Peripheral Khoisan etymology : Query result

Number : 1

Proto-Bushman : *wV

Meaning : all

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *we(-še)

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *húʔu

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *hu-

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : The relation between NK and SK is a little dubious due to the phonetic exclusiveness of the root (initial *w-!), but not excluded.

Number : 2

Proto-Bushman : *kV

Meaning : all

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Taa : *[ko] kà-

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *kV-

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : A common South Khoisan pronominal morpheme with no obvious NK connections.

Number : 3

Proto-Bushman : *xV

Meaning : interrogative particle

Proto-!Wi : *xa

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

ǂHoan : *xe

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Number : 4

Proto-Bushman : *ǀǀ₁hɛ[i]

Meaning : many

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *ǂʰi

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ǀǀá-

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ǀǀa

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

ǂHoan : *ǂhi

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Number : 5

Proto-Bushman : *to̰

Meaning : ashes

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *toˤ

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Notes : A good NK root with external parallels.

Number : 6

Proto-Bushman : *ɡǂoa

Meaning : ashes

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *ɡǀǀoa

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ɡǂòa

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

ǂHoan : *ɡǂoʔa (?)

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Notes : Inclusion of the ǂHoan parallel is dubious because of semantics and an unclear glottal stop. Note that at least some forms may have been borrowed from Central Khoisan (Zhuǀ'hoan ɡǂoah "soap" is most certainly one of these).

Number : 7

Proto-Bushman : *!qui

Meaning : to be burnt, ashes

Proto-Taa : *!ʔui

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *!qui

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : A SK isogloss.

Number : 8

Proto-Bushman : *ǀǀqʔɔ-

Meaning : dirt; ashes

Proto-Taa : *ǀǀqʔâńa

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *!hana (?)

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

ǂHoan : *ǀǀqʔoʔbu (?)

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Notes : The ǂHoan form is perfectly comparable with the Taa form if we assume *-ńa and *-bu to be suffixes. The comparison with ǀAuni !hana is not very firm since there are no other occasions of the lateral click transcribed as the alveolar one in that language, but it is the best etymology so far in any case.

Number : 9

Proto-Bushman : *ɳǀǀGṵʔurV

Meaning : bark (of tree); to peel

Proto-Ju : *ɳǀǀoˤʔorV

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ɡǀǀqṵ̀rV

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Number : 10

Proto-Bushman : *ɳǀo (?)

Meaning : skin

Proto-Ju : *ɳǀo

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Notes : An isolated NK form.

Number : 11

Proto-Bushman : *gu

Meaning : bark

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Taa : *gú

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *go (*ɡ!-)

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : The ǀǀNg form is dubious, but cases of "superfluous" click transcription in Bleek's dictionary are quite frequent.

Number : 12

Proto-Bushman : *ǀǀkxɔ̃

Meaning : bark; grass (?)

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Taa : *ǀǀkxã̂

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ǀǀkxũ

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : The comparison is possible, but it is not excluded that both !Wi forms are actually borrowed from Khoekhoe.

Number : 13

Proto-Bushman : *ǀ₁o^h ~ *ɡǀ₁o^h

Meaning : belly, stomach

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *ɡ!u

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ǀō^h

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ǀo

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

ǂHoan : *!o

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Number : 14

Proto-Bushman : *!hu-

Meaning : lower part of belly

Proto-Taa : *!hūma

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *!au-tu

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : A SK isogloss.

Number : 15

Proto-Bushman : *ǂ₁Ga̰[-bV]

Meaning : part of stomach

Proto-Taa : *ɡǂqā̰

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

ǂHoan : *ǀa̰be

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Notes : The exact nature of the ǂHoan efflux is unclear, since the word is only attested in Traill 1973 (could actually be -G-).

Number : 16

Proto-Bushman : *ɳ!̯a^hʔ-

Meaning : big; to grow

Khoisan etymology : Khoisan etymology

Proto-Ju : *ɳ!̯aʔa

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ʔ!nā^hʔni

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ɳ!ai

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : Used with various extensions in SK (*ɳ!̯a^hʔ-ni, *ɳ!̯a^hʔ-i).

Number : 17

Proto-Bushman : *!hu (?)

Meaning : big

Proto-!Wi : *!hu

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : Not encountered outside !Wi.

Number : 18

Proto-Bushman : *ɡǂa-

Meaning : big, tall

Proto-Ju : ɡǂãʔĩ

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *ɡǂàm

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *ɡ!o (?)

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

ǂHoan : *ɡǂao (?)

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Number : 19

Proto-Bushman : *ǀʔa (?)

Meaning : big, long, tall

Proto-!Wi : *ǀʔa

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

Notes : An isolated !Wi root.

Number : 20

Proto-Bushman : *!xa-

Meaning : big; chief

Proto-Ju : √!ae (?)

Bushman > Ju : Bushman > Ju

Proto-Taa : *!xa

Bushman > Taa : Bushman > Taa

Proto-!Wi : *!x[o]a

Bushman > !Wi : Bushman > !Wi

ǂHoan : *!xae

Bushman > ǂHoan : Bushman > ǂHoan

Notes : Irregular -0- in PNK; cf, however, *ǀxom "tattoo" with the same correspondence.