Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 44. Polysemy: 'all kinds / all / every / everyone / everywhere / every time'. "Added to both noun and verb stems". The first morpheme is identical to =pa- 'completely / altogether / in many places / to finish doing' [ibid.], the second one, -nau-, possibly means 'much' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 136].
Central Yana:=pa-nau-ma-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 44. Polysemy: 'all kinds / all / every / everyone / everywhere / every time'. "Added to both noun and verb stems". The first morpheme is identical to =pa- 'completely / altogether / in many places / to finish doing' [ibid.], the second one, -nau-, possibly means 'much' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 136]. Secondary synonym: puica-...-ku-...-ʔa 'all / every last one' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 54].
Yahi:=pa-nau-ma-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 44. Polysemy: 'all kinds / all / every / everyone / everywhere / every time'. "Added to both noun and verb stems". The first morpheme is identical to =pa- 'completely / altogether / in many places / to finish doing' [ibid.], the second one, -nau-, possibly means 'much' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 136].
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 49. Cognate to Central Yana panʔyau-na 'dead bark' [ibid.].
Central Yana:
Not attested.
Yahi:
Not attested.
NUMBER:4
WORD:belly
Northern Yana:wil-la1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 175.
Central Yana:
Not attested.
Yahi:wil-la1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 175.
NUMBER:5
WORD:big
Northern Yana:pa=cal- #1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 43. The dictionary lists several words for 'big', but only two of them are represented in texts in [Sapir 1910]: pa=cal- and CN cʰil- 'big' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 57]. It is hard to decide which of the two is the primary synonym. Other synonyms are taː- 'big' (occurs in taː-xa 'river, Sacramento River' = "big water") [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 67] and YN tutʔ- 'big, much (with descriptive suffixes) greatly' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 78]. There is also a suffix: N -cʰul-la 'big', added to nouns [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 58].
Central Yana:pa=cal- #1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 43. The dictionary lists three words for 'big', but only two of them are represented in the texts in [Sapir 1910]: pa=cal- and CN cʰil- 'big' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 57]. It is hard to decide which of the two is the primary synonym. Another synonym is taː- 'big' (occurs in taː-xa 'river, Sacramento River' = "big water") [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 67].
Yahi:pa=cal- #1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 43. Other candidates are taː- 'big' (occurs in taː-xa 'river, Sacramento River' = "big water") [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 67] and YN tutʔ- 'big, much (with descriptive suffixes) greatly' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 78].
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 193. Polysemy: 'to eat / to bite'. In the list of Northern Yana verbal stems in [Sapir 1922: 219] ca- 'eat, have in the mouth' is marked with an asterisk, signalling that "the stem cannot be directly followed by grammatical (i.e., tense-modal and pronominal) suffixes, but must have its meaning completed by one or more derivational suffixes" [Sapir 1922: 217]. However, in the meaning 'to bite' (not given in [Sapir 1922]) this stem does occur without further derivational material: cf. the form coː-nʔ-tʰ 'she bit' [Sapir 1910: 205.12] (coː- ablaut variant of ca-, -nʔ- remote past, -tʰ quotative). Another candidate is mai- 'to bite' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 120]. In the Northern Yana text "Grizzly Bear and Deer" [Sapir 1910: 203-208] both verbs are used in the same contexts in the meaning 'to bite'.
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 70. The sequence of morphemes ta=...-sa- has the meaning 'to be in appearance or form'. The "secondary stem" =pʰal- means 'black' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 139].
Central Yana:ta=pʰal-sa-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 70. The sequence of morphemes ta=...-sa- has the meaning 'to be in appearance or form'. The "secondary stem" =pʰal- means 'black' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 139].
Yahi:ta=hpʰal-sa-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 70. The sequence of morphemes ta=...-sa- has the meaning 'to be in appearance or form'. The "secondary stem" =pʰal- means 'black' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 139]. h is inserted by an automatic phonological rule.
NUMBER:9
WORD:blood
Northern Yana:watʔ-tu-wi1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 167. Related to 'red' q.v.
Central Yana:watʔ-tu-wi1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 167. Related to 'red' q.v.
Yahi:
Not attested.
NUMBER:10
WORD:bone
Northern Yana:ʔixtalʔ-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 35.
Central Yana:ʔixtalʔ-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 35.
Yahi:ʔaxtatʔ-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 35.
NUMBER:11
WORD:breast
Northern Yana:cuxpin-na1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 210.
Central Yana:
Not attested.
Yahi:
Not attested.
NUMBER:12
WORD:burn tr.
Northern Yana:haʔwi(ː)-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 88.
Central Yana:haʔwi(ː)-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 88.
Yahi:haʔwi(ː)-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 88.
NUMBER:13
WORD:claw(nail)
Northern Yana:sukʼuʔlip-tal-la1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 155. Glossed as 'fingernail'. "N form recorded sukʼoolib-". Contains tal-la 'hand, finger' q.v.
Central Yana:
Not attested.
Yahi:sukʼuʔnim-tan-na1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 155. Glossed as 'fingernail'. -tan-na is a diminutive of tal-la 'hand, finger' q.v.
NUMBER:14
WORD:cloud
Northern Yana:
Not attested.
Central Yana:
Not attested.
Yahi:
Not attested.
NUMBER:15
WORD:cold
Northern Yana:
Not attested properly. The dictionary lists only xaː-cʼitʔ- 'to feel cold' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 177].
Central Yana:
Not attested properly. The dictionary lists only xaː-cʼitʔ- 'to feel cold' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 177].
Yahi:
Not attested properly. The dictionary lists only xaː- 'to feel cold, frozen' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 177].
NUMBER:16
WORD:come
Northern Yana:ni-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 136. Glossed as 'one male goes, walks'. There is no sepatate verb 'to come' in Yana. Instead, the verb 'to go' with various directional suffixes is used. The latter has the following suppletive stems: ni- for singular male subject, ha- for singular female subject [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 87], and hat- for plural subject [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 92].
Central Yana:ni-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 136. Glossed as 'one male goes, walks'. There is no sepatate verb 'to come' in Yana. Instead, the verb 'to go' with various directional suffixes is used. The latter has the following suppletive stems: ni- for singular male subject, ha- for singular female subject [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 87], and han- for plural subject [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 92].
Yahi:ni-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 136. Glossed as 'one male goes, walks'. There is no sepatate verb 'to come' in Yana. Instead, the verb 'to go' with various directional suffixes is used. The latter has the following suppletive stems: ni- for singular male subject, ha- for singular female subject [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 87], and han- for plural subject [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 92].
NUMBER:16
WORD:come
Northern Yana:ha-2
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 87. Glossed as 'one female goes'.
Central Yana:ha-2
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 87. Glossed as 'one female goes'.
Yahi:ha-2
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 87. Glossed as 'one female goes'.
NUMBER:17
WORD:die
Northern Yana:ti-...-lau-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 76. According to [Sapir 1923: 292], the primary verb stem ti- indicates 'continuous movement, passage', and ti-...-lau- is literally 'to pass out of (life)' (one of the meanings of -lau- is 'out of an enclosed space' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 115]). Secondary synonyms: micʼ-saː-, glossed as 'to die' in the dictionary [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 127], but translated as 'to perish' in the texts [Sapir 1910: 198], and pakarwaukʼiyau-...-ʔa 'to die, drop dead' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 47].
Central Yana:ti-...-lau-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 76. According to [Sapir 1923: 292], the primary verb stem ti- indicates 'continuous movement, passage', and ti-...-lau- is literally 'to pass out of (life)' (one of the meanings of -lau- is 'out of an enclosed space' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 115]). Secondary synonym: micʼ-saː-, glossed as 'to die' in the dictionary [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 127], but translated as 'to perish' in the texts [Sapir 1910: 58, 59].
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 155. An alternative candidate is caxtu-malku 'dog' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 198], literally "hanging-ears", cf. cax-tu- 'to hang down' [ibid.] and malku 'ear', q.v. As in several other aboriginal languages of California, e. g. Karuk, dog breeds introduced by the whites are called "hanging-ears" in contrast to the native dogs with erect ears.
Yahi:suːsu1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 155.
NUMBER:19
WORD:drink
Northern Yana:siː-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 153.
Central Yana:
Not attested.
Yahi:ciː-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 153.
NUMBER:20
WORD:dry
Northern Yana:kʰul-si-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 104. Glossed as 'to feel dry, to dry'. According to [Sapir 1923: 269], kʰul-si- means both 'to be dry' and 'to feel dry, thirsty'. The morpheme -si- is met only in kʰul-si- [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 151]. The root kʰul- is met also in kʰul-tʼarakʼi- 'very dry, thirsty'. In [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 104], two more derivates from kʰul- are adduced: kʰul-micʼi-cukʼutʔcʼi 'to feel sorry' ("one's heart feels together") and kʰul-ca- 'to feel bad, lazy'. Accordingly, the meaning of the root kʰul- is given as 'to be, feel'. It is not excluded that we deal here with two homonymous roots, 'dry' and 'to feel'.
Central Yana:kʰul-si-1
In [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 104] kʰul-si- is marked as "YN", i.e. Yahi and Northern Yana. Nevertheless, the verb is met in a Central Yana text ([Sapir 1910: 50.5], see also [Sapir 1923: 265, 269]).
Yahi:kʰul-si-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 104. Glossed as 'to feel dry, to dry'. According to [Sapir 1923: 269], kʰul-si- means both 'to be dry' and 'to feel dry, thirsty'.
NUMBER:21
WORD:ear
Northern Yana:malʔku1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 121. Dual maː[ti]lʔk-uːwi.
Central Yana:malku1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 121. The form is given in the dictionary as malʔku, with the following note: "CN mostly recorded malgu but once malʔgu". In [Sapir 1917: 10], the Northern Yana form is given as malʔku, but Central Yana is given as malku. Abundant examples in [Sapir 1910] confirm that Central Yana never contains a glottal stop in this word, while the Northern Yana form is consistently malʔku, with glottal stop.
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 117. Secondary synonyms: ca- 'to eat / to bite' ("Often used with descriptive and locative suffixes") [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 193], cʰoː- 'to eat raw' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 58]. A footnote in [Sapir 1910: 155] states that cʰoː- is used when reference is made to roots and other vegetable food, while ma- refers to consumption of more staple food, e.g. acorn-mush, deer meat, and salmon. Abundant textual examples in [Sapir 1910] show that ma- is indeed the main synonym for 'to eat'.
Central Yana:ma- #1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 117. Another candidate is ca- 'to eat / to bite' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 193]. According to a footnote in [Sapir 1910: 12], ca- is characteristically Central Yana, while ma- 'eat' is used in Northern Yana. Since the meaning 'to eat' in Central Yana texts can be rendered with both ca- [Sapir 1910: 12.13-14] and ma- [Sapir 1910: 13.2, 59.9] without any apparent semantic difference between the two, we cannot be sure which word is the main synonym.
Yahi:ma- #1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 117. Another candidate is ca- 'to eat / to bite' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 193].
NUMBER:24
WORD:egg
Northern Yana:
Not attested.
Central Yana:
Not attested.
Yahi:
Not attested.
NUMBER:25
WORD:eye
Northern Yana:cʰu-na1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 58. Polysemy: 'eye / face'.
Central Yana:cʰu-na1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 58. Polysemy: 'eye / face'.
Yahi:cʰu-na1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 58. Polysemy: 'eye / face'.
NUMBER:26
WORD:fat n.
Northern Yana:xau-yau-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 180. This stem occurs in xauyau-pa 'deer fat', xauyappa 'id.'. Possibly contains the verbal noun marker -yau-, but the root xau- is otherwise not attested.
Central Yana:xau-yau-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 180. This stem occurrs in xauyau-pa 'deer fat', xauyau-kalaː 'suckerfish fat'. Possibly contains the verbal noun marker -yau-, but the root xau- is otherwise not attested.
Yahi:xau-yau-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 180. This stem occurs in xauyapʔpa 'deer fat', xauyau-tʰenʔ-na 'grizzly bear fat'. Possibly contains the verbal noun marker -yau-, but the root xau- is otherwise not attested.
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 83. Glossed as 'sucker'. According to a footnote in [Sapir 1910: 96], kalaː "refers, properly speaking, to any fish smaller than salmon".
Yahi:kalaː-xi1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 83.
NUMBER:30
WORD:fly v.
Northern Yana:pa- #1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 42. Not likely to be etymologically different from pa- 'one person runs, hastens' [ibid.]. In [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 42], this verb is marked as C (i.e., Central Yana). However, it is attested in a Northern Yana text [Sapir 1910: 139.8-9]. Cf. also taː- 'to fly' (used with directionals) [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 67] (possibly related to da- 'to jump' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 66]).
Central Yana:pa-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 42. Not likely to be etymologically different from pa- 'one person runs, hastens' [ibid.]. Cf. also taː- 'to fly' (used with directionals) [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 67] (possibly identical with taː- 'to jump' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 66]). In Central Yana texts pa- 'to fly' is attested many times [Sapir 1910: 17.7, 36.13, 36.15, 37.2, 37.13, 38.9, 38.10, 38.12, 39.6, 39.7], while taː- 'to fly' is not attested at all.
Yahi:pa- #1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 42. This stem is attested in the derivate pa-hpil- 'to fly, flap wings'. Not likely to be etymologically different from pa- 'one person runs, hastens' [ibid.]. Cf. also taː- 'to fly' (used with directionals) [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 67] (possibly related to ta- 'to jump' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 66]).
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 43. Formally, pa= is a root (according to Sapir's analysis, there are no prefixes in Yana). However, its meaning, glossed in the dictionary as 'in quality', is quite abstract. Lexical meaning 'full' is carried by the "specifying suffix" =ʔniː-.
Central Yana:pa=nʔiː-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 43. Formally, pa= is a root (according to Sapir's analysis, there are no prefixes in Yana). However, its meaning, glossed in the dictionary as 'in quality', is quite abstract. Lexical meaning 'full' is carried by the "specifying suffix" =nʔiː-.
Yahi:pa=ʔniː- #1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 43. Formally, pa= is a root (according to Sapir's analysis, there are no prefixes in Yana). However, its meaning, glossed in the dictionary as 'in quality', is quite abstract. Lexical meaning 'full' is carried by the "specifying suffix" =ʔniː-. Another candidate is caʔpʼkul- 'full, filled out' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 195].
NUMBER:33
WORD:give
Northern Yana:hal-(ca)-wau-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 91. Secondary synonym: cu-tu-nau- 'to give food to' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 207]. Although most often this verb really means 'to give food', sometimes it can be translated simply as 'to give'. Cf. the following example: "he gives me (cutunaumasiwanc) trinkets" [Sapir 1910: 198.2].
Central Yana:hal-(ca)-wau-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 91. Cf. hal-ca-maː- 'to give' [ibid.] from the same root. Secondary synonyms: kamaː-...-ʔi 'give me (imperative)' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 83]; cu-tu-nau- 'to give food to' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 207]. Although most often the latter verb really means 'to give food', sometimes it can be translated simply as 'to give'. Cf. the following examples: "give me (cutunaumaːcʰ) a bow" [Sapir 1910: 8.17, 18], "give me (cutunaumaːcaʔ) the fire" [Sapir 1910: 27.16-17, 33].
Yahi:
Not attested.
NUMBER:34
WORD:good
Northern Yana:cʼupʔ-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 63.
Central Yana:cʼupʔ-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 63.
Yahi:cʼupʔ-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 63.
NUMBER:35
WORD:green
Northern Yana:ta=cʼkai-sa-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 61. Polysemy: 'green / blue'. The morpheme sequence ta=...-sa- has the meaning 'to be in appearance or form'. The "secondary stem" =cʼkai- means 'green / blue'.
Central Yana:
Not attested.
Yahi:ta=cʼkai-sa-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 61. Polysemy: 'green / blue'. The sequence of morphemes ta=...-sa- has the meaning 'to be in appearance or form'. The "secondary stem" =cʼkai- means 'green / blue'.
NUMBER:36
WORD:hair
Northern Yana:kʼuyul-1
Absent in [Sapir & Swadesh 1960], but present in a Northern Yana text [Sapir 1910: 139.9, 139.10].
Central Yana:kʼuyul-la1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 113. Glossed as 'head-hair'.
Yahi:kʼuʔyul-la1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 113. Glossed as 'head-hair'.
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 160. The form is given in the dictionary as tʼaʔlai-na, with the following note: "Recorded tʼaʔl-, tʼalʔ-". In fact, all the occurrences of this word in [Sapir 1910] have the glottal stop after -l-.
Central Yana:tʼalʔai-na1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 160. The form is given in the dictionary as tʼaʔlai-na, with the following note: "Recorded tʼaʔl-, tʼalʔ-". In fact, all the occurrences of this word in [Sapir 1910] have the glottal stop after -l-.
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 207. The form cukucʼi is listed in the dictionary as both Central and Northern, but in Northern Yana the word for 'heart' is really cukʼutcʼi, see [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 42, 50, 104, 140; Sapir 1910: 138.20, 169.3, 169.4, 169.9, 177.1, 187.8, 198.1].
Central Yana:cukucʼi1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 207.
Yahi:
Not attested.
NUMBER:41
WORD:horn
Northern Yana:weːyu-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 172.
Central Yana:weːyu-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 172.
Yahi:weːyu-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 172.
NUMBER:42
WORD:I
Northern Yana:ai=ʔnica1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 25. ai- is the general pronoun stem, -ʔnica is the 1 sg. ending [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 37].
Central Yana:ai=ʔnica1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 25. ai- is the general pronoun stem, -ʔnica is the 1 sg. ending [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 37].
Yahi:ai=ʔnici1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 25. ai- is the general pronoun stem, -ʔnici is the 1 sg. ending [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 37].
NUMBER:43
WORD:kill
Northern Yana:ʔapʔci-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 24. Secondary synonym: waʔicʼapʼa- 'to kill' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 166] - not found in published Yana texts.
Central Yana:ʔamʔci-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 24.
Yahi:ʔapʔci-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 24.
NUMBER:44
WORD:knee
Northern Yana:hiːwakin-na1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 97. Dual hiːwakit-uːwi 'pair of knees'. On p. 168 of the dictionary, -wakin- is listed as a separate morpheme, occurring only in hiːwakin-na. It is unclear, however, what exactly is hiː- and which morpheme carries the main lexical meaning in this word.
Central Yana:
Not attested.
Yahi:pʰuːtikʼi1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 144.
NUMBER:45
WORD:know
Northern Yana:ti-cipa-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 73. Polysemy: 'to know / find out'. Morphological analysis: ti- 'to look, face' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 72], -cipa- 'everywhere, in all respects' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 200]. Yahi cognate ti-hcipa- means 'to see all over'.
Central Yana:
Not attested.
Yahi:
Not attested.
NUMBER:46
WORD:leaf
Northern Yana:tʼaːpʰal-la1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 160.
Central Yana:
Not attested.
Yahi:
Not attested.
NUMBER:47
WORD:lie
Northern Yana:mu=rul-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 131. Glossed as 'lying down'. Morphological analysis: mu= is a root that apparently means 'long object'; the suffix =rul- means 'lying on the ground' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 148].
Central Yana:mu=rul-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 131. Glossed as 'lying down'. Morphological analysis: mu= is a root that apparently means 'long object'; the suffix =rul- means 'lying on the ground' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 148]. Textual examples in [Sapir 1910: 94.19, 95.3, 95.14] show that this verb means 'to be in a lying position'.
Yahi:mu=rul-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 131. Glossed as 'lying down'. Morphological analysis: mu= is a root that apparently means 'long object'; the suffix =rul- means 'lying on the ground' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 148].
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 68. Polysemy: 'much / many / (with incorporated noun) to have much, many, to be covered with'.
Central Yana:tatʔ-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 68. Polysemy: 'much / many / (with incorporated noun) to have much, many, to be covered with'. The word is marked in the dictionary as Yahi and Northern Yana, but it is, in fact, found in Central Yana texts, see [Sapir 1910: 55.13, 61.12, 78.16, 87.5].
Yahi:tatʔ-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 68. Polysemy: 'much / many / (with incorporated noun) to have much, many, to be covered with'.
Not attested properly. The word pal-la, which means 'mouth' in Central Yana and Yahi, is given in the dictionary only with the meaning 'cheek' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 49]. However, no other word with the meaning 'mouth' is listed for the Northern dialect. In one Northern Yana text, there is a suffixed form pal-matu 'mouth place' [Sapir 1910: 147.16], so the absence of the meaning 'mouth' for unsuffixed pal-la in the available texts is probably accidental.
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 50. A verbal noun from pasiː- 'to be / do at night'.
Central Yana:pasiː-yau-na1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 50. A verbal noun from pasiː- 'to be / do at night'.
Yahi:pahsi-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 50. Glossed as 'to be / do at night'. The verbal noun 'night' is accidentally not attested. Secondary synonym: weːtuks- 'night, dark (?)' (occurs in weːtuks-pinca-kʼu 'it is pretty near night') [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 172].
NUMBER:61
WORD:nose
Northern Yana:liːli-mau-na1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 115. A regular participle of liːli- 'to blow one's nose' [ibid.].
Central Yana:
Not attested.
Yahi:niːni-mau-na1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 115.
NUMBER:62
WORD:not
Northern Yana:kʰuː-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 104. Negative verb, used with following infinitive.
Central Yana:kʰuː-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 104. Negative verb, used with following infinitive. "In Central Yana it is sometimes used as invariable adverb" [Sapir 1923: 270].
Yahi:kʰuː-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 104. Negative verb, used with following infinitive.
NUMBER:63
WORD:one
Northern Yana:pai-...-ku1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 48. Glossed as 'one, alone'. Verbal stem, almost invariably used with the suffix -ku- 'just' [Sapir 1923: 275].
Central Yana:pai-...-ku1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 48. Glossed as 'one, alone'. Verbal stem, almost invariably used with the suffix -ku- 'just' [Sapir 1923: 275].
Yahi:pai-...-ku1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 48. Glossed as 'one, alone'. Verbal stem, almost invariably used with the suffix -ku- 'just' [Sapir 1923: 275].
NUMBER:64
WORD:person
Northern Yana:yaː-na1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 186. Polysemy: 'person / people'. Related to yaː- 'to dwell, stay' [ibid.].
Central Yana:yaː-na1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 186. Polysemy: 'person / people'. Related to yaː- 'to dwell, stay' [ibid.].
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 43. Derived from pa-...-ri- 'to rain' [ibid.] with the noun suffix -kʼu [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 110]. The verb itself consists of the root pa- 'to spill, flow (liquid, grain, leaves, etc.)' and the directional suffix -ri- 'down' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 42, 147].
Central Yana:pa-reː-kʼu1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 43. Non-initial form: -wa-reː-kʼu. Derived from pa-...-ri- 'to rain' [ibid.] with the noun suffix -kʼu [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 110]. The verb itself consists of the root pa- 'to spill, flow (liquid, grain, leaves, etc.)' and the directional suffix -ri- 'down' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 42, 147].
Yahi:pa-ri-kʼu1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 43.
NUMBER:66
WORD:red
Northern Yana:ta=watʔ-sa- #1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 70. Glossed as 'red, brownish red'. The morpheme sequence ta=...-sa- has the meaning 'to be in appearance or form'. The "secondary stem" =watʔ- means 'red' and occurs also in watʔ-tu-wi 'blood' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 167]. Another candidate is ta=rapsui-sa- ~ ta=rapsiː-sa- 'red' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 70].
Central Yana:pa=watʔ-(ku)-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 43. The "primary stem" pa= means 'in quality'. The "secondary stem" =watʔ- means 'red' and occurs also in watʔ-tu-wi 'blood' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 167].
Yahi:ta=watʔ-sa-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 70. Glossed as 'red, brownish red'.
NUMBER:67
WORD:road
Northern Yana:hiːya1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 97. Glossed as 'trail'.
Central Yana:hiːya1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 97. Glossed as 'trail'.
Yahi:hiːya1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 97. Glossed as 'trail'.
NUMBER:68
WORD:root
Northern Yana:
Not attested. The dictionary [Sapir & Swadesh 1960] lists dozens of terms for edible roots of various plants, but no general term for 'root' or 'tree root' is attested.
Central Yana:
Not attested. The dictionary [Sapir & Swadesh 1960] lists dozens of terms for edible roots of various plants, but no general term for 'root' or 'tree root' is attested.
Yahi:
Not attested. The dictionary [Sapir & Swadesh 1960] lists dozens of terms for edible roots of various plants, but no general term for 'root' or 'tree root' is attested.
NUMBER:69
WORD:round
Northern Yana:heː=cil-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 94. Glossed as 'to be round'. The "secondary stem" =cil- means 'around, in a circle' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 202]. The meaning of "primary stem" heː= is not clear.
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 73. Derived from ti- 'to look, face' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 72]. -wai- is tentatively translated by Sapir & Swadesh as 'to follow'; this morpheme occurs also in waː-wai- 'to expect', hui-wai- 'to whistle after' (YN), hi-wai- 'to get wood' (CN) [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 168].
Central Yana:ti-wai-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 73. Derived from ti- 'to look, face' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 72]. -wai- is tentatively translated by Sapir & Swadesh as 'to follow'; this morpheme occurs also in waː-wai- 'to expect', hui-wai- 'to whistle after' (YN), hi-wai- 'to get wood' (CN) [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 168].
Yahi:ta-wai-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 73. Derived from ta- 'to look' (preserved in Central and Northern Yana) [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 66]. -wai- is tentatively translated by Sapir & Swadesh as 'to follow'; this morpheme occurs also in waː-wai- 'to expect', hui-wai- 'to whistle after' (YN), hi-wai- 'to get wood' (CN) [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 168].
NUMBER:73
WORD:seed
Northern Yana:
Not attested. There are several terms for seeds of specific plants in [Sapir & Swadesh 1960], but no generic term for 'seed'.
Central Yana:
Not attested.
Yahi:
Not attested.
NUMBER:74
WORD:sit
Northern Yana:wa-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 164. Polysemy: 'to sit / stay'. Used with locatives. Plural: yai-. Secondary synonyms: wa-kʼuʔnaː- 'to sit / stay at home / dwell' (plural yai-kʼuʔnaː-) [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 164], cu-kʼuʔnaː- 'to sit / stay' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 208] ("secondary stem" -kʼuʔnaː- means 'to stay / dwell' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 111]). Distinct from wa-...-walti- 'to sit down' (plural yai-...-walti-) [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 164].
Central Yana:wa-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 164. Polysemy: 'to sit / stay'. Used with locatives. Plural: yai-. Secondary synonyms: wa-kʼuʔnaː- 'to sit / stay at home / dwell' (plural yai-kʼuʔnaː-) [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 164], cu-kʼuʔnaː- 'to sit / stay' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 208] ("secondary stem" -kʼuʔnaː- means 'to stay / dwell' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 111]). Distinct from wa-...-walti- 'to sit down' (plural yai-...-walti-) [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 164], wa-caː-walti- 'to sit down' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 165].
Yahi:wa-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 164. Polysemy: 'to sit / stay'. Used with locatives. Plural: wa-pʔca-. Secondary synonyms: cu-ʔkʼuʔlaː- 'to sit / stay' (plural cau-kʼuʔla-) [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 208]. Distinct from wa-...-walti- 'to sit down' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 164].
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 130. Polysemy: 'hide / skin'. Non-initial -mi 'hide / thing made of or partly of hide'. It is not clear whether this word can be applied to human skin.
Yahi:
Not attested.
NUMBER:76
WORD:sleep
Northern Yana:sap-si-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 149. Plural: saː[ti]p-si-.
Central Yana:sam-si-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 149. Plural: saː[ti]m-si-.
Yahi:cam-si-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 149.
NUMBER:77
WORD:small
Northern Yana:tʼiniː-(...-ku)-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 162.
Central Yana:tʼiniː-(...-ku)-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 162.
Yahi:tʼihniː-(...-ku)-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 162. Cited as tʼiniː-(...-ku)- without indication of dialect, i.e. as common to all three dialects. The correct Yahi form must be tʼihniː-(...-ku)-, as confirmed by the derivate tʼihniː-si 'child, baby', regularly corresponding to Northern Yana tʼiniː-si 'child, baby'.
NUMBER:78
WORD:smoke
Northern Yana:cʰeːkʼau-na1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 56.
Central Yana:cʰeːkʼau-na1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 56.
Yahi:
Not attested.
NUMBER:79
WORD:stand
Northern Yana:waː-kʼi-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 167. Polysemy: 'to stand / walk'. Used with directionals. Plural: yai-kʼi-. The suffix -kʼ(i)- 'up, erect' is used with movement and position stems [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 108-109]. Cf. waː-kʼi-...-tipil- 'to stand' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 167] with the morpheme -tipil- 'in many places, at random, into pieces' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 74]. Distinct from waː-kʼi-...-pal- 'to stand up' (plural yai-kʼ-pal-) [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 167].
Central Yana:waː-kʼi-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 167. Polysemy: 'to stand / walk'. Used with directionals. Plural: yai-kʼi-. The suffix -kʼ(i)- 'up, erect' is used with movement and position stems [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 108-109]. Cf. waː-kʼi-...-tipil- 'to stand' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 167] with the morpheme -tipil- 'in many places, at random, into pieces' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 74].
Yahi:waː-kʼi-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 167. Polysemy: 'to stand / walk'. Used with directionals. Plural: waː-kʼi-pʔca-. The suffix -kʼ(i)- 'up, erect' is used with movement and position stems [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 108-109]. Cf. waː-kʼi-...-tipil- 'to stand' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 167] with the morpheme -tipil- 'in many places, at random, into pieces' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 74]. Distinct from waː-kʼi-...-pal- 'to stand up' (plural yai-kʼ-pal-) [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 167].
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 144. Polysemy: 'to swim / move into or out of water'. Secondary synonym: ci- 'to flow, flood; to float, swim' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 199]. Examination of contexts shows that ci- has the meaning 'to swim' only when applied to fish, whereas pʰuː- can refer to humans or human-like heros of folktales.
Central Yana:pʰuː-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 144. Polysemy: 'to swim / move into or out of water'. Secondary synonym: ci- 'to flow, flood; to float, swim' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 199]. Examination of contexts shows that ci- has the meaning 'to swim' only when applied to fish, whereas pʰuː- can refer to humans or human-like heros of folktales.
Yahi:pʰuː-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 144. Polysemy: 'to swim / move into or out of water'. Secondary synonym: ci- 'to flow, flood; to float, swim' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 199].
NUMBER:84
WORD:tail
Northern Yana:
Not attested.
Central Yana:pʼulsu1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 146. According to the dictionary, the word is taken from [Sapir 1917: 13]. Cf. the following remark: "In all but a few cases duly noted, the Yana forms quoted are in the Central dialect" [Sapir 1917: 3]. Thus the existence of this word in other Yana dialects remains unproven.
Yahi:
Not attested.
NUMBER:85
WORD:that
Northern Yana:ai=ce(ʔe)1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 25. Glossed as 'that one'. Object form: ai=ki=ce(ʔe). Example: mallapʼamau pʰat aice "that is a bad place" [Sapir 1910: 138.12, 141]. Secondary synonyms: ai=ye(ʔe) 'that one yonder' (object form: ai=k=e(ʔe)) [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 25]; ata ~ atairi 'that one' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 24-25]; tairi 'that' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 69]. Perusal of texts in [Sapir 1910} shows that the main distal demonstrative is ai=ce(ʔe).
Central Yana:ai=ce(ʔe)1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 25. Glossed as 'that one'. Object form: ai=ki=ce(ʔe). Secondary synonyms: ai=ye(ʔe) 'that one yonder' (object form: ai=k=e(ʔe)) [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 25]; tairi 'that' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 69]. Perusal of texts in [Sapir 1910} shows that the main distal demonstrative is ai=ce(ʔe).
Yahi:ai=ci #1
Sapir 1923: 287. Glossed as 'this, that'. Sapir identifies this demonstrative with Northern and Central Yana ai=ce.
NUMBER:86
WORD:this
Northern Yana:ai=(cʰ)1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 25. Glossed as 'subject article'. Object form: ai=ki=(cʰ). There is no word glossed as 'this' in [Sapir & Swadesh 1960]. Perusal of texts in [Sapir 1910} shows that the proximal demonstrative meaning is usually expressed with the preposed article ai(cʰ) that can be reinforced with the postposed adverb aica 'here / there / thus' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 25]. Sometimes the same meaning is expressed by aica alone, without the preposed article.
Central Yana:ai=(cʰ)1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 25. Glossed as 'subject article'. Object form: ai=ki=(cʰ). There is no word glossed as 'this' in [Sapir & Swadesh 1960]. Perusal of texts in [Sapir 1910} shows that the proximal demonstrative meaning is usually expressed with the preposed article ai(cʰ) that can be reinforced with the postposed adverb aica 'here / there / thus' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 25]. Sometimes the same meaning is expressed by aica alone, without the preposed article. Cf. the following examples: "this place (aicʰ pʰati) is burning already" [Sapir 1910: 29.10, 34]; "it came burning up to this place here (aicʰ pʰat aica)" [Sapir 1910: 28.15, 34]; "the fire was crackling all over this place (pʰat aica)" [Sapir 1910: 29.15, 35].
Yahi:
Not attested properly. Corresponding to Northern and Central Yana ai=(cʰ), Yahi has cʰ 'definite article 'the' and general third person pronoun' [Sapir 1923: 287]. Sapir notes that "Ishi never used aitc` as article, only as contracted form of aidja "here, there", or of aidji "this, that" (N. C. Yana aidje)" [ibid.].
NUMBER:87
WORD:thou
Northern Yana:ai=ʔnu(ma)1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 25. ai- is the general pronoun stem, -ʔnu(ma) is the 2 sg. ending [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 37].
Central Yana:ai=ʔnu(ma)1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 25. ai- is the general pronoun stem, -ʔnu(ma) is the 2 sg. ending [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 37].
Yahi:ai=ʔnu(ma)1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 25. ai- is the general pronoun stem, -ʔnu(ma) is the 2 sg. ending [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 37].
NUMBER:88
WORD:tongue
Northern Yana:pawaʔla1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 51. According to the dictionary, "N recorded bawaaʔla; perhaps read bawalʔ(la)" [ibid.].
Central Yana:
Not attested.
Yahi:pawaʔna1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 51.
NUMBER:89
WORD:tooth
Northern Yana:
Not attested.
Central Yana:kʰi=cʼau-na1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 102. Glossed as 'tooth, teeth'. This word apparently contains the morpheme -cʼau- 'to get stuck in cleft, claws, teeth / crowded' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 60]. The nature of kʰi= is not clear; could it be a fossilized proclitic kʰi 'third person possessive' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 102]?
Yahi:kʰi=cʼau-na1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 102. Glossed as 'tooth, teeth'. This word apparently contains the morpheme -cʼau- 'to get stuck in cleft, claws, teeth / crowded' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 60]. The nature of kʰi= is not clear; could it be a fossilized proclitic kʰi 'third person possessive' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 102]?
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 39. "Used mostly with special numeral suffixes; ux- in most cases but uxsi- with certain suffixes" [ibid.].
Central Yana:ux-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 39. "Used mostly with special numeral suffixes; ux- in most cases but uxsi- with certain suffixes" [ibid.].
Yahi:ux-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 39. "Used mostly with special numeral suffixes; ux- in most cases but uxsi- with certain suffixes" [ibid.].
NUMBER:92
WORD:walk (go)
Northern Yana:ni-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 136. Glossed as 'one male goes, walks'. Used also in the meaning 'to come' q.v. The verb 'to go' in Yana has three suppletive stems: ni- for singular male subject, ha- for singular female subject [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 87], and han- for plural subject [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 92]. Secondary synonym: hiː- 'to go, move' (used with directionals; suppletive plural pʰiː-) [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 96]. Textual examples in [Sapir 1910] show that hiː- (with appropriate directionals) usually means 'to go in / to go out'.
Central Yana:ni-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 136. Glossed as 'one male goes, walks'. Used also in the meaning 'to come' q.v. The verb 'to go' in Yana has three suppletive stems: ni- for singular male subject, ha- for singular female subject [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 87], and han- for plural subject [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 92]. Secondary synonym: hiː- 'to go, move' (used with directionals; suppletive plural pʰiː-) [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 96]. Textual examples in [Sapir 1910] show that hiː- (with appropriate directionals) usually means 'to go in / to go out'.
Yahi:ni-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 136. Glossed as 'one male goes, walks'. Used also in the meaning 'to come' q.v. The verb 'to go' in Yana has three suppletive stems: ni- for singular male subject, ha- for singular female subject [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 87], and han- for plural subject [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 92]. Secondary synonym: hiː- 'to go, move' (used with directionals; suppletive plural pʰiː-) [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 96].
NUMBER:92
WORD:walk (go)
Northern Yana:ha-2
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 87. Glossed as 'one female goes'.
Central Yana:ha-2
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 87. Glossed as 'one female goes'.
Yahi:ha-2
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 87. Glossed as 'one female goes'.
NUMBER:93
WORD:warm (hot)
Northern Yana:ya-ri-pʼa1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 185. Glossed as 'to be hot'. Cf. ya-ʔlai-pʼa- 'warm, to get warm' [ibid.].
Central Yana:ya-ri-pʼa1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 185. Glossed as 'to be hot'. Derived from ya-ri- 'to burn oneself' [ibid.] with the suffix -pʼa 'in a state or having a quality resulting from action' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 144].
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 25. ai- is the general pronoun stem, -kʰi- is the supplementary marker accompanying the first person plural [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 102], -ʔniki is the 1 pl. ending [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 37].
Central Yana:ai-(kʰi)=ʔniki1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 25. ai- is the general pronoun stem, -kʰi- is the supplementary marker accompanying the first person plural [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 102], -ʔniki is the 1 pl. ending [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 37].
Yahi:ai-(kʰi)=ʔniki1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 25. ai- is the general pronoun stem, -kʰi- is the supplementary marker accompanying the first person plural [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 102], -ʔniki is the 1 pl. ending [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 37].
NUMBER:96
WORD:what
Northern Yana:acʰiː(ma)-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 24. Glossed as 'to be what?'.
Central Yana:acʰiː(ma)-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 24. Glossed as 'to be what?'.
Yahi:ʔahca2
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 25. Glossed as 'what?'. Example: ʔahca cin tʰoːʔasitʰi 'what am I going to do?'.
NUMBER:97
WORD:white
Northern Yana:tʼa=lapʔ-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 162. tʼa= is an unidentified morpheme; =lapʔ- means 'to gleam, gilmmer' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 113].
Central Yana:ta=lapʔ-sa-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 70. The morpheme sequence ta=...-sa- has the meaning 'to be in appearance or form'. The "secondary stem" =lapʔ- means 'to gleam, gilmmer' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 113].
Yahi:tʼa=lapʔ-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 162. tʼa= is an unidentified morpheme; =lapʔ- means 'to gleam, gilmmer' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 113]. Cf. also ta=lapʔ-sa- 'white' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 70].
NUMBER:98
WORD:who
Northern Yana:ʔappi(ma)-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 27. Glossed as 'to be who?'.
Central Yana:ʔampi(ma)-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 27. Glossed as 'to be who?'.
Yahi:ʔampi(ma)-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 27. Glossed as 'to be who?'.
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 70, 133. Glossed as 'brown, yellow (like grass in fall)'.The sequence of morphemes ta=...-sa- has the meaning 'to be in appearance or form'.
Yahi:ta=mustui-sa- #1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 70, 133. Glossed as 'brown, yellow (like grass in fall)'. Another candidate is ta=ʔkʼaramsui-sa- 'yellow' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 70]. The sequence of morphemes ta=...-sa- has the meaning 'to be in appearance or form'.
NUMBER:101
WORD:far
Northern Yana:pʰau-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 140. Used with directionals, e.g. pʰau-sa- 'far off', pʰau-ri- 'deep down', pʰau-pal- 'high up'.
Central Yana:pʰau-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 140. Used with directionals, e.g. pʰau-sa- 'far off', pʰau-ri- 'deep down', pʰau-pal- 'high up'.
Yahi:
Not attested.
NUMBER:102
WORD:heavy
Northern Yana:mica-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 130.
Central Yana:
Not attested.
Yahi:cʼaʔwica-2
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 59.
NUMBER:103
WORD:near
Northern Yana:kʼaʔnai-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 105. Glossed as 'close by / to approach'. Example: kʼaʔnaisasi 'it is a little way off' [ibid.]. Cf. -macʼu 'soon / near' (a suffix) [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 119].
Central Yana:kʼaʔnai-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 105. Glossed as 'close by / to approach'. Cf. -macʼu 'soon / near' (a suffix) [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 119].
Yahi:kʼaʔnai-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 105. Glossed as 'close by / to approach'.
Not attested properly. Cf., however, wiːcʰumanʔna 'a village on South Fork of Cow Creek near a swamp where salt was obtained' [Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 174] - a toponym based on the same root wiːcʰu- 'salt' as in Northern Yana, apparently only accidentally not attested as an independent word.
Yahi:
Not attested.
NUMBER:105
WORD:short
Northern Yana:pa=katku-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 43. Morpheme pa= (formally a root) means 'in quality'. Lexical meaning is carried by the "specifying suffix" =katku-.
Central Yana:pa=kanku-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 43. Morpheme pa= (formally a root) means 'in quality'. Lexical meaning is carried by the "specifying suffix" =kanku-.
Yahi:pa=hkanku-1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 43. Morpheme pa= (formally a root) means 'in quality'. Lexical meaning is carried by the "specifying suffix" =hkanku-.
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 146. Glossed as 'to be thin'.
Yahi:
Not attested.
NUMBER:108
WORD:wind
Northern Yana:cu-kʼal-la1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 205. A nominalization of cu-kʼal- 'wind blows', derived from cu- 'wind blows'.
Central Yana:cu-kʼal-la1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 205. The word is marked in the dictionary as Yahi and Northern Yana, but in fact it is found in a Central Yana text, see [Sapir 1910: 118.2, 119.18].
Yahi:cu-ʔkʼal-la1
Sapir & Swadesh 1960: 205. A nominalization of cu-ʔkʼal- 'wind blows', derived from cu- 'wind blows'.
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