Bright & Gehr 2005: 144. Polysemy: 'big / large'. Plural: kêːč-as. Cf. the bound stem =kaːm 'big / large' (Plural: =kaːm-sa) [Bright & Gehr 2005: 139], used in compounds instead of kêːč.
NUMBER:6
WORD:bird
Karuk:ačβiːβ1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 5.
NUMBER:7
WORD:bite
Karuk:=paɾ1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 172. Alternate morphophonological variant of the stem: =paɾa-. Secondary synonym: =ax '(animal) to bite / to rend with the teeth / to kill' (not used of humans, snakes, or insects) [Bright & Gehr 2005: 31].
NUMBER:8
WORD:black
Karuk:ikxáɾam-kuniš1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 81. Polysemy: 'black / dark'. Literally 'night-like': ikxáɾam 'night / darkness' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 81], -kúniš (suffix) 'like, similar to' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 153]. Secondary synonyms: kíp ikxáɾam 'black', literally 'like night', kíp imnak 'black', literally 'like charcoal' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 147]. Cf. the bound stem =miːf 'black', used in a number of compounds [Bright & Gehr 2005: 162].
NUMBER:9
WORD:blood
Karuk:áːx1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 4. Polysemy: 'blood / red (as a postpound)'.
NUMBER:10
WORD:bone
Karuk:ípih1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 101.
NUMBER:11
WORD:breast
Karuk:iθβaːy1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 122. Polysemy: 'chest / breast / heart'. Distinct from úːčič 'teat / (woman's) breast' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 238]. Identical with 'heart' q.v.
NUMBER:12
WORD:burn tr.
Karuk:=áːh-ka #1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 1. Polysemy: 'to set fire to (something) / to burn (something) / to burn down (as a house)'. Derived from =áːh 'to handle or carry fire' with the suffix -ka 'onto'. Another candidate is =iːn-kú-βaθ 'to burn (something)', derived from =íːn-ka- 'to burn' with the causative suffix -βaθ [Bright & Gehr 2005: 61].
NUMBER:13
WORD:claw(nail)
Karuk:axpih1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 34. Glossed as 'nail (of finger or toe)'. Cf. ixupk-ôː-č 'something stuck on flatways (not edgeways) / flat feathering (of an arrow) / fingernail (old name)' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 133-134].
NUMBER:14
WORD:cloud
Karuk:p=ikxáɾam-pa1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 186. Derived from =p=ikxáɾam-pa / =p=ikxáɾam-pu 'to get cloudy', lit. 'to be dark again' (=p= 'iterative', =ikxáɾam- 'night / dark', -pa / -pu 'denominative').
Bright & Gehr 2005: 164. Another candidate is =áhoː 'to go / walk / travel / arrive (here)' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 8], translated as 'come' in the English-Karuk index [Bright & Gehr 2005: 294].
NUMBER:17
WORD:die
Karuk:=iβ1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 129. Alternate morphophonological variant of the stem: =im-. Cf. also =táːnβa '(du.) to die' [Bright & Gehr 2005: ], =p=éːɾuːn-pa '(pl.) to die' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 180]. Secondary synonym: =taːníha 'to be spoiled / (persons) to die / (the world) to come to an end' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 209].
Bright & Gehr 2005: 47. According to the dictionary, '[u]sed as a generic term'. An obvious English loanword.
NUMBER:30
WORD:fly v.
Karuk:=ik=xip1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 83. Cf. =iθ=xip '(du.) to fly' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 124], =í=xip- '(pl.) to fly, to move through the air' (bound stem) [Bright & Gehr 2005: 132], =ip=xip 'to fly again / to fly back' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 106] (with the iterative prefix =ip=).
NUMBER:31
WORD:foot
Karuk:fíθih1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 47. Polysemy: 'foot / toe / track / foot (measure word, twelve inches)'.
NUMBER:32
WORD:full
Karuk:axyaɾ2
Bright & Gehr 2005: 36. Alternate morphophonological variant of the stem: axyaɾa-. Cf. =axyaɾ / =axyan- '(contents) to fill (a container)'.
NUMBER:33
WORD:give
Karuk:=êːh1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 44. Polysemy: 'to give (something) to (someone) / to pay'. Cf. =iph-ih / =iph-ihi- 'to give (two objects) to (someone)' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 100], =ák-ih 'to give things, or a mass of something, to someone / to feed' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 10] (-ih / -ihi- is a benefactive suffix).
Bright & Gehr 2005: 53. Alternate morphophonological variant of the stem: if-unih-a-. Literally: 'growing down' (=if 'to grow', -unih 'down', -a ~ Ø 'deverbative'). Secondary synonym: iɾ / iɾa- 'hair of head' (according to [Bright & Gehr 2005: 106], an old word for ífunih).
Bright & Gehr 2005: 225. Alternate morphophonological variant of the stem: =θitim-. Cf. tíːβ 'ear' q.v.
NUMBER:40
WORD:heart
Karuk:iθβaːy #1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 122. Polysemy: 'chest / breast / heart'. A second candidate is imyah / imyah-a- 'breath / heart' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 96], derived from =imyah 'to breathe'. Textual examples available in the dictionary suggest that iθβaːy is the main word for 'heart' as an anatomical term. Contexts for iθβaːy include: "I'll make that your heart will be hanging out, striped downwards" [Bright & Gehr 2005: 106], "That was his heart that popped" [Bright & Gehr 2005: 122], "Shoot him there by his big toe, his heart lies there" [Bright & Gehr 2005: 122]. For imyah we only have "He holds him against his heart (traditional Indian embrace)" [Bright & Gehr 2005: 183] and "My heart must lie good. (Said when eating first plant food in spring)" [Bright & Gehr 2005: 92].
NUMBER:41
WORD:horn
Karuk:βêːh-šuɾ ~ βêː-šuɾ1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 247. Meaning glossed as 'horn (as of deer)'. Alternate morphophonological variant of the stem: βeːh-šuɾ-a- ~ βeː-šuɾ-a-. Derived from =βêːh-šuɾ / =βêːh-šuɾu- 'to stick outward', itself from =βêːh- 'to stick / to project' (bound stem). Cf. also =ʔáhaɾ- / =ʔahaɾa- 'horn' (according to [Bright & Gehr 2005: 7], an old term for βêːh-šuɾ); the latter is apparently a bound stem, occurring in itɾoːpa-ʔáhaɾ 'five-point buck', literally 'five-horn' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 128] and itahaɾa-ʔáhaɾ 'ten-point buck', literally 'ten-horn' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 118].
NUMBER:42
WORD:I
Karuk:náː1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 164.
NUMBER:43
WORD:kill
Karuk:=iykaɾ1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 136. Polysemy: 'to beat / to kill / to catch (fish)'. Alternate morphophonological variant of the stem: =iykáɾa-. Cf. =iyfip 'to kill game' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 135].
NUMBER:44
WORD:knee
Karuk:páθak1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 175.
NUMBER:45
WORD:know
Karuk:=áːpunma1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 3. Polysemy: 'to know / to know about (a person or thing) / to find out'. Secondary synonyms: =ítap 'to know / to be familiar with / to recognize' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 119], =p=itap 'to know / meet / recognize' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 191], =xus / =xu- 'to think / to know / to realize / to feel' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 266]. Analysis of textual examples in [Bright & Gehr 2005] shows that =áːpunma is the basic synonym for the Swadesh meaning 'to know (of a situation)'.
NUMBER:46
WORD:leaf
Karuk:sáːn #1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 198. Homonymous with sáːn 'big-leaf maple (Acer macrophyllum)' [ibid.]. Another candidate is píɾiš 'grass / leaf / bush / brush / plant (excluding trees) / "medicine", i.e. a preparation for magical purposes, not necessarily including plants' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 189].
NUMBER:47
WORD:lie
Karuk:=iyɾúːh-ɾiβ1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 136. Meaning glossed as '(sg.) to lie, to be in a lying position'. Alternate morphophonological variant of the stem: =iyɾúːh-ɾim-. Derived from =iyɾuh 'to coil / to revolve (something) / to roll (something)' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 136] with the suffix -ɾiβ / -ɾim 'at rest' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 197]. Cf. also =iphí-ɾiβ '(two) to lie, to be lying' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 100], =úɾu-ɾiβ / =úɾu-ɾim- '(pl. anim.) to lie' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 238], =θáːn-iβ / =θáːn-im- '(inanimate object) to sit, be / (animal or person) to lie, to be dead' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 200].
NUMBER:48
WORD:liver
Karuk:βáfiš1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 243.
NUMBER:49
WORD:long
Karuk:βâːɾam1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 243. Polysemy: 'long / tall'. Cf. the bound stem =xáɾah 'long (of spatial measurement) / tall' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 261], used in compounds instead of βâːɾam.
NUMBER:50
WORD:louse
Karuk:ačiːč1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 4.
NUMBER:51
WORD:man
Karuk:áβan-sa1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 30. Meaning glossed as 'man (i.e. an adult human male)'. Derived from áβan 'husband'.
Bright & Gehr 2005: 157. Polysemy: 'sun / moon / month'. Cf. also the compound form ikxaɾám=kuːsɾa 'moon', literally 'night-sun' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 82].
NUMBER:55
WORD:mountain
Karuk:t=úːy-šip #1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 233. Polysemy: 'mountain / hill'. Derived from t=uːy 'mound' with the suffix -sip 'up'. Another candidate is uːy 'hill / mountain' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 241]. The nature of the prefixed t= in t=uːy is not clear.
Bright & Gehr 2005: 367-368. The regular expression of negation within a verbal form usually consists of the prefix pu- and the suffix -aɾa, although the suffix is not added in past tense and certain other forms. With adjectival predicates, the form of the "circumfix" may be pu- ... -hara (e. g. pu=yáβ-hara "it's not good").
NUMBER:63
WORD:one
Karuk:yíθa1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 273. Polysemy: 'one / a certain / (in compounds) all, the whole'.
NUMBER:64
WORD:person
Karuk:áɾaː-ɾ1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 18. Polysemy: 'human being, person / Indian'. Alternate morphophonological variant of the stem: aɾa-ɾa-. Cf. also áɾa ~ áɾah 'person'.
NUMBER:65
WORD:rain
Karuk:paθɾih1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 176. Alternate morphophonological variant of the stem: paθɾih-a-. Derived from the verb =paθɾih 'to rain'.
NUMBER:66
WORD:red
Karuk:aːx-kúniš1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 4. Literally: 'like blood'. Secondary synonyms: áːx-hič 'red' (old word) [Bright & Gehr 2005: 4] (h may result from mistranscription), áx-ič 'red', literally 'little blood' (used in a few expressions) [Bright & Gehr 2005: 33].
Bright & Gehr 2005: 159. Polysemy: 'to see / to find'.
NUMBER:73
WORD:seed
Karuk:úh-iš1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 235. Derived from úːh 'tobacco' with the diminutive suffix -iš. According to [Bright & Gehr 2005: 235], "[p]robably applied originally only to tobacco seed".
NUMBER:74
WORD:sit
Karuk:=ikɾiː1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 71. Polysemy: 'to live / to sit / to stay / to be / to be at home'. Alternate morphophonological variant of the stem: =ikɾiβ-. Cf. =kûːɾ- / =kûːn- 'to sit / to slide (on one's buttocks)' (bound stem, occurs with directional suffixes) [Bright & Gehr 2005: 157].
NUMBER:75
WORD:skin
Karuk:máːn1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 159. Same word as 'bark' q.v.
NUMBER:76
WORD:sleep
Karuk:=ikβíːt-ha1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 79. Polysemy: 'to sleep / to fall asleep / to be sleepy'. According to [Bright & Gehr 2005: 79], probably contains suffix -ha 'denominative'. Cf. =ásiβ / =ásim- 'to lie down to sleep / to go to bed' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 26], translated simply as 'sleep' in several examples [Bright & Gehr 2005: 26, 36]
NUMBER:77
WORD:small
Karuk:nîːnamič1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 165. Meaning glossed as 'little / small'. According to Bright & Gehr, "replaced after nouns by =ʔanamahač". Plural form: tûːpič-as (=tunβêːč-(asa) after nouns).
NUMBER:78
WORD:smoke
Karuk:ámkuːf1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 13.
NUMBER:79
WORD:stand
Karuk:=ihyá-ɾih1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 58. Glossed as '(animate) to stand, be standing'. Derived from =íːhya '(long object) to stand, be' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 59] with the suffix -ɾih 'up'.
NUMBER:80
WORD:star
Karuk:atáyraːm1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 28. Could be formally analyzed as átay 'roe, salmon eggs' [ibid.] + (?) -raːm 'place' (locational morpheme) [Bright & Gehr 2005: 196], although the latter is normally used in verbals rather than nominals.
NUMBER:81
WORD:stone
Karuk:as1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 22. Polysemy: 'rock / stone / pit of fruit / earth, dirt (in some compounds)'. Alternate morphophonological variant of the stem: asa-.
NUMBER:82
WORD:sun
Karuk:kúːsɾah1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 157. Polysemy: 'sun / moon / month'. Same word as 'moon' q.v.
NUMBER:83
WORD:swim
Karuk:=ik=puh #1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 69. Cf. =íθ=puh- '(two people) to swim' (bound stem) [Bright & Gehr 2005: 122], =ihtak- '(several) to swim' (bound stem) [Bright & Gehr 2005: 57]. Another candidate is =uːfíθ-βa 'to swim' (never used with directionals) [Bright & Gehr 2005: 239].
NUMBER:84
WORD:tail
Karuk:ápβuːy1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 18.
NUMBER:85
WORD:that
Karuk:pay #1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 179. Meaning glossed as 'this, that (referring to something designated by pointing)'. Another candidate is βáː 'that / that way / he, she, it' (usually refers to something designated elsewhere in the linguistic context) [Bright & Gehr 2005: 242].
NUMBER:86
WORD:this
Karuk:pay1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 179. Meaning glossed as 'this, that (referring to something designated by pointing)'.
NUMBER:87
WORD:thou
Karuk:íːm1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 60.
NUMBER:88
WORD:tongue
Karuk:ápɾiːh1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 16.
NUMBER:89
WORD:tooth
Karuk:βuh1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 253. Alternate morphophonological variant of the stem: βuha-.
Bright & Gehr 2005: 8. Polysemy: 'to go / to walk / to travel / to arrive (here)'. Other possible candidates: =uːm / =uːmu- 'to arrive (there) / to go (to a place)' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 239]; =βâːɾam / =βâːɾamu- 'to go / to go away / to leave' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 243].
NUMBER:93
WORD:warm (hot)
Karuk:imfiɾ1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 89. Meaning glossed as 'hot (of objects)'. Alternate morphophonological variant of the stem: imfiɾa-. Cf. also =impuk '(objects) to be warm' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 91].
NUMBER:94
WORD:water
Karuk:íš-aha1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 108. Polysemy: 'water / juice'. Literally 'that which is drunk', from the verb =iš 'to drink', q.v. Another candidate is áːs 'water / juice' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 3]. According to [Bright & Gehr 2005: 3, 108] the two words are equivalent. This is a clear case of "transit-synonymity": the "new" word íš-aha is in the process of replacing the "old" one, áːs.
NUMBER:94
WORD:water
Karuk:áːs2
Bright & Gehr 2005: 3. Polysemy: 'water / juice'.
NUMBER:95
WORD:we
Karuk:núː1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 166.
NUMBER:96
WORD:what
Karuk:fâːt1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 45. Polysemy: 'what? / something'. Alternate morphophonological variant of the stem: fata-.
NUMBER:97
WORD:white
Karuk:čánčaːf-kuniš1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 38. Literally: 'like foam', from čánčaːf 'foam'. Replaced in compounds by =taːhkoː 'white' (derived from táːh 'snow') [Bright & Gehr 2005: 208]. Secondary synonym: taːh-kúniš 'white', literally: 'like snow' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 208].
NUMBER:98
WORD:who
Karuk:akâːy1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 9. Polysemy: 'who? / anyone'. Cf. also the phonetic variant akáɾay 'who' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 10], according to the dictionary, equivalent to akâːy.
NUMBER:99
WORD:woman
Karuk:as=iktáβ-aːn1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 25. Polysemy: 'woman / female'. Literally: 'water-carrier', from áːs 'water', q.v., and =iktaβ / =iktam- 'to hold or carry in the hand / to carry (water)' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 76].
NUMBER:100
WORD:yellow
Karuk:θúkin-kuniš1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 228. Polysemy: 'blue / green / yellow'. Literally: 'like bile', from θúkin 'gall / bile / blue, green, yellow (in compounds)' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 228]. Secondary synonym: kasčíːp-kuniš 'yellow', literally 'like porcupine quills (which are dyed yellow for basketry)' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 143], from kasčiːp 'porcupine / porcupine quills / yellow' [Bright & Gehr 2005: 143].
NUMBER:101
WORD:far
Karuk:yiːβ1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 272. Alternate morphophonological variant of the stem: yiβu-.
Bright & Gehr 2005: 239. Meaning glossed as 'near / close by'.
NUMBER:104
WORD:salt
Karuk:yúfiš1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 274.
NUMBER:105
WORD:short
Karuk:ipšûːnkinač ~ ipšûːnkinič1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 103. Polysemy: 'short / low'.
NUMBER:106
WORD:snake
Karuk:ápsuːn1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 17.
NUMBER:107
WORD:thin
Karuk:xútnahič1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 266. Polysemy: 'thin (as of fabric) / loose'. Secondary synonym: βaːs-kič 'thin', derived from βaːs 'blanket' with the suffix -kič 'like'. In the only textual example given in the dictionary, βaːs-kič is translated 'as thin as a blanket'. Possibly just a nonce word.
NUMBER:108
WORD:wind
Karuk:ikɾéːmyah1
Bright & Gehr 2005: 70. Polysemy: 'wind / air'. Alternate morphophonological variant of the stem: ikɾeːmyaha-. Cf. the verb =ikɾéːmyah '(wind) to blow'.
