologically this seems to be dubious). See discussion in [Adams 2013: 505].
NUMBER:62
WORD:not
Tocharian B:ma {mā}1
Adams 2013: 478. Functions as the particle 'not, no' (negation of assertion and prohibition) and as a quasi-prefixal equivalent of English 'un-', cf. 'there is no strength, no energy, no …' (B 28 a8), 'Do not be afraid!' (B 85 a4); 'absence (lit. not being) of hunger' (PK AS 2C b3, =B(H)S kṣudhabhāva-).
Corresponds to Tocharian A negative {mā} , prohibitive {ma-r} (from mā + emphatic particle ra).
Both A and B forms regularly reflect PIE {*mē}.
NUMBER:63
WORD:one
Tocharian B:še {ṣe}1
Adams 2013: 721-722. Various stem variants: še [masc. nom. sg.] / šem- [masc. obl. sg. and all pl. forms] / san- [fem. nom. & acc. sg.] / som- [rest of the fem. paradigm]. Polysemy: 'one / same (sg.) / some (pl.) / together (adverbially)', cf. 'three donkeys; one horse' (LP 1 a4 in Pinault 1986), 'Counting [, this is] one, two, three, four, five to ten' (B 41 a8), 'the king, after grasping with one hand the prince Uttara [and] (with the other (lit. second) hand) the water (of gift)…' (B 85 a4); 'sesame oil, the same part, with milk [is] to be cooked' (); 'coming together with ignorant (beings)' (PK AS 4A b3).
Corresponds to Tocharian A ṣa- (only in compounds), sa-s (Nom.Sg.), ṣo-m (Acc.Sg.) 'id.'.
A {ṣa-} and B {ṣe} are the only direct reflexes of the PIE word: PIE {*sēm-s} or possibly {*sem-s}. The B masc. paradigm in ṣem- as well as the fem. forms in som- should reflect PIE thematic {*som(hx)o/eha-}. Tocharian A {ṣi} 'once' has a different origin, corresponding to Hittite šiya- 'one'. For further discussion, see [Adams 2013: 722; Pinault 2006].
NUMBER:64
WORD:person
Tocharian B:ʆaum-o {śaumo}1
Adams 2013: 698. Cf. 'the gods [and] men lamented much' (B 45 a3), 'these are men, not yakṣas' (B 85 a3-a4).
{śaumo} is cognate with Tocharian A {śom} 'boy' and represents a deverbal adjective in -mo from the verb {śāw-} 'to live'.
The Tocharian A word for 'person' is {napeṃ}.
Distinct from {eṅ(k)we} 'man' q.v. and from onolme 'person, creature, (living) being' [Adams 2013: 121], which can refer to all kinds of beings; onolme is a derivative of the verb an- 'breath'. Cf. 'and to all born beings [there is] always death' (B 2 a3). Cf. Tocharian A equivalent wrasom 'creature, being' from the verb {wärs-} 'breath'.
NUMBER:65
WORD:rain
Tocharian B:swes-e1
Adams 2013: 796. Cf. 'untimely winds arise and untimely rains rain' (PK AS 7H b2), 'the rain will come from all four directions' (PK AS 6C a6), 'the rain came from the sky' (PK AS 17G a3), 'you have let rain a rain of gifts onto the earth' (PK NS 32 b5).
Corresponds to Tocharian A swase 'rain'.
PTch {*s(ū)wese-} is derived from the Tocharian AB verb su- 'to rain'.
NUMBER:66
WORD:red
Tocharian B:ratr-e1
Adams 2013: 570-571. Cf.: 'blue and red garment' (B 118 a1), 'having opened (his, i.e., of a two-headed sea monster) red mouths' (B 576 a5), 'red [i.e., bloody] stool' (?) (W-2 a6 in [Filliozat 1948: 65]).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {rtär}, PTch {*rtäre} from PIE {*h1rudhró-}.
NUMBER:67
WORD:road
Tocharian B:y-miy-e {ymīye}1
Adams 2013: 562. Polysemy: 'road, way, path / station in life'. Cf.: 'recognizing an elephant-footprint in the road' (B 587 b2), 'you are going the wrong way' (B 128 b5), 'the way of the spirit' (B 622 b3), 'on the divine path' (SI B 119(2) a4). Translates Skt {gati-} [CEToM]. Corresponds to Tocharian A {yme} 'way, path'. Derived from i- 'to go' with a nasal suffix.
Distinct from ytarye {ytārye} which is glossed as 'road / way, path / travel' in [Adams 2013: 559], but actually seems to denote the abstract 'way, path' rather than 'road' as a physical object. Translates B(H)S {mārga} (in B 305 a3, B 528 b4) and {(daśakarma)patha} (in PK AS 17A b4, PK AS 17F b5). Cf.: 'I led the way to the Brahma-world' (B 19 b7), 'I have proclaimed to you the way to the good town of Nirvāṇa' (B 28 a2), '[if] a monk does not know the way and a woman goes [with] him [as] an explainer of the way' (B 330 a2), '(If) a monk has confused the road' (B 330 a2). Corresponds to Tocharian A {ytār} 'way, path, travel'; PTch {*i̯ätār}, further to PIE {*h1itōr}.
NUMBER:68
WORD:root
Tocharian B:wicak-o {witsako} -1
Adams 2013: 657-658. Polysemy: 'root (of a tree) / grass root / edible root'. Cf.: 'root of all sufferings' (B 284 b7), 'the water of thirst moistens the roots [of the Saṃsāra-tree]' (B 11 b3), 'the kleśa-trees whose root [is] in the highest existence' (B 554 a3-a4), 'if the roots have not obtained damage, a tree, even if it has been cut down, will be born again' (B 11 a6, CEToM). As grass or edible root: 'the Brahmin Durmukha jabs the boy Uttara sharply with a reed root' (B 88 a1), 'lotus root' (B 500-502 b11), 'consume the roots' (B 363 b4). Translates Skt. {mūla}, cf.: sya mūlaṃ kṣitau nāsti (SI B 117 b3), kāma jānāmi te mūlam (PK AS 1A b2).
Apparently borrowed from an Iranian source: *vityaka- or *vaytyaka- 'root,' cf. Avestan {vaēti-}, Middle Iranian {*wīδikā-}, although the rendering of *-ty- as Tocharian c is not entirely clear, see [Adams 2013: 658] for discussion.
A second candidate is the rarely used form makul {makūl} [Adams 2013: 469], cf. 'tripping over a forest root, he fell on his face' (B 88 a2-a3; 'reed root' in the same text is rendered with {witsako}, see above B 88 a1). A wrong rendering of Skt. {mūlaka-}, which, however, means specifically 'edible root' according to [Edgerton 1953: 437].
The Tocharian A equivalent is {tsmār} 'root'.
NUMBER:69
WORD:round
Tocharian B:
Not attested.
NUMBER:70
WORD:sand
Tocharian B:war-ǝɲč-e {waräñce}1
Adams 2013: 628. Cf.: 'former Buddhas (arise) like the sand of the Ganges' (B 552 a6-b1), 'a fist (full) of sand' (B 142 a3).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {wāryāñc} '?' (in a highly fragmentary context A 217 a2). Etymology obscure. Perhaps related to Skt. {vāluka-} 'sand' [Adams 628].
NUMBER:71
WORD:say
Tocharian B:we- {we(ñ)-}1
Adams 2013: 658; Malzahn 2010: 909. Synchronously suppletive paradigm: we-sk- [pres.] / weɲ- [pret, subj., imv.]. Cf.: 'he went close and said a blessing' (B 107 a3), 'but he was skillful in speaking' (PK AS 18B a1).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {weñ-} 'to say, speak' (not in present tense, where it is replaced by {träṅk-}). Possibly from PIE {*wend-}.
NUMBER:71
WORD:say
Tocharian B:weɲ- {we(ñ)-}2
Preterite stem.
NUMBER:72
WORD:see
Tocharian B:lǝk- {läk-}1
Adams 2013: 596; Malzahn 2010: 836-838, 716-717. Suppletive paradigm: lǝk- [pres., pret.] / pǝlk- [imv., alternative pret., alternative subjunctive] {läk- / pälk-}. Polysemy: 'to see / to look'. Cf. 'he sees sufferings' (B 14 b4), 'with a compassionate glance he looks at them' (B 88 a6), 'that you (pl.) see him' (THT 1680 a2), they were looking (in all) directions and they saw him' (B 108 b5).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {läk-} [pres.] / {pälk-} [pret., subj., imv.] 'to see / to look'. Formally AB {läk-} can go back to PIE {*leĝ-} 'gather'. Origin of {pälk-} 'to see' is also uncertain; it could represent a semantic development 'to burn' > 'to shine, illuminate' > 'to see', all these meanings are attested in Tocharian [Adams 2013: 403-404].
NUMBER:73
WORD:seed
Tocharian B:ʆǝktaʎ-e {śäktālye}1
Adams 2013: 686. Cf. 'I strew the seed day and night' (B 205 a3), 'seeds, trees…' (B 599 b5). Corresponds to Tocharian A {śäktālyi} 'seed', cf. 'having sown the seeds of Nirvāṇa' (A 355 b2). Probably related to the Tocharian AB verb {kät-} 'strew', however, neither the formation nor the etymology are transparent.
A second candidate is sar-m {sārm} 'seed' [Adams 2013: 747]. Cf. 'if he eats little of the seed' (B 26 b2), 'as the flood scatters the seeds, disperses the flowers, and kills the fruits' (33 b7), 'flowers, trees, seeds, fruits came to them according to the seasons' (PK AS 6D a3). Corresponds to Tocharian A {sārm} 'seed', derived from the AB verb {sāry-} 'plant, sow, cultivate' without any certain PIE etymology.
The semantic difference between {śäktālye} and {sārm} is unclear; we treat them as synonyms.
NUMBER:73
WORD:seed
Tocharian B:sar-m {sārm}2
Adams 2013: 747.
NUMBER:74
WORD:sit
Tocharian B:šǝm- {ṣäm-}1
Adams 2013: 716-717; Malzahn 2010: 843-844, 926-927. Suppletive paradigm: šǝm- [pres.] / lǝm- [pret., subj., imv.] {ṣäm- / läm-}. Polysemy: 'sit / sit down / remain, reside'. Cf. 'many monks were sitting in conversation' (B 3 a5), '(he) sits (down) at the foot of the throne' (B 92 a4), 'then king Candramukha, sitting on his lion's seat' (B 91 b5). But also 'sitting in meditation' (B 74 b2), 'residing in the city' (PK AS 17A b4).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {ṣäm-}[pres.] / {läm-} [pret., subj., imv.] 'to sit'. The connection between šǝm- and PIE {*sed-} or {*es-} remains uncertain; lǝm- apparently goes back to PIE {*lemb-}, cf. Skt. {lámbate} 'he hangs (from)'.
NUMBER:74
WORD:sit
Tocharian B:lǝm- {läm-}2
Preterite stem.
NUMBER:75
WORD:skin
Tocharian B:yec-e {yetse}1
Adams 2013: 549. Cf. 'they burned your skin and cut off all the flesh from your body' (B 231 a5), 'smooth and lovely is the skin of such a being' (PK AS 7J a3), 'skin, sinews, bones' (Dd 5.3 4), 'to flay the skin from the body' (PK NS 83 a6).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {yats ~ yäts} 'skin'. Should reflect something like Ptch {*i̯ētse}; further etymology is obscure. Formally can be derived from PIE {*h1ēd-so} from PIE 'eat', although the semantic development is problematic. Alternately, can be connected to Baltic aːd-aː 'skin', but with phonetic difficulties.
Distinct from ew-e 'animal skin, hide, leather' [Adams 2013: 103-104].
NUMBER:76
WORD:sleep
Tocharian B:klǝnc- {klänts-}1
Adams 2013: 241; Malzahn 2010: 624-625. Cf. 'he slept soundly' (B 109 b5), 'They ate alms … and slept like householders' (B 12 b1-b2), 'the body is not burned, and it sleeps well all together, [and] having awoken he is all the more pleased' (B 14 b3, [CEToM]), 'he would sleep happily in a burning house' (PK AS 7L b1).
Corresponds to Tocharian A klis- 'to lie, sleep' and PTch {*kläns-}. As a possible PIE source, {*klmhx-s-} is suggested, cf. Skt. {klā́myati} 'be fatigued'.
NUMBER:77
WORD:small
Tocharian B:ʎka-ʆk-e {lykaśke}1
Adams 2013: 617. Polysemy: 'small / fine(ly)'. The most common and generic term. Final -ʆk- is a diminutive suffix. Cf.: 'little animals' (B 575 b4-b5), 'his head was scattered far and wide in little pieces' (B 22 b5), 'fish meat finely chopped' (PK AS 3A a1-a2), 'rough and fine' (B 192 b3).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {lykäly} 'small'. Possible etymologies: PIE {*legwh-} 'light (of weight)' which is, however, uncertain due to the absence of a -w- (in expected {*lykwaśke}), or perhaps connected with Greek {olígos} 'few', cf. discussion in [Adams ibid.]
Distinct from tot-ka 'few, little, short, small' [Adams 2013: 328], a compound of tot 'to such an extent' and the particle ka, lit. 'to such a (small) extent'. Cf. 'the life of men [is] very short, like the drop of dew on the tips of grass' (B 3 b3-b4), translates BHS paritta- (in B 3 b6), 'of small measure' (frequently). In Tocharian A the word {tsru} has a similar use.
Distinct from yǝkte- ~ yekte- {yäkte-, yekte} 'little, small', used only as the first member of compounds [Adams 2013: 535, 545]. Possibly connected to Germ. 'weak'.
NUMBER:78
WORD:smoke
Tocharian B:
Not attested.
NUMBER:79
WORD:stand
Tocharian B:kǝʎ- {käly-}1
Adams 2013: 184-185; Malzahn 2010: 592-593, 959-960. Suppletive paradigm: kǝʎ- [pres.] / stǝm- ~ stam- [pret., subj.] {käly- / stäm- ~ stam-}. Cf.: 'the foreign brahmans are standing outside' (B 81 b4-b5), 'his shame-place [scil. penis] stands tall' (B 334 a3-a4), 'she stood before the Buddha' (B 18 b8), 'I stood in the sea and did not proceed' (B 425 a2)..
Corresponds to Tocharian A {käly-} [pres.] / {ṣtäm-}[pret., subj. , imv.] 'to stand'. From PIE {*kel(h1)}- 'raise up' and {*ste-m-} 'to stand'.
NUMBER:79
WORD:stand
Tocharian B:stǝm- ~ stam- {stäm- ~ stam-}2
Preterite stem.
NUMBER:80
WORD:star
Tocharian B:ʆčiry-e {ścirye}1
Adams 2013: 701. Cf. 'shining like a star' (B 74 a1), 'the light of the moon and stars in the night' (B 154 b2).
Tocharian A {śre*} (in pl. {śreñ}) 'star'. PTch {*ścär-ii̯ē} should reflect PIE {*ster-}.
The Tocharian A cognate is preserved in loc.pl. {kärwaṃsaṃ} 'rocks', cf. 'fallen down scattered far away on the mountain Lokāloka among the rocks' (A 12 a5, CEToM).
Probably < {*greH-won-en-}, where final -en is a productive suffix in Tocharian.
Cf. Tocharian A {pāreṃ}, glossed as'stone / rock / throne' in 'on the lotus stone (throne)' (A 316 b5), 'pāṇḍukampala rock' (A 308 a5), although there is no real evidence that this was indeed the basic term for 'stone' in Toch. A.
NUMBER:82
WORD:sun
Tocharian B:kaun {kauṃ}1
Adams 2013: 225. Polysemy: 'sun / day'. Cf. 'sun, moon, and stars' (B 45 b7), 'like the world (shines) under the sun and the moon' (PK NS 30 a5); in compounds: 'sunrise', cf.: 'I will announce him … words at sunrise' (B 90 b5), 'sunset', cf.: '(if a monk) instructs nuns until the end of sunset there is an offense' (PK AS 18B a3); vs. 'in the passing of days and months' (B 3 b5), 'day and night' (B 17 a7).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {koṃ} 'sun, day'. PTch {*kāunä}.
NUMBER:83
WORD:swim
Tocharian B:na-sk- {nāsk-}1
Adams 2013: 354-355; Malzahn 2010: 679. Polysemy: 'to swim / to bath / to take a bath'. This is the best candidate for the basic term 'to swim' in Toch. A, cf.: 'therefore with confused spirit he swam back and forth' (IOL Toch 19 a3), 'they bathed him and washed him' (B 42 b7), '(he) descended, bathed (his) limbs (and) washed all (his) rags' (B 107 b4), 'he should bathe with it (powder). Immediately (he will become) pure' (PK AS 3B b6).
From PIE {*(s)n(e)ha-sk̂e/o-} 'to swim, bath, wash', cf. Skt. {snā́ti} 'bathes'.
Another possible candidate is plu- [Adams 2013: 462-463; Malzahn 2010: 745], which is sometimes glossed as 'to swim, to fly', but it is more likely that its main (and only?) meaning was 'to soar'. Cf.: 'he floats as if on the sea of suffering' (B 282 b3), 'my spirit-heart soared with good fortune' (B 246 a1), 'thus rejoicing he soared high, bending (his) body in the air' (B 365 a3). Adv. {eplyuwai} 'swimming', cf. 'leeches (have) to be put (as) swimming in blood in a boiler' (PK AS 8C a4).
Tocharian A {plu-} 'to fly, to soar'. From PIE {*pleu-} 'to flow, float, swim, fly'.
NUMBER:84
WORD:tail
Tocharian B:
Not attested.
NUMBER:85
WORD:that
Tocharian B:s-u1
Adams 1988: 165; Adams 2013: 758.
The system of demonstrative pronouns in Tocharian B is not entirely clear. From the statistical point of view, the basic opposition is s-e 'this' / s-u 'that', although in a number of contexts the translation 'that' is more suitable for s-e and 'this' for s-u. Both pronouns have numerous attestations with either attributive ('this X', 'that X') or independent ('he, she, it') functions. For instance, the nom.sg. forms of each pronoun have more than 250 occurrences. In addition, there are two other demonstratives that are used much more rarely (e.g., nom.sg.: ca. 20× for each): se-n 'that' and s-amp 'that'. It is not excluded that the actual opposition is to be analyzed as ternary: s-e 'this (related to the speaker)' / se-n 'that (related to the hearer) / s-u 'that (far from the speaker and hearer)', thus [Adams 2013: 764]. In that case s-amp is perhaps to be interpreted as emphatic 'that' or 'that (far away)'. Historically, the starting pronoun is se 'this', from which others were derived with help of various enclitics such as -n, -u, -Vmp. The paradigm of se 'this' is suppletive: s-e [nom. masc.] / s-a [nom. fem.] / t-e [nom. neut.] / t- or č- [obl.], see [Adams 1988: 162; Adams 2013: 763]. Other pronouns generally follow this suppletive pattern (adding a corresponding enclitic), see se-n [Adams 1988: 163; Adams 2013: 764], s-u [Adams 1988: 165; Adams 2013: 758], s-amp [Adams 2013: 739-740].
NUMBER:85
WORD:that
Tocharian B:t-u2
Neuter gender.
NUMBER:86
WORD:this
Tocharian B:s-e1
Adams 1988: 162; Adams 2013: 763. See notes on 'that'.
NUMBER:86
WORD:this
Tocharian B:t-e2
Neuter gender.
NUMBER:87
WORD:thou
Tocharian B:tuw-e1
Adams 2013: 319-320. Cf. 'As you (pay homage?) to me' (PK AS 15A a4).
Corresponds to Tocharian A tu 'you', PTch {*tūwe}.
NUMBER:88
WORD:tongue
Tocharian B:kantw-o1
Adams 2013: 147. Polysemy: 'tongue / language'. Cf.: '(his) tongue was hanging (lit. going) out of his mouth' (B 88 a1), 'he set him on (his) knee and began to kiss his little face with his tongue' (B 83 a3), 'if he speaks a foreign tongue to him' (B 325 b2), 'not all (beings) are capable of speaking human language' (B 408 a6).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {käntu} 'tongue / language', cf. 'with a tongue of lotus colour' (A 57 a2) vs. 'in human language' (A 300 a8). PTch {*käntwo}, cognate to Goth. {tuggo}, Old Lat. {dingua} and so on via consonant metathesis either in Proto-Tocharian or in Proto-Narrow IE.
NUMBER:89
WORD:tooth
Tocharian B:kem-e1
Adams 2013: 208. Polysemy: 'tooth, dentition / tusk, ivory'. Cf.: 'the teeth have fallen out' (PK AS 7M a5), 'the pools provided with night-lotus, with these teeth of white lotus laugh...' (PK AS 17H a4), 'whatever monk should make himself a needlecase out of bone or ivory' (IOL Toch 246 b4 in [Adams: 208]).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {kam} 'tooth', cf. 'his teeth are of equal size like a string of pearls' (A 217 b2, CEToM). PTch {*keme} from PIE {*ĝómbhos} 'tooth'.
NUMBER:90
WORD:tree
Tocharian B:stam {stām}1
Adams 2013: 776-777. Cf.: 'trees stand on the river-bank' (PK AS 17H a5), 'they smelled the fruits from the trees' (B 576 a2), 'Nyagrodha, a king of the trees' (B 3 a7), from the first bough of the trees (B 3 a8), 'burning like a hollow tree with fires of remorse' (IOL Toch 5).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {ṣtām} 'tree'. Eventually derived from the verb 'to stand'.
NUMBER:91
WORD:two
Tocharian B:wi1
Adams 2013: 651. Cf.: 'those two things' (B 82 b5), 'two signs' (for dv(i)liṅga) (B 193 a1), 'on the second of the month' (B 433 a11), 'counting: one, two, three, four, five, up to ten' (B 41 a8).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {wu} (m.) and {we} (f.) 'two'. Toch. B {wi} and Toch. A {wi} reflect PIE {*dwoi} while Toch. A {wu} should stem from PIE {*dwō(u)}.
NUMBER:92
WORD:walk (go)
Tocharian B:y-1
Adams 2013: 64-65; Malzahn 2010: 535-536. Suppletive paradigm: {y- ~ y(ä)-ne-} [pres.] / {mäs-} [pret.]. Cf. 'going from place to place' (B 81 b2), 'he began to travel to the monastery' (B 109 b1).
Corresponds to Tocharian A y- 'to go', with the different suppletive paradigm y- [pres.] / {kälk-} [pret.].
From PIE {*h1ei-} 'go'. See also discussion in [Adams 2013: 64-65] on imperative forms.
NUMBER:92
WORD:walk (go)
Tocharian B:mǝs- {mäs-}2
Preterite stem.
NUMBER:93
WORD:warm (hot)
Tocharian B:em-all-e1
Adams 2013: 96. Polysemy: 'warm / hot / heat (subst.)'. Cf. 'to drink with warm water' (of a medical ingredient) (B 499 a3-a4, b1-b2), 'tortured by heat, deluded by thirst' (B 29 a6).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {omäl} 'warm / hot'. Cf. 'hot blood will go to their throat' (A 255 b6), 'not cold, not warm' (YQ N.4 b5). Both Tocharian forms morphologically look like gerundives from an otherwise unattested verb em-. Etymology is unclear.
NUMBER:94
WORD:water
Tocharian B:war1
Adams 2013: 627-628. Cf. '(they) enter cold waters of the pond' (B 29 a6), 'rain water' (W-35 b3 in [Filliozat 1948: 77]), 'the waters dry up' (B 3 a1), 'like the waters from the rivers, when they descend directed towards the Gaṅgā…' (B 30 a8).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {wär} 'water'. PTch {*wär} probably from PIE {*udrom} or {*(h2)wer}, cf. discussion in [Adams 2013: 628].
NUMBER:95
WORD:we
Tocharian B:wes1
Adams 2013: 283-284. Indeclinable plural form. The dual form is wene.
Tocharian A was 'we', PToch {*wes} which may reflect a conflation of the PIE 1st nom.pl. {*wei-s} and the oblique stem {*nos-}, see [Adams 2013: 284].
NUMBER:96
WORD:what
Tocharian B:ku-se1
Adams 2013: 192-193, 199-201; Adams 1988: 156. Polysemy: 'what (interrog.) / what (relat.) / who (interrog.) / who (relat.)'. See notes on 'who'.
NUMBER:97
WORD:white
Tocharian B:arkw-i {ārkwi}1
Adams 2013: 52-53. Cf.: 'blue and white moon-like…' (B 73 a4), 'others are blue, some are red, and amidst white ones' (PK AS 17G b4), 'his tongue becomes white' (B 118 b7), 'white bones' (B 28 b3).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {ārki} 'white'. PTch {*ārkwi} should reflect PIE {*h2erĝ-u(i)-n}.
Cf. for nom. {kuse}: 'what is faith?' (B 23 a5), 'who will inform the great king of our arrival?' (B 81 b3), 'what is the deed, (which) is accumulated but not done?' (PK AS 7C b5).
Cf. for acc. {kuce}: 'Whatever he heard, that for sure he would doubt' (PK AS 6D a6), 'he told them what beings are to do' (B 21 a2), 'by what behavior are they to be known?' (PK AS 7G a4) (most examples for {kuce} illustrate relative use).
Corresponds to Tocharian A ku-s (nom.) / ku-c (acc.) / ke (gen.) 'what / who'. Cf. for kus: 'who may she be for the mechanic?' (A 6 a2) vs. 'what is the top?' (YQ II.5 a7). For kuc: 'What shall I do?' (A 343 a1), 'what did the Gautamid queen do?' (YQ III/4 a1).
PTch {*ku-se / *ku-ce}, The final elements go back to the demonstrative pronoun 'this' q.v., at least as far as the nom. & acc. forms are concerned.
NUMBER:99
WORD:woman
Tocharian B:kʎiy-e ~ kliy-e {klyīye ~ klīye}1
Adams 2013: 242. Suppletive paradigm: kʎiy-e ~ kliy-e [nom. sg.] / klain- [obl. sg., pl.]. Polysemy: 'woman / female (of animals)'. Cf.: 'with the harem women' (B 109 a6), 'a cleaned woman or daughter should crush this powder' (PK AS 3B b6), 'the two signs of female and male' (B 8 a6), 'to bring a man or a woman under one's control' (PK AS 8A b7).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {kuli ~ kule} (acc.) 'woman'. As discussed in [Adams 2013: 242] with further references, PTch {*kwliye ~ *kwlāi} is likely to originate from the PIE word for 'woman' {*gwneha-} modified with the productive Tocharian suffix *-en- which caused the occasional dissimilation n-n > l-n.
NUMBER:100
WORD:yellow
Tocharian B:tut-e1
Adams 2013: 318. Cf. '(a remedy) against yellow skin (i.e. 'jaundice')' (W-7 b1 in [Filliozat 1948: 67]), 'being yellow (i.e. 'jaundice')' (PK AS 2C a2). tute translates BHS {utpāṇḍūtpāṇḍu-} 'very pale' (cf. [Edgerton 1953: 125]) in PK NS 12 a2.
Etymologically unclear. [Adams 2013: 318] treats tute as a cognate of Skt. past participle {dhūtá} from {dhū-} 'to shake'.
NUMBER:101
WORD:far
Tocharian B:lau ~ lauk-e1
Adams 2013: 611, 612. There are two Tocharian B expressions for the adverbial 'far' that are similar to each other: lau and lauke. These forms are likely to be related, but details are unclear: either lauke is a derivative from lau according to a unique suffix pattern or lau is an allegro abbreviation of lauke.
Some examples for lau '(a)far, away' [Adams 2013: 611]: 'I honor thee … seated afar on the diamond throne' (B 241 a2), 'he was astonished and did not go away' (B 107 a2), 'they move away each single channel [of the pores].' (PK AS 7M b4).
Some examples for lauke 'far, long ago' [Adams 2013: 612]: 'far and nearby' (PK AS 13C b7), 'they emitted (the news) … far over the earth' (PK AS 15A b2), 'Not long the time has gone' (B 77 a5), 'father, do take me away from (these Rākṣasas)! ' (B 85 b3), 'having put away the royal decorations and arrogance…' (B 100 b6), 'he led you far away and separated me (from you)' (B 496 a6).
Cf. some further derivates from lauke: elauke 'far, distantly', laukar '(from) afar, (after) a long time', {laukaññe} 'for a long time', laukito 'stranger', e.g., 'which seeds are near or far (elauke)' (THT 1121 a3), 'Vajraka spoke to him from afar (laukar)' (PK AS 6A a5), 'the Omniscient told him the stanzas from wide afar (laukar)' (PK AS 6A b6-b7), 'a very long time ago (laukar)' (PK AS 6A a6).
Corresponds to the Tocharian A adverb lo 'far' and the adjective lok 'distant'. Etymology is unclear.
NUMBER:102
WORD:heavy
Tocharian B:kramar-cc-e {kramartstse}1
Adams 2013: 230. Cf.: 'light and heavy' (IOL Toch 139 a3), 'your own body will become heavy for you' (B 78 b4),
Adj. in {-tstse} (a synchronically productive suffix) from {kramär} 'weight, heaviness'. Toch. B {kramär, kramar-tstse} and A {krāmär-ts} 'heavy' < PTch. {*krāmär} which might reflect PIE {*gwreh2-} from PIE {*gwrh2-u-} 'heavy'.
NUMBER:103
WORD:near
Tocharian B:a=kartt-e ~ a=kart-e1
Adams 2013: 1. Cf.: 'having come close to the king Candramukha, he sits at the foot of the throne' (B 92 b4), '(he) came near Jetavana, and the Buddha lord saw him from afar' (PK AS 6A a4-a5). Initial a- is apparently the verbal prefix a- 'near, away, down' [Adams 2013: 37], further analysis is uncertain.
Distinct from the adverb and postposition spe [Adams 2013: 788] which has a more specific meaning 'nearby, closely', cf. 'he planted roots there by the Buddha's seat in the ground' (B 388 a2), 'the Buddha found himself near Śrāvastī' (B 5 a1-a2). Apparently from PIE {*sh1upo} 'under, below'. Other derivatives from spe with the same meaning 'nearby' are: ispek [Adams 2013: 73], e.g., 'king Brahmadatte by name found himself nearby' (B 349 b3); ysapar [Adams 2013: 567], e.g., 'he went nearby and said a blessing' (B 107 a3); ysape [Adams 2013: 567], e.g., 'you will find me nearby (i.e. 'close to you')' (B 78 a3), 'he was always close to him' (PK AS 17B a1), 'the earth-goddess will bow close to [their] feet' (PK AS 13B b2), 'she took him by the hand and made him sit nearby' (PK AS 17C b1).
Cf. also Toch. B {etsuwai} 'towards, near to' [Adams 2013: 105] as in 'far and nearby' (PK AS 13C b7), 'which seeds are near or far?' (THT 1121 a3), '(she) went close to the sisters' (B 107 a5).
Tocharian A {kātse} 'near / close to (postpos.)', cf. '(the lion) saw those artisans standing nearby' (A 13 a1). Without Toch. B cognates.
NUMBER:104
WORD:salt
Tocharian B:saʎiy-e {salyiye}1
Adams 2013: 742. Cf.: 'rock salt ({sintāp}) and salt have to be added over it (remedy)' (PK AS 2A b4), 'sesame oil, salt, honey, syrup, sugar lump' (PK AS 2B b4-b5), 'with salty and sweet foods and drinks' (PK AS 2C b6).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {sāle} 'salt'. PTch {*sali-h1en} as a derivative from PIE {*sali-}.
Distinct from {sintāp} 'rock salt', borrowed from BHS saindhava, cf. also Sogdian {synt'p} [Adams 2013: 757].
NUMBER:105
WORD:short
Tocharian B:
No special words are attested. The meaning can be expressed by means of the word totka 'small, little, few', cf. 'the life of men is now very short, like a drop of dew on the tips of grasses' (B 3 b3).
NUMBER:106
WORD:snake
Tocharian B:aršakl-o {arṣāklo}1
Adams 2013: 26. Cf.: 'a snake with sharp poison' (B 43 a6), '(if) a snake, adder (?), or viper bites' (B 503 a2, [CEToM]), it translates ahi in 'gṛhagatam ahim iva' ('like a snake going into the house', PK NS 11 a2).
Corresponds to Tocharian A {ārṣal} '(poisonous) snake', cf. (A 155 b3). Since there is no regular correspondence A -l- vs. B -kl- for inherited words, this lexeme might be a late borrowing; however, the source is unknown.
Another candidate is Tocharian B auk 'snake' or 'adder' [Adams 2013: 135] which is attested only twice: first, it translates Skt ahi 'snake (in the calendrical cycle)' in B 549 a7 (alternatively, ahi is rendered as {arṣāklo} in PK NS 11 a2), second, auk is used in juxtaposition with {arṣāklo} in '(if) a arṣāklo, auk or catä bites' (B 503 a2). Etymologically obscure.
A third, also rarely used candidate is sarpe 'snake, serpent' [Adams 2013: 741], cf.: 'the jackal with the serpent' (B 511 b3), 'the mongoose and snake' (B 512 b3). Borrowed from BHS sarpa- 'snake'.
NUMBER:107
WORD:thin
Tocharian B:
No special word is attested in Tocharian B.
In Tocharian A, the word {knuṃts} could be supposed to mean 'thin (of flat objects)' [S. Burlak, I. Itkin, p.c.] if not 'supple' [CEToM], cf. '(he has) a wide and thin (?) / supple (?) tongue' (YQ II.10 a8), 'wrapped in a thin (?) / supple (?), gold-colored cloak' (YQ II.9 b4).
NUMBER:108
WORD:wind
Tocharian B:yent-e1
Adams 2013: 546. Cf.: 'unseasonably winds arise and unseasonably rains rain' (PK AS 7H b2), 'water, earth, fire and wind' (B 158 b4), 'the wind (went) downstream, down with the water' (PK AS 19.21 a3).
Tocharian A {want ~ wänt} 'wind'. PTch {*wi̯ente} from PIE {*h2weh1nto-}.
NUMBER:109
WORD:worm
Tocharian B:yel1
Adams 2013: 548. This is the best candidate. It is reliably attested with the meanings 'intestinal worm; worms in wound': 'as if he were a suffering, worm-ridden dog. The worms eat at his wounds day and night' (B 33 a8-b1). But the second available context, 'feeling [is] like an immortal(?) worm' (B 152 b5) should point to the generic semantics 'worm'.
Corresponds to Tocharian A waʎi {walyi} 'worm (in wound)'. PTch {*wi̯ēl}, further to IE {*wel-} 'to turn, twist'.
Another candidate is pešel-e {peṣele} 'worm' or 'insect' [Adams 2013: 429] with unique attestation in the context 'thus … [a swarm of] grasshopper[s], mice and worms/insects appear in the world' (PK AS 7H b1), where {peṣele} translates B(H)S {kīṭa}. Etymology of {peṣele} is unclear.
Cf. also pešte {peṣte*} [Adams 2013: 430] which can be translated as '(intestinal) worm', although this is not very certain: 'for the ones (infested with) worms' (medical text PK AS 9A a5), 'like a person (infested with) worms' (B 152 b4). Historically can be related to {peṣele*} discussed above.
NUMBER:110
WORD:year
Tocharian B:pikul1
Adams 2013: 410-411. Cf.: 'in the year ..., in the second month, (on the) twenty-fi(fth day)' (Dd 4 1), 'countless years surpassed' (B 404 a6), 'staying twenty thousand years in this town' (PK AS 17A b4), 'but I'm not yet 20 years old' (B 330 b4).
Tocharian A {pukäl}. From PTch {*päkwäl}. Etymology is unknown.
