Indo-European etymology : Query result

Proto-IE: *op- <PIH *H->

Meaning: work, result of work

Hittite: hap- (I) 'reichlich vorhanden sein', happin(a)- 'reich'; (?) happar n. 'Kaufpreis, Handel', Lyk. epirije- 'verkaufen', Lyd. afari- 'Verkaufserklärung, Schenkungsurkunde' (Tischler 157-158, 161-162)

Tokharian: A opṣäly, B ekṣalye (PT *epṣälye) 'season, time for action' (Adams 76-77)

Old Indian: ápas- n. `work, action'; āpas- n. `religious ceremony'; ápnas- n. `possession, property'

Avestan: hv-apah- `gutes Werk'; afnah-vant- `reich an Besitz'

Old Greek: ómpnǟ f. `Nahrung, Getreide' pl. `Kuchen aus Mehl und Honig, Honigscheiben'; Ómpnia f. Beiwort der Demeter

Baltic: *ap-st-a- c.

Germanic: *ab-n-i- n., *a[f]-n-ia- n, *ab-n-ia- vb., *ōb-ōn- f., -an- m., *ōb-ia- vb.; *u[f]-a- n., *u[f]-r-a- n.; *ō[f]-ōn- f.; *úf-jōn- f.

Latin: ope f. `Vermögen, Reichtum, Macht; Hilfe, Beistand', Ops f. `Göttin des Erntesegens'; opulentus `reich, an Vermögen mächtig'

Other Italic: Osk úpsannam `operandam, faciendam', opsatuh sent `factī sunt ?', pf. upsed `fecit', uupsens `fecērunt'; Umbr osatu `facitō'; Paelign upsaseter `operārētur od. -rentur'

Russ. meaning: труд и его плоды

References: WP I 175 f

Proto-IE: *op- <PIH *o->

Meaning: back, around

Hittite: appan (Adv.) 'hinten, danach', appanda 'rückwärts, nach', apezzi(ja)- 'hinterer, letzter; gering' (Tischler 41-42, 44)

Old Indian: ápi (+ loc.) 'near, over'; ápāka- `coming from a distant place, distant'

Avestan: aipi (+ acc.) 'über - hin'

Old Greek: ópisthe(n), hom. ópithe adv. 'hinten, hinter'; epí praep. 'upon, etc.'

Slavic: *pakɨ̄; *opākɨ̄, *opāko, *opāče

Baltic: *ap-, *ep-, *apei, *api-

Latin: op-eriō, ob, usw.

Russ. meaning: сзади, вокруг

Proto-IE: *(o)pel- (-ph-) ?

Meaning: to be strong, thick

Old Indian: phála- n. `fruit; result', phalati `to be fruitful, bear or produce fruit', phaṇa- m., phaṇā f., phaṭa- m., phaṭā f. `expanded hood or neck of a serpent'

Old Greek: ophéllō, aor. pt. hom. ophéllei̯en `mehren, vermehre, vergrössen, fördern'; óphelma n., ophelmo-s m. (inschr.) `Vermehrung, Vorteil', óphelos n. `Förderung, Nutzen, Vorteil, Gewinn'

Latin: polleō, -ēre `vermögen, stark sein, ausrichten', pollex, -icis m. `Daumen, grosse Fusszehe; kurzer Zweig am Weinstock; Knoten'

Celtic: *holl- > Gaul Ollo-gnatus, -vicus; OIr comp. uilliu, sup. ollam `der höchste auf einem Wissensgebiete, Gelehrter, Doktor', MIr oll `gross'

Russ. meaning: быть сильным, крепким, толстым

References: WP II 102 f (differently in Pok.)

Proto-IE: *or- <PIH *H->

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: a k. of big bird, eagle

Hittite: hara(n)- c. 'Adler' (Tischler 170-171)

Armenian: oror, urur `Möwe, Weihe'

Old Greek: órneo-n n. `Vogel'; órnis/órnīs, gen. -īthos, особые формы: acc. -ī̆n, pl. órnẹ̄s/órnīs, dial. órnīk-s `Vogel, Weissagevogel', -īkhos, pl. gen. -ī́khōn, dat. -ī́khessi, -īksi

Slavic: *orьlъ / *jerьlъ

Baltic: *ar-el-ia- m., *ar̃-l-ia- m.

Germanic: *ar-an- m., *ar-n-u- c., *ar-n-i- c., *ar-n-a- m.

Celtic: *erur-: OIr irar `Adler'; MBret erer `Adler', Cymr eryr `Adler', Corn er `Adler', MBret erer `Adler', Bret er `Adler'

Russ. meaning: птица (крупная), орел

References: WP I 135

Proto-IE: *orbh- <PIH *o->

Meaning: orphan; slave, servant

Hittite: arpu- 'schwierig, unglücklich', arpuwant- 'unwegsam, beschwerlich', arpa- c. 'Ungunst, Mißerfolg'; Lyk. erbbe 'Unglück, Zusammenbruch' (Tischler 65-66)

Old Indian: árbha- `little, small, unimportant'; arbhá- m. `child, boy'

Armenian: orb, gen. -oy `Waise', arbaneak `Diener, Gehilfe, Mitarbeiter'

Old Greek: orphobótēs = orphanotróphos Hsch., orphobotía 'the care or education of orphans' Hsch., orphanó- `verwaist; beraubt, verlassen', orphanó-s `Waise'

Slavic: *orbъ, *orbę̄

Baltic: *ir̃b-u- adj.

Germanic: *arb-a- n., m., *arb-ia- n., *arb-ian- m., *arb-ōn- f.; *arb-n-a- (> *abm-a-) adj., *urb-a- n.; *arb-ē-j-id-i- f. (from *arb-ē- vb.)

Latin: orbus, -a `einer Sache beraubt; seiner Eltern beraubt, verwaist; seiner Kinder oder des Gatten brraubt'

Celtic: OIr orbe, orbbe, orpe m., n. `der, das Erbe', comarbe `Miterbe'

Russ. meaning: сирота; раб, работник

References: WP I 183 f

Comments: Сf. Hitt. harp- (I) 'absondern?', harpu- 'feindlich', harpanalli- 'Feind' (Tischler 179ff)

Proto-IE: *(o)reg'[a]-

Meaning: to straighten, to direct

Tokharian: A, B räk- 'extend (over), cover' (Adams 529)

Old Indian: r̥ñjáti `to make proper, arrange', irajyati `to order, prepare, arrange'; r̥jú- `straight'; rají- `sich aufrichtend, gerade'; ráji- f. `direction', rā́ji-, rājī f. `streak, line, row'

Avestan: arǝzu- `gerade, recht'; raz-, ptc. rā̆šta- `richten, geraderichten, ordnen', ham-raz- med. `sich aufrichten, emporrecken; sich etwas zurechtrichten', razan- `Ordnung, Satzung', rašnu- `gerecht', rāzarǝ, rāzan- `Gebot, Satzung, Anordnung', rasman- m., n. `Schlachtreihe'

Old Greek: orégō, -omai̯, orégnǖmi, orignáomai̯, aor. oréksai̯, -asthai̯, ps. orekhthē̂nai̯, pf. m-p. ṓregmai̯, va. orektó- `(die Hand) hinstrecken, darreichen, sich strecken, zu erreichen suchen'; óregma n. `das Ausstrecken', óreksi-s f. `Verlangen, Begierde', adv. orégdǟn `durch Ausstrecken'; órgüi̯a, órgüa, orógüi̯a, gen. -ǟ̂s, pl. -ái̯ `Klafter'

Slavic: *sǭ-rāzьnъ(jь) ?

Baltic: *ren̂ǯ- (-ja-) vb. tr. (2), *ran̂ǯ-ī̂- vb. (2); *rē̃ǯ- vb. intr., *ranǯ-ā̂ f.

Germanic: *rik-a- vb.; *rix-t-a- adj., *rixt-u- c., *rak-i- adj., *rak-ō f., *rak-a- adj., *rik-ō- vb., *rak-ō- vb., *rik-an-ō- vb.; *rēk-ō f., *rak-ja- vb., *rak-a- n., *rak-ō(n-) f.

Latin: regō, -ere, rēxī, rēctum `geraderichten, lenken, herrschen', rēctus, -a `gerade, aufrech t, regelrecht, schlicht, rechtlich'; regimen n. `Leitung, Regierung; Leieer; Steuerruder'; regio `Richtung, Linie, Strich, Gegend', rēgula f. `Latte, Richtschnur, Lineal; Grundsatz', rēgillus, -ī `mit senkrecht gezogenen Kettenfäden gewebt'; rogāre `fragen; ersuchen, bitten'

Celtic: *reg-, *eks-reg-, *rog-, *rektu- etc. > Gaul Rectu-genus; OIr rigid `streckt aus, z. B. die Hand', pf. reraig `direxit'; atomriug `erhebe mich', atreig `erhebt sich', ēirge `surrectio'; conj. 3 sg. rogas `dilatare', roichthir `porrigitur'; recht (u-St.) `Gesetz'; Cymr eir(e)ant `ascendent'; rhaith `Gesetz'

Russ. meaning: выпрямлять, вытягивать вперед, направлять; цепочка следов, линия

References: WP II 362 f

Proto-IE: *(o)rewǝ-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to move, to drive, to agitate

Tokharian: A rsu-, B räss- (PT *räsw-) 'tear out, off' (Adams 533)

Old Indian: roṣati, ruṣyati, ruṣati `to hurt, injure; to be hurt, offended', part. ruṣita-, ruṣṭa-

Old Greek: oróu̯ō `sich schnell erheben, auffahren, losstürzen'

Slavic: *rūnǭtī: Pol runǫć `mit Geräusch hinstürzen, fliessen'; *rūxъ, *rūšītī, *rɨ̄xlъ

Baltic: *rō̃š- vb. tr., *rō̃š-a-, -ja- adj.; *reûš- vb. tr., *reûš-iā̃ (1) f.; *rūš-ē̂- vb.; *ruš-ē̂- vb., *ruš-u- adj., *ruš-k-ā̂ f.

Germanic: *riww-á- adj.; *raw-il-ōn- f.; *rū́-s-a- vb.; *rū́-s-an- m., -ōn- f.; *ru-sk-ō- vb., *rū-sk=

Latin: ruō, ruī, ruitūrus, rutum/rūtum, ruere `stürzen, eilen', tr. `niederreissen'

Celtic: MIr ruathar `Ansturm', Cymr `id.', OIr rū(a)e `held'

Russ. meaning: двигать(ся), гнать, волновать(ся)

References: WP I 136 f

Comments: Cf. a similar root *rū- `heap up', but notice quantities in Lat t-forms.

Proto-IE: *(o)reyǝ-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to move (tr.), to lift

Armenian: imp. ari `stehe auf'

Old Greek: orī́nō, lesb. orī́nō (nur Hdn. lesb. orínnō) `erregen, aufregen'

Baltic: *rei-t-ē̂- (*rei-t-a-) vb.; *rī̂-t-a- (2) c., -ā̂ f., *reî-t-ā̂ (1) f., -a- c.

Germanic: *rai-m-ia- vb., *rai-m-ia- m.

Latin: ir-rītare `erregen, reizen; hervorrufen', pro-rītāre `hervorreizen, durch Reiz hervorbringen, anreizen, anlocken'

Celtic: MIr rīan `way, manner'

Russ. meaning: приводить в движение, поднимать

References: WP I 136 f

Proto-IE: *org- <PIH *H->

Meaning: to hew, to kill

Hittite: hark- (I) 'umkommen, zugrunde gehen', Pal. hark- (Tischler 175-176)

Tokharian: A arkämn-, B erkau 'Leichenstätte' (PT *erke-män-) (Adams 95)

Armenian: harkanem `prügle, zerhaue (Holz), fälle (Bäume), erschlage, töte, kämpfe'

Celtic: *org- > Gaul orgę `occide'; OIr org(a)im `schlage, erschlage, töte; verwüste, beschädige, verletze', MIr orn `Zerstören'; MBret treorgan `perforo', orgiat `caesar'

Russ. meaning: рубить, убивать

References: WP II 42 f (different in Pok.)

Proto-IE: *org'h- <PIH *o->

Meaning: testicle

Hittite: ark- (II) 'besteigen, bespringen', arki(ja)- 'Hode' (Tischler 59, 60)

Tokharian: B -erkatstse 'testiculate' (Adams 94-95)

Avestan: ǝrǝzi- m. `Hodensack', du. ǝrǝzi `Hoden'

Armenian: pl. orʒikh `Hoden', orʒi `nicht kastriert', mi-orʒi `mónorkhis'

Old Greek: órkhis, gen. -ios/-eōs, att. pl. órkhei̯s, ion. órkhies 'testicle'

Baltic: *ar̃ǯ-il-a- m., *arǯ-u- adj.

Celtic: Ir uirge 'membrum virile'

Albanian: herδe f. `Hode'

Russ. meaning: testiculus

References: WP I 183

Proto-IE: *(o)rū-, *(o)rū-g-, etc.; *orw-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to dig; ditch (incl. as a boundary)

Old Indian: áruṣ- n. `wound, sore'; ? ūrvá- m. `ocean' (but as adj. `broad, great', probably derived from uru-)

Old Greek: att. hóro-s, ep., on. ọ̄̂ro-s, kork. orwos, kret., arg. ō̂ro-s, herakl. óro-s m. `Grenze, Grenzzeichen (-pfahl, -säule, -stein), Termin, Schranke, Ziel, Bestimmung, Definition' || orǘssō, att. -ttō, aor. orügẹ̄̂n, orǘksai, p. orükhthē̂nai̯, orügē̂nai̯, pf. orṓrükha, `graben, scharren, auf-, be-, aus-, um-, durchgraben', orükhǟ́, orügǟ́ `das Graben', órügma n. `Graben', kat-ōrükhḗs `in der Erdfe vergraben', diō̂rük-s, -ükhos f. Grabe, Kanal, órügma `Grube, Graben', orükhǟ́ f. `das Graben', orüktḗr m. `Minenarbeiter', orǘktǟ-s m. `Gräber, Werkzeug zum Graben'

Slavic: *rъvъ, -*rъvā || *rɨ̄tī, *rovъ, *rɨ̄́dlo (#12024)

Baltic: *ur̂w-a-/*ur̂w-a- (2?) c.

Germanic: *arw-az-, *arw-iz- n.

Latin: urvus `circuitus civitatis'; (amb)urvāre `mit einer Grenzfurche umziehen' || rūta caesa `alles, was auf einem Grundstück ausgegraben und gefällt ist', rutrum n. `Grabscheit, Schaufel', rutellum `kleine Schaufel', rutābulum n. `Ofenschaufel'; ruō, -ere, ruī, rūtus `wühle, scharre'

Other Italic: Osk uruvú `Grenze, Grenzweg'

Russ. meaning: ров, граница; шрам

References: WP II 351 f

Comments: See also REFERNUM 1629

Proto-IE: *or(w)- <PIH *o->

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to lift, to rise, to move

Hittite: ar-/er- (II) 'ankommen, gelangen nach, kommen zu', (med.) 'stehen, sich stellen'; pal. ar `gelangen (?)', luw. ari(ya)- 'ankommen' (?) (Tischler 48-49); arai- (II) 'sich erheben' (Tischler 52); arnu- (I) 'in Bewegung setzen, fort- oder herbringen' (Tischler 64); aru- 'hoch' (Tischler 70-71)

Tokharian: A ar-, B er- (PT *er-) 'evoke, bring forth, produce' (Adams 92-3)

Old Indian: r̥ṇóti, r̥ṇváti, r̥cchati `to go, move, rise, tend upwards; go towards, reach, obtain'; sam-ará- m. n. `meeting, encounter, conflict'; írya- `active, powerful, energetical'; árvan, árvant- `running, hasting'

Avestan: ar- `(sich) in Bewegung setzen, hingelagen'; hamara- m. `Gegnert, Widersacher'; aurva-, aurvant- `schnell, tapfer'

Other Iranian: OPers rasatiy `kommt, gelangt', NPers rasad `id.'

Armenian: y-arnem `erhebe mich, stehe auf'

Old Greek: órnümai̯, aor. ōrómǟn, -eto, ō̂rto, órmeno-, pf. órōra `sich regen, sich erheben, lossturzen, eilen'; órnǖmi/ -nǘō, aor. ō̂rsa, ṓrore, fut. órsō, aor. pass. ō̂rthēn `erregen, antreiben, ermuntern'; orto-, orsi-/orti- в сложениях; thé-orto- `von der Göttern ausgegangen', né-orto- `neuerstanden'

Germanic: *arw-a- adj.; *ir-n-a- vb.

Latin: orior (-eris/-īris), oritūrus, ortus, orīrī `aufstehen, sich erheben; aufsteigen; entstehen, geboren sein, abstammen'; ortu, -ūs m. `Aufgang (eines Gestirns), Geburt, Abstammung'

Other Italic: Umbr ortom `ortum', urtas `ortae, surgentēs', urtes `surgentibus'

Russ. meaning: поднимать(ся), двигать(ся)

References: WP I 136 f, Buck 23.

Comments: Cf. other similar roots in *er-, *ar-.

Proto-IE: *ost- (-th-) <PIH *H->

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: bone

Hittite: hastai- n. 'Knochen, Gebein(e)' (Tischler 202-203)

Tokharian: B āy, āyo, pl. āsta 'bone' (Adams 45 f)

Old Indian: asthi, gen. asthnáḥ n. `bone'

Avestan: ast-, asti- n. 'Knochen'; astava- 'mit einem Knochen versehen'; asku- 'Schienbein, Wade'

Armenian: oskr `Knoche'

Old Greek: ion., hell. ostéo-n, att. ostọ̄̂-n n. `Knochen'; att. ostakó-s, hellen. astakó-s `Meerkrebs'; óstrako-n `knöcherne, harte Schale von Schnecken, Muscheln, Schildkroten', óstrei̯o-n, -eo-n n. `Auster, Muschel, Meeresschnecke; Purpurfarbe'; ostrǘ-s, -ǘos; ostrǘǟ; ostrüís, -ídos f. N. eines Baumes mit Hartem weissem Holz, `Hopfenhainbuche, Ostrya carpinifolia'; ? astrágalo-s m. `Halswirbel, Sprungbein, (daraus gemachter) Würfel'

Slavic: *ostь 'fish-bone'

Latin: os, gen. ossis n. `Bein, Knochen', OLat ossum, pl. ossua n. id.

Celtic: Cymr asgwrn `Knochen', Corn ascorn `Knochen', Bret askourn `Knochen'

Albanian: ašt, ašte Knochen

Russ. meaning: кость

References: WP I 185 f

Proto-IE: *ous-

Meaning: ear

Avestan: du. uši 'die beiden Ohren'

Other Iranian: NPers hoš 'Ohr' (< *aus-)

Armenian: unkn, gen. unkan `Ohr'

Old Greek: ion., att., hom. ôu̯s, Theocr., hell. ō̂s, gen. ep., poet. óu̯at-os, ion., att. ōtós, pl. ṓwata (Alkman), aû̯s (Paul. Fest.), pl. ā̂ta [cod. áta ] (Tarant.) Hsch. `Ohr; Henkel', pl. *ōwíd-es: ōbídes = enōtía Hsch., amph-ō̂es `zweiörig, -henkelig'; ? aánthā `a k. of earrings' Hsch.; enṓi̯dio-n n. `Ohrenhänge', enṓtion (Delos) `id.'

Slavic: *ūxo, gen. *ūšese, du. *ūšī

Baltic: *aũs-i-

Germanic: *áus-an-/*auz-án- n.; *auz-ia- n.

Latin: auris, -is f. `Ohr'; aus-cultāre `horchen, lauschen, hören aufmerksam zu, gehorchen'

Celtic: OIr au, ō 'Ohr' (neutr. es-St.)

Russ. meaning: ухо

References: WP I 18

Proto-IE: *ow-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: to put on, to take off foot-wear

Avestan: aoɵra- n. `Schuhwerk'

Armenian: aganim `ziehe mir etwas an'

Slavic: *-ū́tī, *-ū́jǫ, *onūčā

Baltic: *aũ- vb., *aũ-tl-ā̂, -iā̃ f., -ia- c. *aũ-t-a- c.

Latin: ex-uō, -uī, -ūtum, -ere `ausziehen, ablegen', ind-uō, -uī, -ūtum, -ere `anziehen, anlegen', sub-ūcula f. `Untergewand der Männer und Frauen, pl. induviae `An-, Überzug'

Other Italic: Umbr anovihimu `induitor'

Russ. meaning: обуть/разуть

References: WP I 109 f

Proto-IE: *ow-

Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology

Meaning: cold, cool

Old Indian: {ūdhar n. `Kälte', oman- `id.'}

Avestan: aota- `kalt (vom Winde)', n. `Kälte, Frost', aoδarǝ `Kälte'

Armenian: hov `kalt'; oic `kalt, ucanam `werde kalt'

Baltic: *aû-š- vb., intr., *au-š-ē̂-, *aû-š-ī̂- (1) vb., *aû-š-t-a- (1) adj., *au-k- vb. intr.

Celtic: Ir ōcht, ūacht `Kälte', *ougro-: ūar `kalt', Cymr oer, OCorn oir `id.', Gaul Ogron (verkürtzter Monatsname)

Russ. meaning: холодный, прохладный

References: WP I 221 f

Proto-IE: *(o)way

Meaning: alas

Old Indian: uvé 'an interjection'

Avestan: vayōi, āvōya 'wehe!'

Armenian: vay 'Wehe, Unglück'

Old Greek: oá, sei alexandrin. Zeit u̯á, u̯ā̃, u̯ái̯, NGreek vái; oizdǘ-s 'Weh, Jammer, Unglück'

Slavic: *ūvɨ̄

Baltic: *wai

Germanic: Got wai, OIsl vei usw.; OHG wēwo, wēwa 'Wehe, Schmerz, Leid', OSax wē, gen. wēwes, OE wāwa, wēa, OIsl vǟ, vē (> Finn vaiva 'Plage, Elend')

Latin: vae

Celtic: MIr fāe, Cymr gwae 'weh!'

Russ. meaning: увы

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