Bender & Malik 1980: 95. Nominal and adjectival use; meaning glossed as 'all, entire, everything, whole; each'. Quoted as kāɛ̄ in [Stirtz 2012: 154]. Cf. kayà ~ keyà (Marno) 'all' in [Verri 1955: 306].
NUMBER:2
WORD:ashes
Aka:tɔdɔ1
Bender 1997: 204.
Molo:tɔdɔ1
Bender 1997: 204.
Kelo:tɔːdɔ1
Bender 1997: 204.
Beni Sheko:tɔːdo1
Bender 1997: 204.
Gaam:duː-g1
Bender & Malik 1980: 68. Plurale tantum. Quoted as d̪ùː-gg in [Stirtz 2012: 110]. Cf. dudu-g 'ashes' (Marno) in [Verri 1955: 303] (an earlier variant with unelided intervocalic -d-, important for external comparison).
NUMBER:3
WORD:bark
Aka:pɔːri1
Bender 1997: 204. Bender also lists the equivalent bǝːba, but the notes section states that it is actually a verb with the meaning 'to peːl'.
Molo:gǝga2
Bender 1997: 204.
Kelo:sǝba3
Bender 1997: 204.
Beni Sheko:kǝfɔllo4
Bender 1997: 204.
Gaam:ǝ̈́ːr5
Bender & Malik 1980: 43. Quoted as ǝ́ːr in [Stirtz 2012: 43]. Additional synonym (a more generic term): bǝ̀gā, pl. bǝ̀gā-g, with polysemy: 'bark of tree / chip of wood / eggshell / husk / paper / peel / rind / shell' [Bender & Malik 1980: 48]. Cf. also the derived verb bǝ́g-s- 'to peel (off)' [ibid.]. According to the authors, the root here is báː-, but it is unclear how they determine this.
NUMBER:4
WORD:belly
Aka:ɛlle1
Bender 1997: 204. Plural: ɛllɛ-ti. Quoted as eli in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 9].
Molo:ılli1
Bender 1997: 204. Quoted as eli in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 9].
Kelo:ɛle1
Bender 1997: 204. Quoted as ɲeli in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 9] (with an unclear initial ɲ-).
Beni Sheko:ɛlle1
Bender 1997: 204.
Gaam:ɛl-g1
Bender & Malik 1980: 72. Plural: ìːl-g. Polysemy: 'belly / stomach / bottom'. Quoted as ɛ́ːl-g 'stomach' in [Stirtz 2012: 37] (but cf. also gǝ̀ūr-d̪ 'stomach' [ibid.]). Cf. ol-k 'belly' (Seligman) in [Verri 1955: 308].
NUMBER:5
WORD:big
Aka:maːri1
Bender 1997: 204. Polysemy: 'big / many'. Also kɔːʓɛga id.
Molo:muwari1
Bender 1997: 204.
Kelo:amadenǝ2
Bender 1997: 204.
Beni Sheko:yaːmǝdɛlĭ2
Bender 1997: 204.
Gaam:mǝd-ǝn2
Bender & Malik 1980: 111. Meaning glossed as 'big, great, huge, large, spacious, stout'. Derived form: mǝd-ǝn-dǝg 'enormous'. Quoted as mādā, pl. mā-ŋg in [Stirtz 2012: 157]. An additional synonym, also found in [Stirtz 2012: 157], is dɔ́mɔ̄l, pl. dɔ́mɔ̄l-g 'big'. Cf. maːt-én, pl. má-ŋga (Seligman) 'big' in [Verri 1955: 307]; cf. also the strange form fanseːr (Marno) 'big' in [Verri 1955: 304].
NUMBER:6
WORD:bird
Aka:mɛʓˈe1
Bender 1997: 204. Plural: mɛʓɛ-ŋai. Quoted as meʓe in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 9]; cf. also migi 'hen' [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Molo:mıʓe1
Bender 1997: 204. Quoted as meʓe in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 9]; cf. also megi 'hen' [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Kelo:mɛʓe-1
Bender 1997: 204. The form by itself means 'fowl'; the more generic meaning 'bird' is expressed by the idiomatic formation mɛʓe-na-aiyǝ, literally 'fowl of wilds' [Bender 1997: 214]. Quoted as meʓe 'bird; hen' in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 9, 11].
Beni Sheko:mıʓɛ ~ mıʄe1
Bender 1997: 204. Also mıʓi-ŋıne id.
Gaam:mīː1
Bender & Malik 1980: 117. Plural: mīː-g. Polysemy: 'bird / chicken / hen'. Quoted as mīí 'chicken' in [Stirtz 2012: 46]. Cf. miː, pl. miː-ĭk (Seligman), miq-in (Marno) 'bird' in [Verri 1955: 307]; cf. also migi-m (Marno), migí-n (De Pruyssenaere) 'chicken' [ibid.].
NUMBER:7
WORD:bite
Aka:gʋrri1
Bender 1997: 204.
Molo:siːb-ɔna2
Bender 1997: 204.
Kelo:siːɓ-ǝze2
Bender 1997: 204.
Beni Sheko:siːb-i2
Bender 1997: 204.
Gaam:in-3
Bender & Malik 1980: 87. Polysemy: 'to bite / to sting'. Past stem: iɬ-. Cf. idì ganì 'to bite' (Marno) in [Verri 1955: 305] (unclear structure of the expression).
NUMBER:8
WORD:black
Aka:ɔrɔːga1
Bender 1997: 204.
Molo:ɔrɔwa ~ ɔrwa1
Bender 1997: 204.
Kelo:ɔrrɔ ~ ɔyyɔwa1
Bender 1997: 204.
Beni Sheko:eːrɔ ~ ɔrɔwa1
Bender 1997: 204.
Gaam:dùì2
Bender & Malik 1980: 68. Also dùì-n with the definite suffix -n. Quoted as d̪ùì, def. form d̪ùī-n in [Stirtz 2012: 162]. Cf. ena podé 'black' (De Pruyssenaere) in [Verri 1955: 304] (probably a mistake, since podé actually = 'white' q.v., whereas the form ena is just a copula, but not a negative one).
NUMBER:9
WORD:blood
Aka:gʸefa ~ ʓeːfa1
Bender 1997: 204. Quoted as gyefa in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 9].
Molo:gʸeːwa1
Bender 1997: 204. Quoted as giewa in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 9].
Kelo:gʸeːba1
Bender 1997: 204. Quoted as kefe in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 9].
Beni Sheko:gʸeːfa1
Bender 1997: 204.
Gaam:afa-d1
Bender & Malik 1980: 38. Plural: afǝɬ-g. Quoted as áfá-d̪ in [Stirtz 2012: 23]. Cf. afà-k 'blood' (Marno) in [Verri 1955: 301] (probably the plural form with elided -ɬ-).
NUMBER:10
WORD:bone
Aka:gamoː-ka1
Bender 1997: 205. Plural: gamoː-ɲi.
Molo:gǝm-ka1
Bender 1997: 205.
Kelo:ǝmma1
Bender 1997: 205. Also ora- id. (not clear if the stem is used autonomously or, as the hyphen would indicate, only as part of compound formations).
Beni Sheko:gaːmuː-ŋga1
Bender 1997: 205.
Gaam:ám1
Bender & Malik 1980: 41. Plural: ám-g. The plural form also means 'skeleton'. Quoted as áːm in [Stirtz 2012: 30]. Cf. aːm 'bone' (Marno) in [Verri 1955: 301].
NUMBER:11
WORD:breast
Aka:
Not properly attested in our main source, but cf. kŭga 'chest' in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 10]. Cf. also sg. iːwi-ɕɛ, pl. iwiː-di 'breast (female)' [Bender 1997: 205].
Molo:
Not properly attested in our main source, but cf. kwa 'chest' in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 10]. Cf. iːsɔ 'breast (female)' [Bender 1997: 205].
Kelo:
Not properly attested in our main source, but cf. an=kwa 'chest' in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 10]. Cf. ǝwiː-di ~ ıwiː-di 'breast (female)' [Bender 1997: 205].
Beni Sheko:
Not properly attested. Cf. aːbbi 'breast (female)' [Bender 1997: 205].
Gaam:kúnd-úg1
Bender & Malik 1980: 104. Plural form of kúnd 'heart' q.v., glossed as 'breasts / chest'. Quoted as kúnd̪ 'chest' in [Stirtz 2012: 83]. Distinct from wīːd, pl. wīɬ-g 'breast, nipple, teat, udder' [Bender & Malik 1980: 160], quoted as wīː-d̪ in [Stirtz 2012: 22].
NUMBER:12
WORD:burn tr.
Aka:kˈeːgɛso1
Bender 1997: 205.
Molo:
Not attested.
Kelo:ɔ=ɲɛm2
Bender 1997: 205. Possibly a prefixed derivate from ɲǝm 'eat' q.v.
Beni Sheko:aːrrebe3
Bender 1997: 205.
Gaam:bɛ̄r-4
Bender & Malik 1980: 55. Several other synonyms in the same source: (a) harˈiːg- 'to burn', borrowed from Arabic [Bender & Malik 1980: 85]; (b) nǝ́m- 'to burn (fire, pepper)', most likely a secondary meaning of nǝ́m- 'to eat' q.v., glossed as a transitive verb [Bender & Malik 1980: 122]; (c) túī- 'to burn' [Bender & Malik 1980: 152]; since the noun tùì 'ruins' is probably derived from this verb, the more exact meaning may be 'to burn down' (completely, to the ground, etc.). Cf. also bà 'to burn' (Marno) in [Verri 1955: 302].
NUMBER:13
WORD:claw(nail)
Aka:misɛ1
Bender 1997: 205. Plural: mise-i. Meaning glossed as 'claw'.
Bender & Malik 1980: 100. Same word as 'rain' q.v.
NUMBER:15
WORD:cold
Aka:eːʓi1
Bender 1997: 205.
Molo:woː2
Bender 1997: 205. Also ɔssɔmɔːri id.
Kelo:ɜʓi1
Bender 1997: 205.
Beni Sheko:eːʓi1
Bender 1997: 205.
Gaam:ǝil-3
Bender & Malik 1980: 39. Polysemy: 'chilly, cold, cool / calm / blunt, dull'. Quoted as ǝ́íl-d̪ 'cold' in [Stirtz 2012: 37]. Cf. eil-to-nomà 'cold' (Marno) in [Verri 1955: 304]; the obviously related simpler form ail-tu (Marno), however, is listed in the same source with the nominal meaning 'wind' [Verri 1955: 301].
NUMBER:16
WORD:come
Aka:laːko1
Bender 1997: 205.
Molo:laːko1
Bender 1997: 205.
Kelo:laːŋ1
Bender 1997: 205.
Beni Sheko:laːgo1
Bender 1997: 205.
Gaam:lēː-1
Bender & Malik 1980: 107. Meaning glossed as 'arrive, come, walk'. Verbal noun: leː-g. Quoted as lɛ́ɛ̄ 'to come, arrive' in [Stirtz 2012: 45]. Cf. le- ~ li- 'to come' (Seligman, Robertson) in [Verri 1955: 306].
NUMBER:16
WORD:come
Aka:
Molo:
Kelo:ɔya2
Bender 1997: 205. No information on possible semantic or syntactic difference from laːŋ.
Beni Sheko:
Gaam:
NUMBER:17
WORD:die
Aka:tʋgʋru1
Bender 1997: 205.
Molo:tʋrwo1
Bender 1997: 205.
Kelo:tʋːri ~ tui1
Bender 1997: 205.
Beni Sheko:duːrri1
Bender 1997: 205.
Gaam:tı́r-1
Bender & Malik 1980: 151. Polysemy: 'to be sick / to be dead, die, perish'. Quoted as t̪īr in [Stirtz 2012: 207].
NUMBER:18
WORD:dog
Aka:kɛle1
Bender 1997: 205. Plural: kɛle-i.
Molo:kɔlo1
Bender 1997: 205.
Kelo:kɜlı1
Bender 1997: 205.
Beni Sheko:kɛlı1
Bender 1997: 205.
Gaam:áːɬ2
Bender & Malik 1980: 40. Plural: áːɬ-g. Quoted as áðá in [Stirtz 2012: 31]. Cf. ăd (Seligman), ado (De Pruyssenaere), adò (Marno), pl. al-k (Seligman), ath-ga (Robertson) 'dog' in [Verri 1955: 301].
NUMBER:19
WORD:drink
Aka:mɛːtu1
Bender 1997: 205.
Molo:moːtu1
Bender 1997: 205.
Kelo:mǝɗ-ea1
Bender 1997: 205.
Beni Sheko:mıdi1
Bender 1997: 205.
Gaam:mǝ́ɬ-1
Bender & Malik 1980: 112. Polysemy: 'to drink / to lick / to sip / to smoke / to evaporate'. The root is identified as mag- in [Stirtz 2012: 193] (cf. imper. sg. māː, imper. pl. mǝ́-d̪ǝ̄, etc.). Cf. madà (Marno) 'to drink' [Verri 1955: 307].
NUMBER:19
WORD:drink
Aka:
Molo:
Kelo:
Beni Sheko:
Gaam:bùːd-2
Bender & Malik 1980: 58. Polysemy: 'to drink / to inhale (e. g. smoke) / to take a mouthful / to swallow'. Although this polysemy is structured somewhat differently from mǝ́ɬ-, it is still not clear which of the two verbs is closer to the basic meaning 'drink'; we include both as technical synonyms.
NUMBER:20
WORD:dry
Aka:kˈeːkebe1
Bender 1997: 205.
Molo:kikɛbe1
Bender 1997: 205.
Kelo:kekʸɛbe1
Bender 1997: 205.
Beni Sheko:kɛːgɛbe1
Bender 1997: 205.
Gaam:ām-2
Bender & Malik 1980: 41. Polysemy: 'to be dry / to dry up / to be hard, inflexible / to wither'. Quoted as āːm-sá 'dry, tired' in [Stirtz 2012: 38].
NUMBER:21
WORD:ear
Aka:sigiː1
Bender 1997: 205. Plural: sigiː-de. Quoted as sigĭ in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 10].
Molo:sigi1
Bender 1997: 205. Quoted as sĭgĭ in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 10].
Kelo:siː-di1
Bender 1997: 205. Quoted as siː-ti in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 10].
Beni Sheko:si1
Bender 1997: 205. Also ın=zi id. (the root morpheme is probably the same, but ın= is unclear - a pronominal possessive prefix, perhaps?).
Gaam:wın-d2
Bender & Malik 1980: 160. Plural: wınd-ǝ̄g. Polysemy: 'ear / handle (of jug)'. Quoted as wìnd̪-ǝ̀g (pl.) 'ears' in [Stirtz 2012: 346]. Cf. wiːndu (Marno), windu-ku (Pruyssenaere, probably pl.), wint (Seligman) 'ear' in [Verri 1955: 31].
NUMBER:22
WORD:earth
Aka:kɔrɔ1
Bender 1997: 208. Plural: kɔrɔ ~ kɔrɔ-ki. Quoted as kŏro in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 10].
Molo:kala2
Bender 1997: 208. Quoted as kŏro in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 10].
Kelo:kɔyɔ1
Bender 1997: 208. Quoted as kŏro in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 10].
Beni Sheko:
Not attested.
Gaam:áldá3
Bender & Malik 1980: 40. Polysemy: 'earth, land / soil / floor'. Quoted as āld̪áː 'earth, dust' in [Stirtz 2012: 35]. Cf. aldel (Marno) 'earth' in [Verri 1955: 301].
NUMBER:23
WORD:eat
Aka:ɲaːm-ɔ1
Bender 1997: 205.
Molo:ɲǝm1
Bender 1997: 205.
Kelo:ɲǝm1
Bender 1997: 205.
Beni Sheko:ɲiːmĭ1
Bender 1997: 205.
Gaam:nǝ́m-1
Bender & Malik 1980: 122. Polysemy: 'to eat / to chew / to have intercourse / to burn (fire, pepper)'. Quoted as nám in [Stirtz 2012: 180]. Cf. naːm (Marno) 'to eat' in [Verri 1955: 307], lam (Robertson) 'to eat' in [Verri 1955: 306]; also nei (De Pruyssenaere) 'to eat' in [Verri 1955: 307].
NUMBER:24
WORD:egg
Aka:ˈʋmuː-ke1
Bender 1997: 205. Plural: ʋːmʋ-i.
Molo:ʋm-ko1
Bender 1997: 205.
Kelo:ɜn-di1
Bender 1997: 205. Plural: ɜn-di-ma.
Beni Sheko:amɔ-i ~ ammɔ-i1
Bender 1997: 205.
Gaam:kɔ́lɔ́-d2
Bender & Malik 1980: 100. Plural: kɔ́l-g. Quoted as kɔ́lɔ́-d̪ in [Stirtz 2012: 186]. Cf. golgu (De Pruyssenaere) 'egg' in [Verri 1955: 305]; more importantly, cf. won (Marno) 'egg' in [Verri 1955: 311], which may be an archaism comparable to the Aka-Molo-Kelo equivalents for 'egg'.
NUMBER:25
WORD:eye
Aka:ɛre1
Bender 1997: 205. Plural: ɛrɛ-ti. Quoted as sg. eri, pl. erè-ti in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 10].
Molo:eri1
Bender 1997: 205. Quoted as er-ti in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 10].
Kelo:ɛːdi1
Bender 1997: 205. Quoted as iɲ=er-ti in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 10] (the first component is a prefix, cf. the form in Beni Sheko).
Beni Sheko:iːn=eːrǝ1
Bender 1997: 205. Contains the same prefix as 'ear' q.v.
Gaam:ɛ́d1
Bender & Malik 1980: 71. / Plural: ɛ́d-ǝ́g. Polysemy: 'eye / point'. Quoted as āːd̪ 'my eye', ɔ̄ːd̪ 'your eye', ɛ̄ːd̪ 'his eye' (with various possessive prefixes), pl. ǝ̀d̪-ǝ̄gg 'my eyes', ùd̪-ūgg 'your eyes', ìd̪-īgg 'their eyes' in [Stirtz 2012: 81]. Cf. oːt (Seligman) 'eye' in [Verri 1955: 308]; itu-ku (Marno) 'eye' (probably pl.) in [Verri 1955: 306].
NUMBER:26
WORD:fat n.
Aka:bʋkıne1
Bender 1997: 205.
Molo:aɲɔwa2
Bender 1997: 205. Also ɲǝnwǝdǝt id.
Kelo:aɲo2
Bender 1997: 205. Plural: aɲo-ga.
Beni Sheko:kǝba3
Bender 1997: 205.
Gaam:ǝ̈yǝ̈4
Bender & Malik 1980: 48. Plural: ǝ̈yǝ̈-g. Polysemy: '(animal) fat / grease / oil'. Quoted as íyǝ́ː 'oil, fat' in [Stirtz 2012: 31].
NUMBER:27
WORD:feather
Aka:pǝta1
Bender 1997: 205. Plural: pǝta-ki.
Molo:fǝːta1
Bender 1997: 205.
Kelo:pɔtɔ1
Bender 1997: 205.
Beni Sheko:pɔːdo1
Bender 1997: 205.
Gaam:fìːd1
Bender & Malik 1980: 75. Plural: fìːɬ-g. Quoted as sg. fīːd̪, pl. fìː-gg in [Stirtz 2012: 124].
NUMBER:28
WORD:fire
Aka:maː1
Bender 1997: 205. Quoted as ma in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 10].
Molo:ma1
Bender 1997: 205. Quoted as ma in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 10].
Kelo:ma1
Bender 1997: 205. Quoted as ma in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 10].
Beni Sheko:maʔa1
Bender 1997: 205.
Gaam:mɔ̄ː1
Bender & Malik 1980: 117. Plural: mɔː-g. Meaning glossed as 'fire, light of fire'. Quoted as mɔ̄ː in [Stirtz 2012: 326]. Cf. mo (De Pruyssenaere), moː (Seligman), moːn (Marno) 'fire' in [Verri 1955: 307].
NUMBER:29
WORD:fish
Aka:ˈʋːgu1
Bender 1997: 205. Plural: ˈʋːgu-ðe.
Molo:uː-do1
Bender 1997: 205.
Kelo:uː1
Bender 1997: 205. Plural: uː-dˈe.
Beni Sheko:uː1
Bender 1997: 205.
Gaam:gǝ̀wl-dǝ̀2
Bender & Malik 1980: 82. Plural: gǝ̀wl-dǝ̀-g. Polysemy: 'fish / callous on foot' (?). Quoted as gǝ̄ūld̪ǝ̀ː in [Stirtz 2012: 36].
NUMBER:30
WORD:fly v.
Aka:piri1
Bender 1997: 212.
Molo:fıri1
Bender 1997: 212.
Kelo:piri1
Bender 1997: 212.
Beni Sheko:
Not attested.
Gaam:pǝrd-1
Bender & Malik 1980: 132. Polysemy: 'to fly / to jump, leap / to trot'.
NUMBER:31
WORD:foot
Aka:ɛlla=lu1
Bender 1997: 205. Plural: ɛɕa=lu-ði. Quoted as lu 'leg' in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Molo:luː1
Bender 1997: 205. Quoted as lu 'leg' in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Kelo:lu-dı1
Bender 1997: 205. Also lu-dı-ŋǝrane id. (this is probably the specially marked form 'foot' as opposed to the normally polysemous lu-dı 'foot/leg'). Quoted as a=lu-di 'leg' in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Beni Sheko:lʋ1
Bender 1997: 205.
Gaam:lúː-d1
Bender & Malik 1980: 190. Plural: lùː-g. Polysemy: 'foot / leg / hoof / paw'. Quoted as lú-d̪, pl. lu-ùgg 'leg' in [Stirtz 2012: 103]. Cf. lud-ugu (De Pruyssenaere) 'leg' (plural form), lut-anà (Marno) 'foot' in [Verri 1955: 307].
NUMBER:32
WORD:full
Aka:tɔkɔʓaw1
Bender 1997: 208.
Molo:tɔtuːdu2
Bender 1997: 208. Probably a reduplicated stem.
Kelo:tuːdu ~ duːdu2
Bender 1997: 208.
Beni Sheko:
Not attested.
Gaam:taː=pǝrɬ-3
Bender & Malik 1980: 131. Stative derivative ('to be filled') from pǝ́rd- 'to fill, load, overload, stuff' [Bender & Malik 1980: 131]. Cf. also the adjective pārr-ās 'full' in [Stirtz 2012: 23], as well as the (suppletive?) plural adjective form ɲɛ̄ɲɲɛ̄r-ās [ibid.].
NUMBER:33
WORD:give
Aka:aːn-su1
Bender 1997: 205.
Molo:ɔŋ-kɔno1
Bender 1997: 205.
Kelo:aːn-si1
Bender 1997: 205.
Beni Sheko:bi2
Bender 1997: 205.
Gaam:gǝ̀f-3
Bender & Malik 1980: 78. Polysemy: 'to give / to offer / to owe / to pay'. Quoted as gàf (incompletive) in [Stirtz 2012: 30].
NUMBER:34
WORD:good
Aka:kɔrrɔ1
Bender 1997: 205.
Molo:ware2
Bender 1997: 205. Also in=waːr-di id.
Kelo:wǝːdi2
Bender 1997: 205.
Beni Sheko:waːr2
Bender 1997: 205.
Gaam:wɛ́ːdá2
Bender & Malik 1980: 159. Plural: wiːɬ-ǝg. Meaning glossed as 'fine, good, o.k., splendid, worthwile; beautiful, elegant, graceful, handsome, luminous, pretty; chief, important, main, significant; faithful, generous, gentle, honest, kind, loyal, noble, prudent, reliable, well-behaved, well-bred; fertile, proper, safe, useful, valuable, be(come) well'. Quoted as wɛ́ɛ̄d̪á, pl. wíǝ̄-gg 'good, beautiful' in [Stirtz 2012: 157]. Cf. also ɕɛ́ːn-dúg 'funny, good, playful', derived from ɕɛ̄ːn- 'to joke, be merry, be mischievous, play' [Bender & Malik 1980: 61]; ɕūː- 'be good, happy, interesting, mild, pure, sweet, well' [Bender & Malik 1980: 62] (these two words seem to have more specialized meanings, in the directions of 'funny' and 'happy' respectively). Cf. weket-en (Marno) 'good, beautiful' and wĭeːt-in, pl. wĭeːt-aka 'good' in [Verri 1955: 311] (the form in Marno's notes is particularly important, indicating that an original velar consonant may have been deleted in the root).
NUMBER:35
WORD:green
Aka:=dɛgir1
Bender 1997: 209.
Molo:seːi̯ro1
Bender 1997: 209.
Kelo:=ʓeriyǝ1
Bender 1997: 209.
Beni Sheko:eː=keːrǝ1
Bender 1997: 209.
Gaam:ɲáːr2
Bender & Malik 1980: 125. Color term, apparently distinct from sɔ̄ì- 'be damp, moist, soggy, wet; fresh, green (unripe)' [Bender & Malik 1980: 141]. Quoted as ɲáār, pl. ɲáār-g 'green' in [Stirtz 2012: 158].
NUMBER:36
WORD:hair
Aka:ʓɛke1
Bender 1997: 205. Plural: ʓɛke-i. Quoted as gyeka in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 10].
Molo:fɔta2
Bender 1997: 205. Differently in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 10]: ʓŏko 'hair'.
Kelo:ɔɲǝ3
Bender 1997: 205. Differently in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 10]: kāīŋg 'hair'.
Beni Sheko:ʓʼǝŋge1
Bender 1997: 205.
Gaam:sùː-d4
Bender & Malik 1980: 141. Plural: sùːd-g. Polysemy: 'fur / hair / wool'. Apparently no lexical distinction between 'head hair' and 'body hair'. Quoted as sg. sūù-d̪, pl. sùː-gg in [Stirtz 2012: 124]. Cf. sugu-d (De Pruyssenaere), suː-t (Seligman) 'hair' in [Verri 1955: 309].
NUMBER:37
WORD:hand
Aka:ɕar-ga1
Bender 1997: 205. Plural: ɕaːr-a. Quoted as ɕerga ~ ɕerawaːsi in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Molo:sɔro1
Bender 1997: 205. Quoted as sŏror in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Kelo:ɕɔyǝ1
Bender 1997: 205. Quoted as an=sŏra in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11] (with a pronominal prefix).
Beni Sheko:ɕɔrɔ ~ sɔrɔ1
Bender 1997: 205.
Gaam:ás2
Bender & Malik 1980: 44. Plural: ás-ǝ́g. Quoted as áàs 'my hand', ɔ́ɔ̀s 'your hand', ɛ́ɛ̀s 'his hand' (with various possessive prefixes), pl. ǝ̀s-ǝ̄gg 'my hands', ùs-ūgg 'your hands', ìs-īgg 'their hands' in [Stirtz 2012: 81]. Cf. waso (Marno) 'hand' in [Verri 1955: 310]; oːs, pl. uːs-ak (Seligman) 'hand' in [Verri 1955: 308] (all these forms probably mean 'your hand/s/').
NUMBER:38
WORD:head
Aka:ɔla1
Bender 1997: 205. Plural: ɔla-di. Quoted as ola in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Molo:ɔla1
Bender 1997: 205. Quoted as ola in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Kelo:ɔla1
Bender 1997: 205. Quoted as ola in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Beni Sheko:ɔːla1
Bender 1997: 205.
Gaam:ɔ́l1
Bender & Malik 1980: 129. Plural: ùl-g. Polysemy: 'head / point / tip / top / on, upon (prep.)'. Quoted as ɔ́ːl in [Stirtz 2012: 34]. Cf. oːl (Seligman), oll (Marno), ol (De Pruyssenaere) 'head' in [Verri 1955: 308] (according to Marno, with polysemy: 'head / hair').
NUMBER:39
WORD:hear
Aka:eːro ~ eːrː1
Bender 1997: 205.
Molo:eːr1
Bender 1997: 205.
Kelo:ʋssine2
Bender 1997: 205.
Beni Sheko:assini2
Bender 1997: 205.
Gaam:fı̄ŋ-ǝ̄n-3
Bender & Malik 1980: 76. Polysemy: 'to hear / to listen'. Quoted as fīŋǝ́-d̪ǝ̄ in [Stirtz 2012: 275].
NUMBER:40
WORD:heart
Aka:ninagaga1
Bender 1997: 206. The plural form is listed as nilaɣaɣaɣˈadai (sic!) [Bender 1997: 214].
Molo:kɔ=ŋʸıne1
Bender 1997: 206. The first syllable is segmented out by Bender as a prefix, without a precise explanation.
Kelo:iyɔ2
Bender 1997: 206.
Beni Sheko:iːyo2
Bender 1997: 206.
Gaam:bɔ́n3
Bender & Malik 1980: 57. Plural: bɔ́n-ág. Polysemy: 'heart (physical) / soul'. Quoted as bɔ́n, pl. bɔ́n-āːgg in [Stirtz 2012: 100]. Cf., perhaps, also boen (Marno) 'fat' (sic!) in [Verri 1955: 302] (same word with polysemy or misglossed semantics?). Distinct from kúnd 'heart (fig. and physical) / mood' [Bender & Malik 1980: 104], which also, in the plural, means 'breast' q.v.
NUMBER:41
WORD:horn
Aka:kɔsʋl-ge1
Bender 1997: 206. Plural: kɔsʋːl-i.
Molo:kʋdul1
Bender 1997: 206.
Kelo:kʋsʋl-tǝ1
Bender 1997: 206. Plural: kʋsʋl-e.
Beni Sheko:gʋsuːli1
Bender 1997: 206.
Gaam:ı́l2
Bender & Malik 1980: 86. Plural: ı́l-g. Quoted as sg. îl, pl. ìl-ǝ̄ːgg in [Stirtz 2012: 124]. Cf. a completely different equivalent in serm (Seligman) 'horn' in [Verri 1955: 309].
Bender 1997: 206. Glossed as ǝŋ in [Bender 1989: 160]. Object form: =á. Possessive form: =n=á (sg.), =á (pl.).
Beni Sheko:ıŋgi1
Bender 1997: 206.
Gaam:àː-n1
Bender & Malik 1980: 42. Subject and object forms of the independent pronoun. Cf. the possessive clitical form =ǝ̄ːn 'my' [ibid.]. The paradigm in [Stirtz 2012: 78] is as follows: "long subject" āː-n, "short subject" á, object -a, dative -ǝ-n, possessive prefix ā, etc. Cf. aː-nĕ (Seligman), a-nna-se (Marno) 'I' in [Verri 1955: 301].
NUMBER:43
WORD:kill
Aka:pɔː1
Bender 1997: 206.
Molo:fɔːdu1
Bender 1997: 206.
Kelo:pɔːzi ~ bɔːzi1
Bender 1997: 206. The verb ɛddıbi ~ ǝddıbi 'to hit' may also be used in the meaning 'to kill' [Bender 1997: 209, 214].
Beni Sheko:bɔːsi1
Bender 1997: 206.
Gaam:dǝ̄f-2
Bender & Malik 1980: 63. Polysemy: 'to break to pieces / to fight / to hit / to kill'. Other possible candidates include tır-d- 'to assassinate, cause to die, kill, murder, slay' [Bender & Malik 1980: 151], a regular causative derivative from tı́r- 'to die' q.v.; and the idiomatic expression kǝ́n-tirɬi 'to kill', literally 'to pierce-to-death' [Bender & Malik 1980: 97]. In [Stirtz 2012], several different verbs are interchangeably translated as 'kill'; it is unclear which one should be selected as the more general/neutral equivalent, but the most frequently cited ones are also d̪àf-, e. g. in [Stirtz 2012: 185], and the causative stem t̪ir-, e. g. in [Stirtz 2012: 193]. Cf. tofa-gen (Marno) 'to kill' in [Verri 1955: 309]; dau- (Seligman) 'to kill' in [Verri 1955: 303].
NUMBER:44
WORD:knee
Aka:kʋsu1
Bender 1997: 206. Plural: kʋsuː-ŋi. Quoted as kusu in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Molo:kʋdu1
Bender 1997: 206. Quoted as kudu in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Kelo:kʋsʋ1
Bender 1997: 206. Plural: kʋsʋ-nde. Quoted as an=gusum in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11] (with the same prefix as in an=kwa 'chest' q.v., etc.).
Beni Sheko:kʋsu1
Bender 1997: 206. Plural: kusuː-ŋi.
Gaam:kʋsmi ~ kʋsʋmi1
Bender & Malik 1980: 105. Plural: kʋsmi-g. Quoted as sg. kūsūmíː, pl. kùsùmīː-gg in [Stirtz 2012: 124].
NUMBER:45
WORD:know
Aka:aːŋe1
Bender 1997: 206.
Molo:ŋǝdni2
Bender 1997: 206.
Kelo:kʷɔyǝ3
Bender 1997: 206.
Beni Sheko:kɔːrmi4
Bender 1997: 206.
Gaam:ɲɛl-5
Bender & Malik 1980: 126. Polysemy: 'to acquaint / to believe / to know / to perceive'. Quoted as ɲíl ~ ɲɛ́l in [Stirtz 2012: 330].
NUMBER:45
WORD:know
Aka:
Molo:
Kelo:
Beni Sheko:
Gaam:túr-6
Bender & Malik 1980: 153. Polysemy: 'to notice, observe / to see / to know / to understand'. The difference between ɲɛl- and túr- is not very clear and seems at least partially suppletive (the stem túr- is said to be used in the infinitive and imperative forms of the paradigm of ɲɛl-); we currently include both as technical synonyms.
Bender & Malik 1980: 149. Plural: teːfa-g. Quoted as t̪ɛ́ːfá 'leaf; liver sickness' (?) in [Stirtz 2012: 38].
NUMBER:47
WORD:lie
Aka:
Not attested.
Molo:
Not attested.
Kelo:
Not attested.
Beni Sheko:
Not attested.
Gaam:pɔːl-1
Bender & Malik 1980: 133. Meaning glossed as 'to lie (down), be prostrate'.
NUMBER:48
WORD:liver
Aka:tɔgi1
Bender 1997: 206. Plural: tɔgi-de.
Molo:kibda-1
Bender 1997: 206.
Kelo:teː-te1
Bender 1997: 206.
Beni Sheko:teː1
Bender 1997: 206.
Gaam:ǝ̈ɬma2
Bender & Malik 1980: 41. Plural: ǝ̈ɬma-g. Quoted as sg. ǝ̀ːmǝ̄ː, pl. ǝ̀ːmǝ̄ː-gg in [Stirtz 2012: 124].
NUMBER:49
WORD:long
Aka:fuluːge1
Bender 1997: 206.
Molo:fʋluːgo1
Bender 1997: 206.
Kelo:ɔlʋʔʋ1
Bender 1997: 206.
Beni Sheko:uːluwe1
Bender 1997: 206.
Gaam:gàːl-2
Bender & Malik 1980: 79. Polysemy: 'be far / be long'. Cf. also ʓáːr 'far-reaching, high, long, tall' [Bender & Malik 1980: 204].
NUMBER:50
WORD:louse
Aka:gɛɲɛ1
Bender 1997: 206. Plural: gɛɲɛ-ki.
Molo:gˈiɲɔ1
Bender 1997: 206.
Kelo:ǝːɲǝ1
Bender 1997: 206. Plural: ǝːɲǝ-di.
Beni Sheko:aɲi1
Bender 1997: 206.
Gaam:ʓıŋ-d1
Bender & Malik 1980: 91. Plural: ʓıŋ-g. Quoted as ʓíŋ-íd̪ in [Stirtz 2012: 23].
NUMBER:51
WORD:man
Aka:ele=gora1
Bender 1997: 209. Plural: faː=kora [Bender 1997: 215]. The latter form is quoted as fa=kura 'man' in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11]; the simple form fa (= Bender's plural fa 'people', see notes on 'person') is also listed there in the same singulative meaning 'man', which is probably erroneous.
Molo:ulisǝkǝlo2
Bender 1997: 209. Plural: kyesi=ulisǝkǝlo [Bender 1997: 215]. In [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11], the meaning 'man' is rendered with two equivalents: oleːsokŏla (= Bender's =ulisǝkǝlo) and wera (no direct equivalent in Bender's notes, but most likely represents the same component as =ɔr- in Bender's amɔl-ɔr-a). It is unclear which 'man' is referred to ('male human being' or 'person = human being in general'), or whether the two different words may correspond to both of these meanings.
Kelo:amɔlɔra3
Bender 1997: 209. Quoted as amŭlŏra in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11]. Plural: paː=kɔra [Bender 1997: 215].
Bender & Malik 1980: 87. Plural: ʓɔ̄g=fūì-g. The first part of the compound is 'person' q.v.; the second is the adjectival stem fúì 'male, masculine' [Bender & Malik 1980: 77]. Cf. ǯaː=fŭĭ, pl. ǯuk=fŭĭ-k (Seligman) 'man' in [Verri 1955: 305].
NUMBER:52
WORD:many
Aka:maːri1
Bender 1997: 206. Polysemy: 'big / many'.
Molo:fɔɲa2
Bender 1997: 206.
Kelo:leʔa3
Bender 1997: 206.
Beni Sheko:leːʔa ~ liaʔ3
Bender 1997: 206.
Gaam:tǝlg4
Bender & Malik 1980: 146. Quoted as t̪âlg in [Stirtz 2012: 154]. Cf. talke (Marno), pl. talga (Seligman), tulga (Robertson) 'many' in [Verri 1955: 309].
NUMBER:53
WORD:meat
Aka:oʔo1
Bender 1997: 206. Quoted as oʔo in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Molo:fie2
Bender 1997: 206. Quoted as fiːeː in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Kelo:kɔːkɔ3
Bender 1997: 206. Quoted as koko in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Beni Sheko:ɔʔɔ1
Bender 1997: 206.
Gaam:ɔɲ1
Bender & Malik 1980: 129. Plural: ɔɲ-g. Quoted as ɔ̄ɲ in [Stirtz 2012: 35]. Cf. oɲ (De Pruyssenaere) in [Verri 1955: 308].
NUMBER:54
WORD:moon
Aka:aguwa1
Bender 1997: 206. Plural: aguwa-di. Quoted as agwa in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Molo:ˈaguwa1
Bender 1997: 206. Quoted as agwa in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Kelo:aʔʋwa1
Bender 1997: 206. Quoted as aguwa in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Beni Sheko:aqa1
Bender 1997: 206.
Gaam:tūrī2
Bender & Malik 1980: 208. Plural: tūrī-g. Polysemy: 'moon / month'. Cf. tùri (Seligman) 'moon' in [Verri 1955: 310].
Bender & Malik 1980: 129. Plural: ùɬg. Polysemy: 'mouth / snout'. Quoted as āː-gg 'my mouth', ɔ̄ː-gg 'your mouth', ɛ̄ː-gg 'his/her mouth' in [Stirtz 2012: 98], where the root actually has zero shape (< *ā=ɬ-g, *ɔ̄=ɬ-g, *ɛ̄=ɬ-g with regular deletion of -ɬ- in the modern variety of the language described by Stirtz).
Bender & Malik 1980: 127. Plural: ŋɛ̀lg. Quoted as ŋālg in [Stirtz 2012: 22]. Cf. gaga (Marno) 'neck' in [Verri 1955: 304] (same word with denasalization or a different root?).
NUMBER:59
WORD:new
Aka:araːya1
Bender 1997: 206.
Molo:araːya1
Bender 1997: 206.
Kelo:ayaya1
Bender 1997: 206.
Beni Sheko:aːyara1
Bender 1997: 206.
Gaam:yáː ~ yáː-n2
Bender & Malik 1980: 160. Polysemy: 'new / next / second'. Quoted as yáː, pl. yáː-gg in [Stirtz 2012: 157]. Cf. geburr (Marno) 'fresh, new' in [Verri 1955: 305].
NUMBER:60
WORD:night
Aka:ɔrg-a1
Bender 1997: 206. Plural: ɔrg-aŋai. Same root as 'black' q.v.
Molo:ɔrrɛle1
Bender 1997: 206. Same root as 'black' q.v.
Kelo:ɔrrɔ1
Bender 1997: 206. Same word as 'black' q.v.
Beni Sheko:ɔːrɔ1
Bender 1997: 206. Same root as 'black' q.v.
Gaam:káí2
Bender & Malik 1980: 210. Plural: káí-g. Quoted as káːɛ́ in [Stirtz 2012: 48]. Cf. kai (Seligman) 'night' in [Verri 1955: 306]. Cf. also iːgyiː-g (Robertson) 'night' in [Verri 1955: 305]; tamaːm (Marno) 'night' in [Verri 1955: 309].
NUMBER:61
WORD:nose
Aka:ɲamuna=mɔ-di1
Bender 1997: 206. The second component = ʋmɔː-di 'face' [Bender 1997: 208]. Quoted as imana=mu-di in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Molo:arkanǝ=mu-di1
Bender 1997: 206. The second component = muː-di 'face' [Bender 1997: 208]. Quoted simply as mu-di 'nose' in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Kelo:ʋ=muː-di1
Bender 1997: 206. Quoted as a=muː-ti in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Beni Sheko:aː=mu-di1
Bender 1997: 206.
Gaam:fɔ̄dɔ̄r2
Bender & Malik 1980: 76. Plural: fɔ̄dɔ̄r-g. Quoted as sg. fɔ̀d̪ɔ̀r, pl. fɔ̀d̪ɔ̀r-ɛ̄ːgg in [Stirtz 2012: 124]. Cf. fotor (De Pruyssenaere) 'nose' in [Verri 1955: 304], uː=fŭtŭr (Seligman) 'nose' in [Verri 1955: 310].
NUMBER:62
WORD:not
Aka:=to ~ =tu ~ =tɔ1
Bender 1989: 168. According to Bender, this suffixal morpheme is normally used in conjunction with the prefixal negation wǝl-, e. g. màː wǝ́l=éʓé-tù "fire is not cold". On its own, this prefixal morpheme is used in the prohibitive function: wǝl leːi "do not stand!" It is also believed to have been borrowed from Arabic (wǝla), which leaves the suffixal =to ~ =tu as the optimal candidate for external comparison.
Molo:in- ~ n-2
Bender 1989: 169. Cf.: mɔ̀ː n=wáré "the cow is not good". Bender also states that he had recorded "NEG exist" as iːto, without any supporting examples (but an interesting note in light of Aka general negative =to ~ =tu).
Kelo:á ~ áː3
Bender 1989: 169. This is the general negative: máː áː lúwà "the fire is not hot". It is opposed to the prohibitive ìːsɛ́n: ìːsɛ́n mǝ́ːɗì "do not drink!"
Beni Sheko:
Not attested.
Gaam:wà ~ wàʔ4
Bender & Malik 1980: 155. Quoted as wá (clause-final particle) in [Stirtz 2012: 279].
NUMBER:63
WORD:one
Aka:ligi-di1
Bender 1997: 206. Quoted as lĭgĭ-dĭ in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Molo:leː-di1
Bender 1997: 206; Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11.
Kelo:lɔː-di1
Bender 1997: 206. Quoted as loː-di in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Beni Sheko:loː-di1
Bender 1997: 206.
Gaam:tǝ́mǝ́n2
Bender & Malik 1980: 110. Polysemy: 'each / one / individual / a (article)'. Quoted as t̪āmán in [Stirtz 2012: 151]. Cf. dămman (De Pruyssenaere) 'one' in [Verri 1955: 303]; tamann (Marno) 'one' in [Verri 1955: 309]; tŭm (Seligman) 'one' in [Verri 1955: 310].
Bender 1997: 206. Also aːmɔːl id. (Bender's note: "l devoices"). Suppletive plural: ba 'people'.
Beni Sheko:amiːl-u1
Bender 1997: 206. Suppletive plural: fa 'people'.
Gaam:ʓáː3
Bender & Malik 1980: 87. Plural: ʓɔ́-g. Quoted as sg. ʓīn, pl. ʓɔ̄-gg in [Stirtz 2012: 109]. Cf. ga (Robertson) (possibly a misprint for [ǧa] = ʓa) 'person' in [Verri 1955: 304]; gén-fui (Seligman) 'person' (actually, 'man /male/', see notes on 'man') in [Verri 1955: 305]. The singular stems *ʓa and *ʓin seem to be in complementary distribution between different dialects of Gaam, but there is no reason to believe that they go back to two different roots (more likely, the second one incorporates a fused former singulative marker).
NUMBER:65
WORD:rain
Aka:kʷıɕ-e1
Bender 1997: 206. Plural: same as sg. or kʷıɕ-ɛŋi. Quoted as kwĭɕa in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Molo:aːro2
Bender 1997: 206; Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11.
Kelo:guʓǝ ~ kuʓǝ1
Bender 1997: 206. Quoted as kwiːsa in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Beni Sheko:guːʓe1
Bender 1997: 206.
Gaam:kɔ̄ì1
Bender & Malik 1980: 100. Polysemy: 'cloud / rain / blood (from nose-bleed)'. Distinct from the verbal stem lɔ́ː- 'to fall (of rain)' [Bender & Malik 1980: 109]. Cf. kwai (Seligman), kwoi (Robertson) 'rain' in [Verri 1955: 306]; goy-en (Marno) 'rain' in [Verri 1955: 305]; oye (De Pruyssenaere) 'rain' in [Verri 1955: 308].
NUMBER:66
WORD:red
Aka:pɔːra1
Bender 1997: 206.
Molo:fɔra1
Bender 1997: 206.
Kelo:tɔyǝŋ2
Bender 1997: 206.
Beni Sheko:bʋra1
Bender 1997: 206.
Gaam:bɛ̀rɬé3
Bender & Malik 1980: 55. Quoted as sg. bɛ̀rà, pl. bɛ̀rà-gg in [Stirtz 2012: 155]. Cf. berdi (De Pruyssenaere) 'red' in [Verri 1955: 305] (the complete quoted form is gyena berdi, where the first component may mean 'clothes').
NUMBER:67
WORD:road
Aka:aŋgar1
Bender 1997: 206. Plural: aŋgar-eða.
Molo:aːma2
Bender 1997: 206. Also al=aːma id.; Bender states that al= is the borrowed Arabic article, but the stem aːma itself looks inherited. However, the Arabic borrowing šaːri 'road' may also be used [Bender 1997: 214].
Kelo:aːma2
Bender 1997: 206. The Arabic borrowing šaria 'road' may also be used [Bender 1997: 215].
Beni Sheko:aːma2
Bender 1997: 206.
Gaam:tɛːd3
Bender & Malik 1980: 149. Plural: tɛːɬ-g. Meaning glossed as 'passage, road, route, way'. Quoted as t̪ɛ̄ː-d̪ in [Stirtz 2012: 28]. Cf. teθ (Seligman) 'path' in [Verri 1955: 309].
Bender & Malik 1980: 105. Meaning glossed as 'around, round'. The component taː is the general verb 'to be'.
NUMBER:70
WORD:sand
Aka:assɛssɛl1
Bender 1997: 206.
Molo:ɔdǝːla2
Bender 1997: 206.
Kelo:ɕɛːŋa ~ kʸɛːŋa3
Bender 1997: 206.
Beni Sheko:kɛrɛŋa3
Bender 1997: 206.
Gaam:sɛsa1
Bender & Malik 1980: 140. Polysemy: 'pebble / sand'.
NUMBER:71
WORD:say
Aka:ʓǝgǝsi #1
Bender 1997: 206. Somewhat dubious (a sidenote glosses this as 'speak' rather than 'say').
Molo:tuːrano2
Bender 1997: 206.
Kelo:ʋlli3
Bender 1997: 206.
Beni Sheko:ılli3
Bender 1997: 206.
Gaam:kɔ́r-4
Bender & Malik 1980: 101. Meaning glossed as 'remark, say, speak, talk, utter (word); announce, deliver a speech, proclaim, pronounce, relate, tell; argue; assume; chat, converse; suspect'. This seems to be the most basic equivalent for the meaning 'say' in Gaam.
NUMBER:71
WORD:say
Aka:
Molo:
Kelo:wanza5
Bender 1997: 206. No known difference between this equivalent and ʋlli.
Beni Sheko:
Gaam:bè-6
Bender & Malik 1980: 53. Past stem: be-s-. Meaning glossed as 'to assert, propose, recommend, suggest; to say; to suppose, suspect'. We count kɔ́r- and bè- as technical synonyms for the moment. It must be, however, noted that in [Stirtz 2012] it is unquestionably the verb bɛ̀ː- that should be regarded as the basic equivalent for the required Swadesh meaning; this is confirmed by numerous textual examples, e. g. in [Stirtz 2012: 180] and elsewhere.
NUMBER:72
WORD:see
Aka:gǝllǝko1
Bender 1997: 207.
Molo:kɔrmo2
Bender 1997: 207.
Kelo:aːr-3
Bender 1997: 207.
Beni Sheko:aːri3
Bender 1997: 207.
Gaam:túr-4
Bender & Malik 1980: 153. Meaning glossed as 'notice, observe, perceive, see, witness; grasp, imagine, know, understand; confirm, discover, locate'. Same word as 'know' q.v. Quoted as t̪úr in [Stirtz 2012: 57]. A possible alternative is awr- 'to aim (at), gaze (at), look at, observe, peep, peek, see, sight, stare' [Bender & Malik 1980: 47], but this seems more like the proper equivalent for the intentional meaning 'to look'.
NUMBER:72
WORD:see
Aka:
Molo:
Kelo:ǝːy4
Bender 1997: 207. No known difference between this equivalent and aːr-.
Beni Sheko:
Gaam:
NUMBER:73
WORD:seed
Aka:wiːɕo1
Bender 1997: 207.
Molo:wɔːso1
Bender 1997: 207.
Kelo:teːrǝb-1
Bender 1997: 207. Borrowed from Arabic.
Beni Sheko:aːʓʓɛne2
Bender 1997: 212. The generic term for 'seed' is said to be the same in this language as the equivalent for 'dura seed' (sesame?) = Aka aːʓʓɛne, Molo addıni [ibid.].
Gaam:fǝidǝ3
Bender & Malik 1980: 73. Plural: fǝidǝ-g. Quoted as fɔ̄ɛ̄d̪á, pl. fɔ̄ɛ̄d̪áā-gg in [Stirtz 2012: 100].
NUMBER:74
WORD:sit
Aka:abbɛse1
Bender 1997: 207.
Molo:eːnǝ2
Bender 1997: 207.
Kelo:ɛbbɛsˈi1
Bender 1997: 207. Alternately transcribed as ʔɛbbɛsˈi, with an additional glottal stop for some reason.
Beni Sheko:aːbbızi1
Bender 1997: 207.
Gaam:aw-1
Bender & Malik 1980: 46. Polysemy: 'to sit / to dwell / to encamp / to be permanent / to spend time'. Infinitive form: ab. Present tense stem: a-n-. Past tense stem: aw-s-. Quoted as àɔ̄ (incompletive), àw- ~ àb- (different stems) in [Stirtz 2012: 23]. Cf. au- (Robertson) 'to sit; to stand' (sic!) in [Verri 1955: 302].
NUMBER:75
WORD:skin
Aka:kɔa-ka ~ kʷɔa-ka1
Bender 1997: 207. Plural: kɔa-ŋi.
Molo:ʓilda-1
Bender 1997: 207. Borrowed from Arabic.
Kelo:kɔkɔː-ne1
Bender 1997: 207.
Beni Sheko:sǝːba2
Bender 1997: 207.
Gaam:sǝw174
Bender & Malik 1980: 138. Plural: sǝw-g. Polysemy: 'skin / hide'. In the meaning '(animal) skin', other words are used as well: cf. furu 'leather, skin' [Bender & Malik 1980: 77]; pare 'bag, hide, skin, skin sack, leather water-bag' [Bender & Malik 1980: 132]. Cf. sab-ann (Marno) 'skin, hide' in [Verri 1955: 309].
Bender & Malik 1980: 121. Polysemy: 'to sleep / to lie down, repose'. Quoted as nāː (incompletive), nág- (underlying root) in [Stirtz 2012: 40].
NUMBER:77
WORD:small
Aka:tiːsa1
Bender 1997: 207.
Molo:tiːsa1
Bender 1997: 207.
Kelo:giːa2
Bender 1997: 207.
Beni Sheko:eːgiǝ2
Bender 1997: 207.
Gaam:ɲaːn3
Bender & Malik 1980: 125. Plural: ɲal-g(ɛ). Polysemy: 'little / narrow / small / young'. Quoted as ɲáān, pl. ɲāl-gɛ́ːgg 'small, young' in [Stirtz 2012: 157]. Cf. ɲan (Marno), sg. ɲaɲ, pl. ɲăl-geka (Seligman) 'small' in [Verri 1955: 307].
NUMBER:78
WORD:smoke
Aka:pʋru1
Bender 1997: 207.
Molo:furː1
Bender 1997: 207.
Kelo:pʋyu1
Bender 1997: 207.
Beni Sheko:bʋru1
Bender 1997: 207.
Gaam:ɲu:d2
Bender & Malik 1980: 127. Plural: ɲuːɬ-g. Polysemy: 'smoke / steam / vapor'. Cf. ɲugu-t (Marno) 'smoke' in [Verri 1955: 308] (still preserving an old intervocalic velar consonant, deleted in modern dialects).
NUMBER:79
WORD:stand
Aka:leː1
Bender 1997: 207.
Molo:laːgo1
Bender 1997: 207.
Kelo:kʷǝʔi2
Bender 1997: 207.
Beni Sheko:aːmmi3
Bender 1997: 207.
Gaam:tāːl-4
Bender & Malik 1980: 145. Polysemy: 'to stand / to be fixed / to be still / to stagnate'. As a transitive verb, its meanings are: 'to appoint, assign, employ; to decide, direct; to fix, put, set trap; to release, set free'. The verb ráː- [Bender & Malik 1980: 134] is also glossed as 'to stand', but it is also assigned such meanings as 'to cease, delay, be firmly fixed, be retarded, stop', implying that the basic meaning here is 'to stop, cease' rather than 'to be in a standing position'. Cf. tal (Seligman) 'to stand, to be' in [Verri 1955: 309]. In [Stirtz 2012: 62] (and passim) the meaning 'to stand' is assigned to the verb dɔ̄ɔ̀s-, but comparison with Bender & Malik's data show that this is rather the dynamic 'stand up': cf. ɖɔːs- 'to awake, get up, arise, stand up; to leave, set out' in [Bender & Malik 1980: 68].
NUMBER:80
WORD:star
Aka:podur ~ podɔr1
Bender 1997: 207. Plural: poːdur-i.
Molo:mideːro1
Bender 1997: 207.
Kelo:maːʓu-weya1
Bender 1997: 207. Also maːʓu-wa id.
Beni Sheko:maɕeːra1
Bender 1997: 207.
Gaam:páʓɔ́1
Bender & Malik 1980: 130. Plural: páʓɔ́-g. Polysemy: 'star / planet'. Quoted as páʓʓɔ̄ː in [Stirtz 2012: 36]. Cf. počan (Marno), sg. pŏgŏ, pl. pogó-k (Seligman) 'star' in [Verri 1955: 308].
NUMBER:81
WORD:stone
Aka:peːla1
Bender 1997: 207. Plural: peːla-ŋi. Quoted as pela in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 12].
Molo:fela1
Bender 1997: 207; Evans-Pritchard 1932: 12.
Kelo:bela1
Bender 1997: 207; Evans-Pritchard 1932: 12.
Beni Sheko:beːla ~ bɛla1
Bender 1997: 207.
Gaam:mìːd2
Bender & Malik 1980: 117. Plural: mìːd-ıg. Polysemy: 'stone / dance of elders (from stone used for percussion instrument)'. Quoted as mīːd̪, pl. mīːd̪-ǝ́gg in [Stirtz 2012: 102]. Cf. sg. mĭt, pl. mit-ak (Seligman), mítu (Marno, De Pruyssenaere) 'stone' in [Verri 1955: 307].
NUMBER:82
WORD:sun
Aka:biːdi1
Bender 1997: 207; Evans-Pritchard 1932: 12.
Molo:bˈiːdi1
Bender 1997: 207. Quoted as biːdi in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 12].
Kelo:ɓiːdi1
Bender 1997: 207. Quoted as biːtiː in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 12].
Beni Sheko:ɓiːdi1
Bender 1997: 207.
Gaam:tɛ́l2
Bender & Malik 1980: 149. Polysemy: 'sun / God'. Cf. tel (Marno, De Pruyssenaere, Seligman) 'sun / God' in [Verri 1955: 309].
NUMBER:83
WORD:swim
Aka:ʋːmıno1
Bender 1997: 207.
Molo:toʔɔni2
Bender 1997: 207.
Kelo:uːmaŋ1
Bender 1997: 207.
Beni Sheko:pɔŋgui3
Bender 1997: 207.
Gaam:=duːl4
Bender & Malik 1980: 54, 63. The meaning 'to swim' is expressed idiomatically, with one of the two expressions: bɛ̀l- duːl or dǝ̄f- duːl, where the verbs bɛ̀l- and dǝ̄f- both mean 'to beat, to hit'. The autonomous meaning of the component duːl is, however, unclear; it is definitely not 'water', and although it is phonetically close to dɛːl 'river', it cannot be identified with the latter because of phonetic discrepancies.
Bender 1997: 210. In the earlier source [Bender 1989: 159], the sg. form 'that' is glossed as =i-de and the plural 'those' is glossed as =i-sizi ~ =ɛ-sizi, but all the forms are said to be "fairly uncertain".
Bender & Malik 1980: 121. The plural form is tonally different: nàː-dè 'those'. The first syllable can probably be identified with the relative morpheme ná 'which, who, that' [ibid.]. Quoted as sg. náː-d̪ī 'that', pl. nàː-d̪ì 'those' ('away from both speaker and addressee') in [Stirtz 2012: 50]; cf. also the simpler forms náː ~ náː-n, pl. nàː ~ nàː-n 'that, those (near addressee)' ibid.
NUMBER:86
WORD:this
Aka:=e ~ =ɛ1
Bender 1989: 159. Plural: =i-ɕe ~ =e-ɕe 'those'. Glossed simply as e in [Bender 1997: 207].
Molo:=na2
Bender 1989: 159; Bender 1997: 207. In [Bender 1989: 159], the clitical forms =i and =e are also listed in the meaning 'this', and the plural 'these' is glossed as =ɛ-si ~ =i-si. However, an additional note states that "the Molo forms are fairly uncertain".
Kelo:=eʔ ~ ɛ-gǝi1
Bender 1997: 207. Glossed as =ɛ ~ =ɛ-gai in the earlier source [Bender 1989: 159]; the plural form 'these' is listed there as =ɛ-gai-ɕǝ.
Beni Sheko:=ʔi1
Bender 1997: 207.
Gaam:=nɛ́2
Bender & Malik 1980: 123. Plural: =nɛ̀. Quoted as sg. nɛ́ː 'this', pl. nɛ̀ː 'these' in [Stirtz 2012: 50].
NUMBER:87
WORD:thou
Aka:ıni1
Bender 1997: 207. Glossed as in-ni in [Bender 1989: 160]. Object form: =ɛni. Possessive form: =n=ía (sg.), =ia (pl.).
Molo:ın1
Bender 1997: 207. Glossed as ıŋ in [Bender 1989: 160]. Possessive form: =ɛ=ɲa (sg.), =ɲa (pl.).
Kelo:in1
Bender 1997: 207. Glossed as ıːŋ in [Bender 1989: 160]. Object form: =ín. Possessive form: =èná (sg.), =íɛ̀ (pl.).
Beni Sheko:ıni1
Bender 1997: 207.
Gaam:òn ~ òːn2
Bender & Malik 1980: 129. Subject and object forms of the independent pronoun (the object form also has an extra variant -ūːn). The possessive form 'your' is =ūːn (sg.), =ūnʋ̄k (pl.) [Bender & Malik 1980: 154]. The paradigm in [Stirtz 2012: 78] is as follows: "long subject" ɔ̄ː-n, "short subject" ɔ́, object -O, dative -u-n, possessive prefix ɔ̄, etc.
NUMBER:88
WORD:tongue
Aka:kala1
Bender 1997: 207. Plural: kala-ti. Quoted as kŭla in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 12].
Molo:kǝla1
Bender 1997: 207. Quoted as kŭla in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 12].
Kelo:kǝla1
Bender 1997: 207. Quoted as un=kŭla in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 12], with a prefix that is typical of body parts (cf. the variants an=, in= in numerous other items).
Beni Sheko:kǝla1
Bender 1997: 207.
Gaam:kǝ́lá-d1
Bender & Malik 1980: 96. Plural: kǝ́lá-ɬ-g. Quoted as sg. kālāː-d̪, pl. kǝ̀lǝ̄ː-gg in [Stirtz 2012: 124]. Cf. kaːlăt (Seligmann), khalgattu (Marno) 'tongue' in [Verri 1955: 306].
NUMBER:89
WORD:tooth
Aka:ɲiː-ɕe1
Bender 1997: 207. Plural: ɲiː-ði.
Molo:ɲi-su1
Bender 1997: 207. Plural: ɲi-di.
Kelo:ɲiː-di1
Bender 1997: 207. No difference between sg. or pl.
Beni Sheko:ɲi-di1
Bender 1997: 207. Possibly a plural form or a plurale tantum.
Gaam:ɲiː-d1
Bender & Malik 1980: 126. Plural: ɲiː-ɬ-g. Quoted as ɲíī-d̪, pl. ɲìː-gg in [Stirtz 2012: 124]. Cf. ɲigitu (Marno) 'tooth' in [Verri 1955: 308]; niĕt (Seligman) 'teeth' in [Verri 1955: 307].
NUMBER:90
WORD:tree
Aka:kǝɕa1
Bender 1997: 207. Plural: kǝɕa-ki. Quoted as kāīɕa in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 12].
Molo:kǝsa1
Bender 1997: 207. Quoted as kusa in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 12].
Kelo:kǝʓa1
Bender 1997: 207. Quoted as kāīša in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 12].
Beni Sheko:kǝɕa1
Bender 1997: 207.
Gaam:gūldū2
Bender & Malik 1980: 84. Plural: gūldū-g. Polysemy: 'tree / wood / beam, board / firewood / handle / log'. In [Stirtz 2012: 120], the word gùld̪ū, pl. gùld̪ū-gg is listed with polysemy 'tree trunk / wood', but not referring to growing trees. The meaning 'tree' as such (i. e. 'living tree') is rather correlated with the word ūfú [Stirtz 2012: 265], which is glossed in [Bender & Malik 1980: 154] as ūfū 'baobab'. Cf. the older sources: gulda, pl. gŭldŭ-k ~ gulda-ka (Seligman), guldu (Marno) 'tree' in [Verri 1955: 305]; wuldu (De Pruyssenaere) 'tree' in [Verri 1955: 311]. Stirtz's data most likely reflect a very recent trend towards the connected semantic shifts {'tree (gen.)' > 'tree as material, wood'} and {'baobab' > 'tree (gen.)'}.
NUMBER:91
WORD:two
Aka:waːsi1
Bender 1997: 207; Evans-Pritchard 1932: 12.
Molo:waːdi1
Bender 1997: 207; Evans-Pritchard 1932: 12.
Kelo:waːdi1
Bender 1997: 207. Quoted as waːti in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 12].
Beni Sheko:wadi1
Bender 1997: 207.
Gaam:ɖaːg2
Bender & Malik 1980: 63. Quoted as d̪áāgg in [Stirtz 2012: 152]. Cf. diag (Marno), diák (De Pruyssenaere), daːk (Seligman) in [Verri 1955: 303].
NUMBER:92
WORD:walk (go)
Aka:bǝgo1
Bender 1997: 205.
Molo:ba1
Bender 1997: 205.
Kelo:ɓǝi1
Bender 1997: 205.
Beni Sheko:ɓa ~ ɓi1
Bender 1997: 205.
Gaam:lɛʓ-2
Bender & Malik 1980: 108. Meaning glossed as 'go, part'. Distinct from the hardly eligible mɛ́r- 'to amble, go, hasten, hurry, be quick, be speedy' [Bender & Malik 1980: 116]. Quoted as lɛ́ʓ- in [Stirtz 2012: 321].
NUMBER:92
WORD:walk (go)
Aka:
Molo:
Kelo:
Beni Sheko:
Gaam:wǝ̄ì-1
Bender & Malik 1980: 156. Meaning glossed as 'to come out; displace, go, move, travel, walk; go with; leave'. Although this cluster of meanings at first seems to correspond to the meaning 'to exit' rather than 'to go (somewhere)', numerous textual examples in [Stirtz 2012] (where the word is transcribed as wǝ̄ī-) show that it might, in fact, be the most frequent equivalent for the required Swadesh meaning. However, precise difference between the usage of lɛʓ- and wǝ̄ì- has not been specially described in any publication, so we treat them as technical synonyms.
NUMBER:93
WORD:warm
Aka:luːge1
Bender 1997: 207. Meaning glossed as 'warm'.
Molo:luː ~ luːwa1
Bender 1997: 207. Meaning glossed as 'warm'.
Kelo:lua1
Bender 1997: 207. Meaning glossed as 'warm'.
Beni Sheko:luːi1
Bender 1997: 207. Meaning glossed as 'warm'.
Gaam:
Not properly attested. The closest equivalent is lùːɬùn, pl. lùːɬùn-ag 'glowing, hot, shining', an adjectival verb derived from lùːɬ 'dry season' [Bender & Malik 1980: 110]. However, the way that the meanings are glossed suggests that this may not be the neutral equivalent for either 'warm' or 'hot'. Cf. lūsú, pl. lūsu-gg 'hot' in [Stirtz 2012: 157].
NUMBER:94
WORD:water
Aka:ɕi1
Bender 1997: 207; Evans-Pritchard 1932: 12.
Molo:si1
Bender 1997: 207; Evans-Pritchard 1932: 12.
Kelo:kiʔi2
Bender 1997: 207. Cf. siki 'water' in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 12].
Beni Sheko:kiː2
Bender 1997: 207.
Gaam:fɛ-g3
Bender & Malik 1980: 74. Plurale tantum. Quoted as fɛ̄gg in [Stirtz 2012: 30]. Cf. also wāː 'water, watery place' in [Bender & Malik 1980: 155], quoted as wāː 'water' in [Stirtz 2012: 22]. Cf. faku (De Pruyssenaere), feko (Marno), fĭk (Seligman) 'water' in [Verri 1955: 304].
Bender 1997: 207. Glossed as ǝy in [Bender 1989: 160]. Object form: =éwè. Possessive form: =no (sg.), =gǝ̀u (pl.).
Beni Sheko:iː-ʓe1
Bender 1997: 207.
Gaam:ā-g-ˈān1
Bender & Malik 1980: 38. Independent pronoun. Cf. also the subject prefix ă-g-; the object suffix -ˈǝ̄-g-ǝ̄n [ibid.]. The paradigm in [Stirtz 2012: 78] is as follows: "long subject" āː-ggá, "short subject" ā-gg, object -aː̨ggá, dative -ǝ-ggǝn, possessive prefix ā-gg, etc.
NUMBER:96
WORD:what
Aka:i=ɲiː1
Bender 1997: 207. Plural: ʔi-gɛ. Glossed as sg. iɲi, pl. ɲì-gɛ́ in [Bender 1989: 170].
Molo:ŋi1
Bender 1997: 207. Also šı=ŋi ~ sı=ŋi id. Glossed as ni ~ si=ni in [Bender 1989: 170].
Kelo:ɲi1
Bender 1997: 207. Also ɲani id. Glossed as ɲi ~ ɲàní in [Bender 1989: 170].
Beni Sheko:ɲi-ne1
Bender 1997: 207.
Gaam:ɲí1
Bender & Malik 1980: 126. Plural: ɲiː-gı. Quoted as sg. ɲíː, pl. ɲíː-gg (unmarked form), sg. ɲíī-nā, pl. ɲíː-ggǝ̀ (marked form) in [Stirtz 2012: 311].
NUMBER:97
WORD:white
Aka:baːga1
Bender 1997: 207.
Molo:fɔ1
Bender 1997: 207.
Kelo:bɔ1
Bender 1997: 207.
Beni Sheko:eːbo1
Bender 1997: 207.
Gaam:pɔ̄ː- ~ pɔ̄ː-n-1
Bender & Malik 1980: 132. Quoted as pɔ́ɔ̀, pl. pɔ́ɔ̀-g in [Stirtz 2012: 155]. Cf. pōde-n (Marno) 'white', gobono podé (De Pruyssenaere) 'white' (the first word gobono is unclear) in [Verri 1955: 308].
NUMBER:98
WORD:who
Aka:ŋa1
Bender 1997: 207. Plural: ŋaː-ga. Glossed as sg. ŋā, pl. ŋaː-ga in [Bender 1989: 170].
Molo:ı-nu2
Bender 1997: 207. Plural: i-ku. Glossed as sg. ı-nu, pl. ì-kú in [Bender 1989: 170].
Kelo:na=ŋai1
Bender 1997: 207. Plural: ka=ŋai. Glossed as sg. ŋái ~ na=ŋái, pl. ŋái ~ ka=ŋái in [Bender 1989: 170].
Beni Sheko:ŋai1
Bender 1997: 207.
Gaam:ŋǝ́ná1
Bender & Malik 1980: 127. Plural: ŋǝ́ná-dǝ. Quoted as sg. ŋān, pl. ŋānáā-d̪áān in [Stirtz 2012: 311].
NUMBER:99
WORD:woman
Aka:ileːmi1
Bender 1997: 207. Suppletive plural: faː-miki (the first component is 'people', see notes on 'person'). Quoted as ulèmi in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 12].
Molo:adiŋɛlǝ2
Bender 1997: 207. Plural: adaŋʸile [Bender 1997: 215]. Quoted as aduŋgela in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 12].
Kelo:amɔlɔʔıŋ3
Bender 1997: 207. Suppletive plural: baː-imi [Bender 1997: 215] (the first component is 'people', see notes on 'person'). Differently in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 12]: wera 'woman' (possibly a mistake, because cf. Malkan /Molo/ wera 'man' [ibid.: 11]).
Beni Sheko:amelɛːmɛn3
Bender 1997: 207. Suppletive plural: faː-miŋ [Bender 1997: 215] (the first component is 'people', see notes on 'person').
Gaam:ɔ́d4
Bender & Malik 1980: 128. Plural: ɔ̀ɬ-g. Polysemy: 'woman / wife'. Quoted as ɔ̄d̪ 'wife' in [Stirtz 2012: 35]. Cf. also kàmàlɔ̀gg 'woman' in [Stirtz 2012: 47]. Cf. ato (De Pruyssenaere) 'woman' in [Verri 1955: 302]; ŏt, pl. ol-k (Seligman) 'woman, wife' in [Verri 1955: 309]; utt (Robertson) 'woman' in [Verri 1955: 310].
NUMBER:100
WORD:yellow
Aka:ŋaːrgɛn1
Bender 1997: 207.
Molo:kuːrkʋm-1
Bender 1997: 207. Borrowed from Arabic.
Kelo:kɛriyǝ2
Bender 1997: 207.
Beni Sheko:beːbɛ3
Bender 1997: 207.
Gaam:bɔ̀ːr4
Bender & Malik 1980: 58. Meaning glossed as 'pale, yellow-orange'. Quoted as bɔ̄ɔ̀r, pl. bɔ̀r-g 'yellow' in [Stirtz 2012: 155].
NUMBER:101
WORD:far
Aka:ruːke1
Bender 1997: 208.
Molo:rʋːko1
Bender 1997: 208.
Kelo:yʋːŋǝ̆1
Bender 1997: 208.
Beni Sheko:
Not attested.
Gaam:ɖugud #2
Bender & Malik 1980: 68. Meaning glossed as 'distant, far'. Additionally, cf. also gàːl- 'to be far, to be long' [Bender & Malik 1980: 79] (this is the basic equivalent for 'long' q.v.) = gàál 'far' in [Stirtz 2012: 49]; tú-tì 'far', derived from tú 'away, external, off, outside' [Bender & Malik 1980: 152]. It is not quite clear which of these should be considered the default equivalent for the required meaning. Cf. also an=duːgut 'far' (Marno) in [Verri 1955: 301] (where the first part is probably a copula).
NUMBER:102
WORD:heavy
Aka:liːɕe1
Bender 1997: 209.
Molo:liːso1
Bender 1997: 209.
Kelo:liʓǝ ~ lidʸǝ1
Bender 1997: 209.
Beni Sheko:
Not attested.
Gaam:íɬı́-n2
Bender & Malik 1980: 86. Cf. íì, pl. íì-gg in [Stirtz 2012: 157]. Cf. üdim 'heavy' (Marno) in [Verri 1955: 310] (not clear if this is the same word, mistranscribed, or something completely different).
NUMBER:103
WORD:near
Aka:lɛːgi1
Bender 1997: 209.
Molo:loːgi1
Bender 1997: 209.
Kelo:leːŋǝ̆1
Bender 1997: 209.
Beni Sheko:
Not attested.
Gaam:tɛ̄ːr2
Bender & Malik 1980: 150. Polysemy: 'near / shallow'.
NUMBER:104
WORD:salt
Aka:kaːgǝw1
Bender 1997: 210.
Molo:kaga ~ gaga1
Bender 1997: 210.
Kelo:kaːko1
Bender 1997: 210.
Beni Sheko:
Not attested.
Gaam:bǝ̀ːɬ2
Bender & Malik 1980: 50. Quoted as sg. bǝ̄ːð, pl. bǝ̄ːð-g ~ bǝ̄ːð-īːgg in [Stirtz 2012: 111]. Cf. bagidi (De Pruyssenaere), begidenn (Marno) 'salt' in [Verri 1955: 302].
NUMBER:105
WORD:short
Aka:lɛdʋrː1
Bender 1997: 210. Also giseyir id., borrowed from Arabic [Bender 1997: 215].
Bender 1997: 207. Quoted as maːlaː in [Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11].
Kelo:maːla1
Bender 1997: 207; Evans-Pritchard 1932: 11.
Beni Sheko:maːla1
Bender 1997: 207.
Gaam:dǝ̀ʰr2
Bender & Malik 1980: 65. Plural: dǝ̀ʰr-ig. Quoted as d̪ǝ̄ǝ̀r 'snake type' in [Stirtz 2012: 34].
NUMBER:107
WORD:thin
Aka:mɔʓʓǝl1
Bender 1997: 207.
Molo:fulugo #2
Bender 1997: 207. Bender notes suspicious similarity with fʋluːgo 'long' q.v.; perhaps the meaning is glossed inaccurately and the form is really an idiolectal variant of 'long'.
Kelo:ɓɔdʋlu ~ ɓǝɗɔyǝ3
Bender 1997: 207. Cf. ɓudullu 'short' (a variant of the same word?).
Beni Sheko:ɗeːɗe4
Bender 1997: 207.
Gaam:ɖɛ́ːr5
Bender & Malik 1980: 66. Meaning glossed as 'be(come) slim, thin; shrink'. Cf. also kàː- 'be emaciated, be(come) slim, thin, weak' [Bender & Malik 1980: 94] (probably said of people, but no diagnostic contexts are available) = ká-ɛ̀n 'thin' in [Stirtz 2012: 49].
NUMBER:108
WORD:wind
Aka:ɛbeːgu1
Bender 1997: 211. Another listed form, with a question mark, is the oddly shaped alosarr 'wind'.
Molo:woɔːdi #2
Bender 1997: 211. Glossed with a question mark as wo ɔːdi (idiomatic expression? the individual components, however, have not been identified).
Kelo:ɔːbɔ1
Bender 1997: 211.
Beni Sheko:
Not attested.
Gaam:ùː2
Bender & Malik 1980: 153. Plural: ùː-g. Polysemy: 'air / wind / storm, tempest / weather'. Quoted as ùː 'air' in [Stirtz 2012: 37]. Cf. ou (Seligman) 'wind' in [Verri 1955: 308]. Other early sources list a different equivalent: eyntó (De Pruyssenaere) 'wind' [Verri 1955: 304], ailtu (Marno) 'wind' [Verri 1955: 301]. Both are clearly derived from the adjectival stem ǝil- 'cold' q.v., and it is not clear if in the corresponding subdialects they really meant specifically 'cold wind' (as distinct from 'wind (gen.) / air') or 'wind' (= 'moving air') in general, with ùː restricted to the meaning '(static) air'.
NUMBER:109
WORD:worm
Aka:
Not attested.
Molo:
Not attested.
Kelo:
Not attested.
Beni Sheko:
Not attested.
Gaam:
Not attested in Bender & Malik's dictionary. Cf., perhaps, búlíʓʓ 'worm' in [Stirtz 2012: 30].
NUMBER:110
WORD:year
Aka:ɲɔːni1
Bender 1997: 214.
Molo:mukˈʋm2
Bender 1997: 214.
Kelo:ɛssǝna-1
Bender 1997: 214. Borrowed from Arabic.
Beni Sheko:
Not attested.
Gaam:duː-d3
Bender & Malik 1980: 68. Plural: duː-ɬ-g. Quoted as d̪ùː-d̪ in [Stirtz 2012: 22]. Cf. dow-to (De Pruyssenaere) 'year' in [Verri 1955: 303].
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