Turner & Turner 1971: 41. Glossed as 'all, everyone'. Word class: animate adjective. Cf. the following textual examples: 'All the people gathered at the house of the host of the fiesta' [ibid.], 'If there are lots of men drinking mescal, in a little while they will all be staggering' [Turner & Turner 1971: 92], 'The mayordomo fed all the men' [Turner & Turner 1971: 150], 'We all have two surnames, (from) our father and also (from) our mother' [Turner & Turner 1971: 172]. According to [Waterhouse 1969: 232], bul-ˈafʼ-kaʔ is derived from the verb =bul-afʼ- 'to pick up and carry in arms' "with the idea of all-embracing". Other synonyms (see below on dialect distribution) include: hˈaway 'all' (example: 'We all went to the ranch'; in the dialects of Ecatepec and San Lorenzo this word means 'daily') [Turner & Turner 1971: 171], howkʼalˈemma 'all, everyone' (example: 'All these men went to their village') [Turner & Turner 1971: 172], hˈoyya 'all, everyone' [Turner & Turner 1971: 172], ɬˈiɬi 'complete, all entire, completely, entirely' [Turner & Turner 1971: 226]. Cf. also ʔa=hˈafʼ-ga 'all, everything' (derived from di=hˈafʼ-ʔma 'to come to an end, to be completely finished, to be used up') [Turner & Turner 1971: 6], ʔentˈero 'all; entire' (a Spanish loanword; "[s]ame usage as Spanish") [Turner & Turner 1971: 128]. According to a dialect survey of Highland Chontal [Turner 1973: 102], 'all' is bulˈafʼkaʔ in San Pedro Sosolotepec, San Miguel, Candelaria, Santa Lucía, San Matías, San José, and Zapotitlán, ɬˈiɬi in San Andrés, Santo Domingo, San Lucas, and Ecatepec, hˈaway in San Juan Acaltepec and San Lorenzo, hˈoyya in San Pablo. We choose bulˈafʼkaʔ as the main synonym, since our main source [Turner & Turner 1971] is based on the San Matías dialect.
Turner & Turner 1971: 189. Polysemy: 'bone / horn (of an animal)'. Word class: noun (IIIa). Plural: ɬ=egˈal-aʔ ~ ɬ=ˈegaɬ.
NUMBER:11
WORD:breast
Highland Chontal:ɬ=onšˈa-hmaʔ1
Turner & Turner 1971: 234. Polysemy: 'heart / chest'. Word class: noun (III/IVb). Plural: ɬ=onša-wˈay-hma. Possessed form (3 sg. possessor): ɬ=unšˈa-hmaʔ. Derived from the verb d=unšˈa-ʔma 'breathe' [Turner & Turner 1971: 122] with the instrumental suffix -hmaʔ. Distinct from l=adˈuwe 'las tetas / nipples (of the breast)' [Turner & Turner 1971: 177], glossed as 'woman's breasts' in the list of body parts [Turner & Turner 1971: 356].
NUMBER:12
WORD:burn tr.
Highland Chontal:di=bi-ʔˈe-ʔma1
Turner & Turner 1971: 64. Word class: transitive verb (I). Derived from di=bˈi-ʔma 'burn (intr.)' with the transitivizing suffix -ʔe-.
NUMBER:13
WORD:claw(nail)
Highland Chontal:ɬ=a=ʔnˈaɬuk1
Turner & Turner 1971: 211. Polysemy: 'nail (finger or toe) / claw'. Word class: noun (IIb). Plural: l=a=ʔnaɬˈukʼ.
NUMBER:14
WORD:cloud
Highland Chontal:l=ummˈa-way1
Turner & Turner 1971: 202. Word class: noun (IIIa). Plural: ɬ=ummˈa-way. A nominalization of the verb d=umma-wˈay-ʔma 'to put', itself derived from d=ummˈa-ʔma 'to move (of a shapleless article, such as clothing) / to carry (clothing)' with the suffix -way- 'down' [Turner & Turner 1971: 117-118]. Secondary synonym: ɬ=edˈumi 'cumulus cloud / the rain god' [Turner & Turner 1971: 222].
NUMBER:15
WORD:cold
Highland Chontal:ʔa=šˈida1
Turner & Turner 1971: 38. Word class: adjective. Distinct from ʔidinˈuwaʔ 'cool, brisk' [Turner & Turner 1971: 167].
NUMBER:16
WORD:come
Highland Chontal:di=gwˈay-wo1
Turner & Turner 1971: 78. Glossed as 'arrive (here)'. Word class: intransitive verb (I). The dictionary also lists di=gway-nˈa-wo 'come' [ibid.] with the finalitive suffix -na- that "expresses some measure of permanency or completeness" [Turner 1966: 55]. The stem that contains this suffix and the stem without it are both indiscriminately translated in textual examples as 'come' or 'arrive'.
Turner & Turner 1971: 24-25. Polysemy: 'grease / fat'. Word class: noun (Ib). Plural: gal=mantˈeka. Secondary synonyms: l=i=fˈumaʔ ~ l=i=fˈum̥mba 'fat', derived from the verb di=fˈum̥m-ʔma 'to get fat', itself from di=fˈu-ʔma 'to swell up' [Turner & Turner 1971: 73]; gal=kʼˈaƛʼa 'pine tree sap' ("in Ecatepec and San Lucas this word means manteca; fat") [Turner & Turner 1971: 135]. According to a dialect survey of Highland Chontal [Turner 1973: 102] 'fat' is ʔal=mantˈeka in most villages (Santo Domingo, San Lorenzo, San Pedro Tepacaltepec, San Pablo, San Pedro Sosolotepec, San Miguel, Candelaria, Santa Lucía, San Matías, San José), but ʔel=kʼˈaƛʼa in Ecatepec. We choose ʔal=mantˈeka as the main synonym, since our main source [Turner & Turner 1971] is based on the San Matías dialect.
NUMBER:27
WORD:feather
Highland Chontal:l=a=šˈaɬ #1
Turner & Turner 1971: 183. Polysemy: 'wing / feather / fin'. Word class: noun (IIIa). Plural: ɬ=a=šˈaƛʼ ~ ɬ=a=šˈal-aʔ. Possessed form (3 sg. possessor): l=i=šˈaɬ. Another candidate is l=a=bˈimi 'body hair / feather / pen' [Turner & Turner 1971: 174]. The meaning of the latter word is glossed in Spanish only as 'pelo de cuerpo'.
NUMBER:28
WORD:fire
Highland Chontal:ɬ=ˈuŋa1
Turner & Turner 1971: 237. Polysemy: 'fire / a type of insect'. Glossed in Spanish as 'la lumbre, el fuego; un tipo de insecto, el abejorro (coleóptero)'. Word class: noun (IIIb). Plural: l=uŋˈa-y ~ ɬ=uŋˈa-y. Possessed form (3 sg. possessor): ɬ=ib=ˈuŋa [Turner & Turner 1971: 114].
Turner & Turner 1971: 179. Polysemy: 'foot / leg' ("this is a general term for leg, a specific term for foot"). Word class: noun (IIa). Plural: l=a=ʔmic-ˈiʔ. Possessed form (3 sg. possessor): l=ˈi=ʔmis [Turner & Turner 1971: 183].
NUMBER:32
WORD:full
Highland Chontal:nˈamma #1
Turner & Turner 1971: 239. Word class: adjective. Another candidates are ʔimˈanna 'full' [Turner & Turner 1971: 169] and ʔišwˈayda 'full, it's enough / complete' [Turner & Turner 1971: 171].
NUMBER:33
WORD:give
Highland Chontal:d=ebˈi-ʔi-ʔma1
Turner & Turner 1971: 44-45. Polysemy: 'give / divide' ('dar / distribuír / entregar / partir / regalar' in Spanish). Word class: ditransitive verb (IV). Textual examples confirm that this is the main word for 'give'. Secondary synonyms: di=gˈu-ʔma 'give / rent, lease' [Turner & Turner 1971: 76], di=nˈi-ʔi-ʔma 'give (a long, thin object)' (derived from di=nˈi-ʔma 'carry (a long, slender, thin object)') [Turner & Turner 1971: 94-95], di=buƛʼ-ˈi-ʔma 'give (something large or round)' (derived from di=bˈul-ʔma 'grasp (a large or round object) with hands') [Turner & Turner 1971: 65], d=ummˈa-ʔi-ʔma 'give (a shapeless object, such as clothing)' (derived from d=ummˈa-ʔma 'move (of a shapeless article, such as clothing), carry (clothing)') [Turner & Turner 1971: 117-118, 270]. The ditransitivizing suffix -ʔi-, seen in the last three verbs, is also present in d=ebˈi-ʔi-ʔma, although here the deriving stem was lost.
Turner & Turner 1971: 79. Glossed as 'understand, hear with understanding' (but as 'oír; entender; comprender' in Spanish). Word class: transitive verb (I). Durative form: ga=gyˈeg-a. Despite the misleading English gloss, this verb is undoubtedly the main word for 'to hear'. Cf. the following examples: 'When a man sleeps and you see or hear (dogyehʔma) him speaking or groaning, he is dreaming' [Turner & Turner 1971: 81], 'If a man hears (digyehlaʔ) people laughing a little ways away, he too will laugh a little bit; he will smile' [Turner & Turner 1971: 96], 'If he sings softly, no one will hear (nogyehya) his song' [Turner & Turner 1971: 119], 'Now and then you hear (dogyehʔma) the spotted owl hooting at night' [Turner & Turner 1971: 142].
NUMBER:40
WORD:heart
Highland Chontal:ɬ=onšˈa-hmaʔ1
Turner & Turner 1971: 234. Polysemy: 'heart / chest'. Word class: noun (III/IVb). Plural: ɬ=onša-wˈay-hma. Possessed form (3 sg. possessor): ɬ=unšˈa-hmaʔ. Derived from the verb d=unšˈa-ʔma 'breathe' [Turner & Turner 1971: 122] with the instrumental suffix -hmaʔ.
NUMBER:41
WORD:horn
Highland Chontal:l=ˈegaɬ1
Turner & Turner 1971: 189. Polysemy: 'bone / horn (of an animal)'. Word class: noun (IIIa). Plural: ɬ=egˈal-aʔ ~ ɬ=ˈegaɬ.
NUMBER:42
WORD:I
Highland Chontal:ʔiyˈaʔ1
Turner & Turner 1971: 171. Word class: personal pronoun.
NUMBER:43
WORD:kill
Highland Chontal:di=mˈa-ʔa-ʔma1
Turner & Turner 1971: 90. Glossed as 'kill, assassinate'. Derived from di=mˈa-ʔma 'die / faint' with the transitivizing suffix -ʔa-.
Turner & Turner 1971: 170. Word class: stative verb (I). The same verbal root as in 'see' q.v.
NUMBER:46
WORD:leaf
Highland Chontal:l=ib=ˈela1
Turner & Turner 1971: 192. Word class: noun (IIIa). Plural: ɬ=ib=ˈela. The root without the prefix =ib= is preserved in lˈela-gˈoli 'pine needle' (lˈoli 'pine tree') [Turner & Turner 1971: 189] and lelˈa-ʔmaɬ 'maguey leaf' (ʔˈal=ʔmaɬ 'maguey plant') [Turner & Turner 1971: 20].
NUMBER:47
WORD:lie
Highland Chontal:g=unˈow-ya1
Turner & Turner 1971: 121. This durative verb is found in the dictionary in the entry for d=una-wˈay-ʔma 'lie down; stretch out (in bed)'. Cf. the following textual example: 'If a man is sitting or lying down (d=unˈow-ya), he can rise and stand up on his feet' [Turner & Turner 1971: 51].
NUMBER:48
WORD:liver
Highland Chontal:ɬ=ˈada1
Turner & Turner 1971: 206-207. Polysemy: 'liver / center of being'. Word class: noun (IVb). Plural: ɬ=ˈaːda. Possessed form (3 sg. possessor): ɬ=ˈeda.
Turner & Turner 1971: 220. Glossed as 'black louse', i.e. head louse. Word class: noun (IVb). Plural: l=aygwˈi-naʔ ~ l=ˈaygwi-ʔ. Cf. ɬ=ˈayštaɬ 'white louse', i.e. body louse [Turner & Turner 1971: 221-222].
NUMBER:51
WORD:man
Highland Chontal:gˈal=šans ~ gal=šˈans1
Turner & Turner 1971: 156. Glossed as 'man, male'. Word class: noun (Ia). Plural: lan=šanˈukʼ 'people'. This is evidently the main word both for 'man (male)' and for 'man (person)'. Cf. the diagnostic contexts for both meanings: 'Men (lan=šanˈukʼ) make wooden spoons with which women dip out broth' [Turner & Turner 1971: 28] and 'People (lan=šanˈukʼ) are able to eat because they have jawbones' [Turner & Turner 1971: 35]. Cf. lˈ=i=šans 'form / apprearance / color' [Turner & Turner 1971: 197].
Turner & Turner 1971: 37-38. Word class: adjective.
NUMBER:64
WORD:person
Highland Chontal:gˈal=šans ~ gal=šˈans1
Turner & Turner 1971: 156. Glossed as 'man, male'. Word class: noun (Ia). Plural: lan=šanˈukʼ 'people'. This is evidently the main word both for 'man (male)' and for 'man (person)'. Cf. the diagnostic contexts for both meanings: 'Men (lan=šanˈukʼ) make wooden spoons with which women dip out broth' [Turner & Turner 1971: 28] and 'People (lan=šanˈukʼ) are able to eat because they have jawbones' [Turner & Turner 1971: 35]. Cf. lˈ=i=šans 'form / apprearance / color' [Turner & Turner 1971: 197].
Turner & Turner 1971: 39. Word class: adjective. The word is related to l=a=špˈeywi 'flat basket' [Turner & Turner 1971: 185]. The Spanish-Chontal index also lists two other candidates under Spanish 'redondo': ʔa=pelotˈeʔ and ʔa=redˈonde [Turner & Turner 1971: 305] (both of them are Spanish loanwords). Textual examples are too few to establish the basic synonym.
NUMBER:70
WORD:sand
Highland Chontal:ɬ=ibˈi=macʼ1
Turner & Turner 1971: 224. Glossed as 'sand (river or ocean)'. Word class: noun (IIIb). Plural: ɬ=ibˈi=macʼ. Derived from ɬ=ˈamacʼ 'land / earth / year' q.v. Distinct from gal=gwˈiša 'limestone sand' [Turner & Turner 1971: 142].
NUMBER:71
WORD:say
Highland Chontal:di=mˈi-ʔma1
Turner & Turner 1971: 92. Word class: transitive verb (I). Durative form: gˈa=mi. Secondary synonym: di=gwˈa-ʔma 'talk / say / think' [Turner & Turner 1971: 78]. Analysis of contexts in [NT 2009] shows that the verb =mˈi- is the main means of introducing direct speech.
NUMBER:72
WORD:see
Highland Chontal:di=šˈim-ʔma1
Turner & Turner 1971: 101-102. Polysemy: 'see / find / know'. Word class: transitive verb (I). Labial -m- in di=šˈim-ʔma is a result of assimilation, cf. the durative form ga=šˈin-a.
There is no entry for the durative verb 'to sit, to be sitting' in [Turner & Turner 1971]. The verb, however, is found in numerous places in the Highland Chontal translation of the New Testament [NT 2009] and in one textual illustration in [Turner & Turner 1971]. Some of the relevant examples: 'And as he sat (migucuya) upon the mount of Olives...' [Matthew 24:3], 'For whether is greater, he that sitteth (ɬogucuya) at meat, or he that serveth?' [Luke 22:27], 'If any thing be revealed to another that sitteth by (nogucuya), let the first hold his peace' [1 Corinthians 14:30], '...where Christ sitteth (digucuya) on the right hand of God' [Colossians 3:1], 'And I saw a great white throne, and him that sat (ɬogucuya) on it' [Revelation 20:11], 'If a man sits (digucuya) all day, his feet will go to sleep' [Turner & Turner 1971: 123].
Turner & Turner 1971: 194. Word class: noun (IIIa).
NUMBER:79
WORD:stand
Highland Chontal:d=egˈaš-u1
The dictionary [Turner & Turner 1971] gives only the inchoative verb d=egˈaš-ʔma 'stand up' [Turner & Turner 1971: 51]. The durative form 'stand, be standing' is found in the Highland Chontal translation of the New Testament [NT 2009]. Here are some examples: 'And Jesus stood (degašu) before the governor...' [Matthew 27:11], 'And it came to pass, that, as the people pressed upon him to hear the word of God, he stood (degašu) by the lake of Gennesaret' [Luke 5:1], 'And now I stand (gagašu) and am judged for the hope of the promise made of God, unto our fathers' [Acts 26:6].
NUMBER:80
WORD:star
Highland Chontal:gal=šˈamna1
Turner & Turner 1971: 156. Polysemy: 'star / small river shrimp'. Word class: noun (Ia). Plural: laŋ=šˈamna.
NUMBER:81
WORD:stone
Highland Chontal:ɬ=abˈik1
Turner & Turner 1971: 204. Word class: noun (IVb). Plural: l=abˈikʼ. Possessed form (3 sg. possessor): ɬ=ebˈik.
NUMBER:82
WORD:sun
Highland Chontal:gal=ʔˈora-1
Turner & Turner 1971: 145. Polysemy: 'sun / hour / time / god'. Word class: noun (Ia). Borrowed from Spanish hora 'hour'. Secondary synonym: gal=fˈownaɬ 'a type of hornet / god-like person / sun (obsolete)' [Turner & Turner 1971: 138].
NUMBER:83
WORD:swim
Highland Chontal:di=gaf-gˈay-ʔma1
Turner & Turner 1971: 75. Glossed as 'swim (on top of the water)'. Word class: transitive verb (I). Durative form: ga=gˈaf-gay. The verb contains the derivational suffix -gay- 'on top of' [Turner 1966: 269]. Secondary synonyms: demˈuʔma gaʍˈak 'to swim (head under water)', lit. 'to cover head' [Turner & Turner 1971: 55], difʼagˈayʔma lˈahaʔ 'to swim', lit. 'to go down, sink down into water' [Turner & Turner 1971: 75], diʍakʼˈoʔma ʔadˈentro lˈahaʔ 'to swim', lit. 'to pass through the middle of the water' [Turner & Turner 1971: 82], diʍˈafʼʔma 'to walk on top of / to swim' [Turner & Turner 1971: 82].
NUMBER:84
WORD:tail
Highland Chontal:l=ˈa=bo1
Turner & Turner 1971: 175. Word class: noun (IIa). Plural: ɬ=a=bˈo. Possessed form (3 sg. possessor): l=ˈi=bo.
NUMBER:85
WORD:that
Highland Chontal:hi=kˈuʔwa1
Turner & Turner 1971: 41, 171; Turner 1966: 115. Glossed as 'that one (there)'. Word class: animate demonstrative pronoun. Variants: hi=kˈuwaʔ ~ kˈuwaʔ ~ kˈuʔwaʔ. Plural: hiɬ=nˈuʔwa ~ hiɬ=nˈuwaʔ ~ nˈuwaʔ ~ hiɬ=nuʔwˈa-ni. The system of demonstrative pronouns in Highland Chontal includes three grades of deixis, a distinction between animate and inanimate demonstratives, and suppletive roots for animate plural forms. Animate demonstratives include: hi=kˈiya 'this (proximal)' (plural hi=nˈiya), hi=kˈaʔa 'this (distal)' (plural hi=nˈaʔa) [Turner & Turner 1971: 171], hi=kˈuʔwa 'that (distal)' (plural hiɬ=nˈuʔwa). Inanimate demonstratives are hi=tˈaʔa 'this (proximal)' and hi=ɬˈiya 'this' [Turner & Turner 1971: 171].
NUMBER:86
WORD:this
Highland Chontal:hi=kˈiya1
Turner & Turner 1971: 172; Turner 1966: 115. Glossed as 'this one (near by) / he / she / it'. Word class: animate demonstrative pronoun. Variant: kˈiya. Plural: hi=nˈiya ~ nˈiya. See notes on 'that'.
NUMBER:87
WORD:thou
Highland Chontal:ʔimˈaʔ1
Turner & Turner 1971: 169. Word class: personal pronoun.
NUMBER:88
WORD:tongue
Highland Chontal:ɬ=a=bˈaɬ1
Turner & Turner 1971: 204. Word class: noun (IIIb). Plural: ɬ=a=bˈaƛʼ. Possessed form (3 sg. possessor): ɬ=i=baɬ.
NUMBER:89
WORD:tooth
Highland Chontal:l=ˈa=ʔay1
Turner & Turner 1971: 178. Word class: noun (IIa). Plural: l=a=ʔˈay-ʔ. Possessed form (3 sg. possessor): l=ˈi=ʔay.
Turner & Turner 1971: 240. Glossed as 'two (inanimate)'. Word class: inanimate adjective (IIIa). Cf. ʔogˈe-šiʔ 'two (animate)'.
NUMBER:92
WORD:walk (go)
Highland Chontal:di=ʔwˈa-ʔma #1
Turner & Turner 1971: 82-83. Polysemy: 'go / walk'. Word class: intransitive verb (I). Durative form: gˈa=ʔwa. Suppletive stems: -ɫe- (1st and 2nd person plural), -ye- (3rd person plural) [Turner & Turner 1971: 112]. Another candidate is di=cˈe-ʔma 'go / need, take (Spanish 'necesitar')' [Turner & Turner 1971: 108]. Both verbs can occur in similar contexts, cf. 'When a man goes (diʔwˈaʔma) to Oaxaca, he will cross over the river' [Turner & Turner 1971: 77] and 'It's been one or two months since I went (laycewˈoʔma) to Oaxaca' [Turner & Turner 1971: 152]. In the closely related Lowland Chontal, the verb ceː- means 'go and return' [O'Connor 2007: 77]. The following contexts suggest that the meaning of Highland Chontal =ce- may actually be the same: 'I went (aycewˈoʔma) to his house (but) the door was closed; no one is there' [Turner & Turner 1971: 170], 'Yesterday I went (aycˈema) to the mountain...' [Turner & Turner 1971: 209], 'Last year I went (aycewˈoʔma) to Oaxaca three times' [Turner & Turner 1971: 240]. There are other contexts, however, that do not fit so well the meaning 'go and return' (e.g. 'Where did my dog go (gicˈeba)?' [Turner & Turner 1971: 40]), so the matter needs further investigation.
NUMBER:93
WORD:warm (hot)
Highland Chontal:ʔinˈuʔ1
Turner & Turner 1971: 169. Glossed as 'hot'. Cf. various words for 'warm': ʔa=fˈuŋ-gaʔ 'warm (like a coat or blanket)' [Turner & Turner 1971: 4-5], ʔa=hˈoy-gaʔ 'warm, as a house is warm' [Turner & Turner 1971: 6-7], ʔifunuŋˈeʔ 'warm (liquid)' [Turner & Turner 1971: 167].
Turner & Turner 1971: 171. Word class: personal pronoun.
NUMBER:96
WORD:what
Highland Chontal:de1
Turner & Turner 1971: 42. Word class: interrogative pronoun.
NUMBER:97
WORD:white
Highland Chontal:ʔa=fˈuh-ga1
Turner & Turner 1971: 4. Word class: adjective.
NUMBER:98
WORD:who
Highland Chontal:nˈayci1
Turner & Turner 1971: 239; Turner 1966: 133. Variants: nay ~ ne ~ nˈeci. Plural: nˈayciɬ. Although in [Turner & Turner 1971: 239] nˈayci is described as a relative pronoun, it also serves as an interrogative pronoun, as in the following examples from the Highland Chontal translation of the New Testament [NT 2009]: '...said unto them, Whom (nayci) seek ye?' [John 18:4], 'Jesus saith unto her, Woman, why weepest thou? whom (nayci) seekest thou?' [John 20:15].
Turner & Turner 1971: 243. Word class: adjective. Another synonym with the same root is ʔa=daʔˈaŋ̥ŋ-ga 'yellow' [Turner & Turner 1971: 3]. Cf. also ʔa=boʔˈo 'gold-colored' [Turner & Turner 1971: 2], ʔa=šˈale 'color de arena; tan' [Turner & Turner 1971: 38].
NUMBER:101
WORD:far
Highland Chontal:ʔa=gulˈiʔ1
Turner & Turner 1971: 5. Word class: adverb.
NUMBER:102
WORD:heavy
Highland Chontal:ʔa=gˈundaʔ1
Turner & Turner 1971: 5-6. Glossed as 'heavy (in weight)'. Word class: adjective.
NUMBER:103
WORD:near
Highland Chontal:ʔa=sˈerka1
Turner & Turner 1971: 2. Word class: adverb. A Spanish loanword. Cf. ʔa=weŋ̥ŋ-ga 'near, next to' [Turner & Turner 1971: 39-40].
NUMBER:104
WORD:salt
Highland Chontal:ɬ=ˈoʔwe1
Turner & Turner 1971: 232. Word class: noun (IVb).
NUMBER:105
WORD:short
Highland Chontal:ʔa=dˈemɬ-ka #1
Turner & Turner 1971: 3. Glossed as 'short (applies to anything)'. Word class: adjective. Another candidate is ʔa=gˈaʔwa 'little / tiny / short / narrow' [Turner & Turner 1971: 5]. The choice between the two synonyms is rather arbitrary, since there are only two textual examples in the dictionary: 'This man is short (ʔadˈemɬka); he never grew...' [Turner & Turner 1971: 3], 'This lasso is very short (g=a=gˈaʔwa)' [Turner & Turner 1971: 23].
Turner & Turner 1971: 38. Glossed as 'thin (for example, a tortilla or silk material)'. Word class: adjective. Can also be applied to boards [ibid.] or skulls [Turner & Turner 1971: 173].
NUMBER:107
WORD:thin (1D)2
Highland Chontal:ʔa=ɬˈa2
Turner & Turner 1971: 35. Glossed as 'thin'. Word class: adjective. Can be applied to sticks [Turner & Turner 1971: 24], throats of snakes [Turner & Turner 1971: 146].
NUMBER:108
WORD:wind
Highland Chontal:ɬ=ˈawaʔ1
Turner & Turner 1971: 219. Polysemy: 'wind / air / north'. Word class: noun (IIIb). Plural: ɬ=ˈawaʔ. Possessed form (3 sg. possessor): ɬ=ib=ˈewaʔ '(his) breath'.
NUMBER:109
WORD:worm
Highland Chontal:ɬ=abˈimi1
Turner & Turner 1971: 205. Word class: noun (IVb). Plural: l=abimˈi. Possessed form (3 sg. possessor): ɬ=ebˈimi [Turner & Turner 1971: 111]. This is a general designation, applicable to all kinds of worms. Cf. ɬ=aŋnˈuʔni 'large earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris)' [Turner & Turner 1971: 216] and ɬ=abˈimi g=aŋnˈuʔni 'id.' [Turner & Turner 1971: 205].
