Comments:A Western isogloss. The root is homonymous with *gōŕa 'to starve' (except that the final vowel is uncertain here), but it seems impossible to reduce the two roots to a single entity.
Comments:Lee 1958, 111, ТМС 1, 166 (Tung.-Kor.). Not a very reliable root. Note that the Manchu form may belong here only if it is separated from TM *gugda 'high, tall' (see under *gók`ì), which is not necessarily so. The reflex -t- in Kor. points rather to *-t`- (unless one presumes secondary morphonological analogies). One wonders if all the forms present here do not actually represent reflexes of *gok`-dV, the suffixed form of PA *gók`i.
Comments:An expressive root; not quite reliable because of scanty reflexation in TM and possible contaminations with *gĕbo et al. On a possible reflex in Turk. see under *kŏ́bú.
Comments:Martin 248. In Kor. the word seems to be related to kằr- 'to grind, pulverize' - but this meaning is probably secondary (the verb originally means 'to polish, whet'). The tone discrepancy between Kor. and Jpn. should be explained either by the secondary influence of this verbal stem in Korean, or by contraction in Japanese (where *kuà < *gur(e)-ga); the first explanation seems more probable because the vowel reflex in Korean is also not quite regular (*-o- would be normally expected).
Comments:Poppe 24, KW 155, ОСНЯ 1, 234, АПиПЯЯ 291. "Verbal" low tone in Korean. There are several "mental" verbs of the type KUNV in Altaic, and they are not always easy to distinguish from each other. Besides *gū̀no 'think' cf. also notes to *kḕńu 'distress, envy', *k`i̯ŭnu 'to long, covet', *k`i̯ū́ńa 'punishment' (the latter - with additional analogies with *guna 'attack, torture'). On the whole this produces an extremely complicated etymological situation, and we are not sure we have disentangled everything correctly.
Comments:Ozawa 209-210, KW 156. The original meaning may be reconstructed as 'deteriorate', with two directions of semantic development ( > a) 'to become mad, enraged'; > b) 'to become spoiled, rot').
