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Altaic etymology :

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Proto-Altaic: *k`ìri
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: dirt, dirty
Russian meaning: грязь, грязный
Turkic: *kir
Mongolian: *kir
Tungus-Manchu: *(x)ir-
Japanese: *kìtà-nà-
Comments: KW 232, АПиПЯЯ 73, Martin 230. Mong. may be < Turk. (cf. Щербак 1997, 127). Cf. also Turk. *Keŕ 'bottom thief' (ЭСТЯ 5, 20), which Tekin (1979, 126) links with Mong. kerčire 'mud, silt': both may actually belong to the same Altaic root.
Proto-Altaic: *k`ĭ̀rka
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: to scrape, file
Russian meaning: скрести, полировать
Turkic: *Kɨrk-
Mongolian: *kirga-
Tungus-Manchu: *xigdi-
Korean: *kɨrk- / *kắrk-
Japanese: *kàk-
Comments: KW 232, Poppe 20, 115, Martin 240, ОСНЯ 1, 354. Mong. is hardly borrowed from Turk., despite Щербак 1997, 139. The root tends to contaminate with *gi̯óro q. v. The vowel reflex in Korean is somewhat unclear (*kark- or *kǝrk- would be expected), otherwise all evidence points to *k`irga. The relation of Manchu xergen 'line, scratch, notch' is not quite clear: the word is certainly borrowed (because of -rg-), but the source is unknown; equally unclear is the isolated Manchu qarqa- 'scratch with chopsticks, scrape on the fiyoo instrument' (compared with Kor. by Lee 1958, 113); perhaps in both cases we are dealing with loanwords Manchu < Kor.(?)
Proto-Altaic: *k`ĭrma ( ~ -u, -o)
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: snow, hoar-frost
Russian meaning: снег, иней
Turkic: *Kɨr-
Mongolian: *kirmag
Tungus-Manchu: *xima-ŋsa
Comments: A Western isogloss. The etymology belongs to R. A. Miller (Miller 1985b) and O. Mudrak (Мудрак Дисс. 193) and presupposes a cluster simplification in PTM: *xima- < *xirma( = Mong. kirma-G).
Proto-Altaic: *k`írù
Meaning: saddle
Russian meaning: седло
Turkic: *kürtün
Mongolian: *kira
Korean: *kìrɨ́má
Japanese: *kúrà
Comments: An interesting common Altaic cultural term. In Turkic one has to suppose secondary labialization (*kürtün < *kirtün); otherwise correspondences are quite regular.
Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯áčo
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: ends of bow, brace
Russian meaning: концы лука, скоба
Turkic: *KAča-, *KAča-gu (?)
Mongolian: *kičir
Tungus-Manchu: *xusu- / *xuse-
Korean: *kòčái
Japanese: *kasunkapi
Comments: The Turkic match is dubious (scantily represented and semantically difficult); all other languages match each other rather well.
Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ằda
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: itching, pungent
Russian meaning: зудящий, едкий
Tungus-Manchu: *xidar
Korean: *kằráb-
Japanese: *kàjù-
Comments: Martin 234 (Kor.-Jpn.). An Eastern isogloss; cf. perhaps Khalkha xad(an) 'кислица, смородина высочайшая', 'цимбария даурская' (if not < Turk. *Kat- 'berry').
Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ăk`e ( ~ -k-, -a)
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: dry
Russian meaning: сухой
Turkic: *KAk
Mongolian: *kagda-
Tungus-Manchu: *(x)igǯa-
Comments: A Western isogloss. See KW 160, 176, Poppe 17, 58; TMN 3, 394 ("weder beweisbar noch widerlegbar"). Mong. is not from Turkic, despite Щербак 1997, 134.
Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ăli
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: tongue
Russian meaning: язык
Turkic: *kele-
Mongolian: *kele-
Tungus-Manchu: *xilŋü
Korean: *kằró-
Comments: EAS 47, KW 223, ОСНЯ 1, 346, TMN 1, 471-472 ("altes indoeur. Lw." - ?), АПиПЯЯ 57-58, 292. Despite the latter source, Kor. hjǝ́ 'tongue' is to be separated - see a discussion in Miller 1998, who has (following Shiratori), instead compared Kor. kăro- (but, quite unjustly, separated PTM *xilŋü). The Korean reflex remains, however, questionable, since the word can also - following Martin 1996, 75 - be compared with Jpn. *kátár- 'tell', and thus derived from *k`ēro q. v.
Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯aĺu ( ~ *k`i̯oĺa)
Meaning: dirt, unpleasant odour
Russian meaning: грязь, дурной запах
Turkic: *KAĺan
Mongolian: *kuluŋ-
Tungus-Manchu: *xola-
Comments: A Western isogloss.
Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯àp`e
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: a k. of insect, butterfly
Russian meaning: вид насекомого
Turkic: *kepelek
Mongolian: *kibe
Japanese: *kǝ̀pǝ̀rǝ́nkí ( ~-ua-)
Comments: Лексика 187. Cf. also names of 'bat': OJ kapapori, Evn. kêwêč (ТМС 1, 386). An expressive and not quite regular root.
Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ắŕme
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: fat
Russian meaning: жир
Turkic: *Kiaŕɨ
Mongolian: *karbin
Tungus-Manchu: *ximū-ŋkse
Korean: *kìrɨ́m
Japanese: *kuama
Comments: KW 178, Poppe 17, 96 (Turk.-Mong.; but it should be noted that the TM forms (Evk. kalbiŋ etc., see ТМС 1, 365) < Mong. (cf. Doerfer MT 100), while the Kor. kalbi 'rib' does not belong here at all (see under *kéra), АПиПЯЯ 296, Дыбо 6, Мудрак Дисс. 193. In OJ koma ( < *kǝma) would be expected; the diphthong (OJ kwoma) is perhaps due to the influence of the medial cluster.
Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ā̀bu
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: to peel, skin
Russian meaning: сдирать (шкуру, шелуху), свежевать
Turkic: *K(i)ab
Mongolian: *kaɣul-
Tungus-Manchu: *xū(be)
Korean: *kjǝ[b]- / *kib-
Comments: Владимирцов 209. One of several similar PA roots (see *k`ā́p`a, *k`èpà, *gébó, *kìp`é).
Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯āla ( ~ -ĺ-)
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: hot, ashes
Russian meaning: горячий, зола, уголья
Mongolian: *kala-
Tungus-Manchu: *xial-
Comments: SKE 162, ОСНЯ 1, 333. A Mong.-Tung. isogloss.
Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ā́no
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: blood; blood vessel
Russian meaning: кровь; кровеносный сосуд
Turkic: *Kiān
Tungus-Manchu: *xuŋī-kta
Comments: АПиПЯЯ 281. A Turk.-Tung. isogloss. The comparison seems quite likely, although the nature of the medial nasal is not quite clear (in TM one has perhaps to suppose a secondary assimilation to two neighbouring velars, or else an original velar suffix *k`i̯ōn(i)-gV).
Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ā́p`a
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: a k. of young ungulate
Russian meaning: вид молодого копытного животного
Turkic: *KĀpan
Mongolian: *kab- / *kobu-
Tungus-Manchu: *xiap-
Comments: Лексика 156. A Western isogloss.
Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ā́ra ( ~ -i̯ō-)
Meaning: thin snow, hoar-frost
Russian meaning: тонкий снег, иней
Turkic: *Kiār-
Mongolian: *karig
Comments: The root is not widely represented (a Turk.-Mong. isogloss), but it seems reasonable to distinguish it from *k`ĭrma q. v.
Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ā́rà
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: elbow, shoulder bone, cubit
Russian meaning: локоть, плечевая кость
Turkic: *K(i)arɨĺ
Mongolian: *kari
Tungus-Manchu: *(x)iarū-n
Japanese: *kárà
Comments: In Turkic the root is rather hard to distinguish from *Karɨ < *gàrá 'arm', but the distinction still seems to be necessary. In *K(i)arɨĺ the expected long vowel (reconstructed because of *-ia- in TM after a fricative and high tone in Jpn.) was shortened probably under the influence of *Karɨ.
Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ā̀re
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: a k. of insect
Russian meaning: вид насекомого
Turkic: *K(i)arɨnč-ɣa
Mongolian: *kürid
Tungus-Manchu: *xīrükte
Korean: *kằr-kǝ̀mɨ́i
Japanese: *kìrì(n)kíri-su
Comments: An expressive root, often reduplicated and with not quite regular correspondences, esp. in the Kor.-Jpn. area. Cf. also *k`i̯ṓro (with possible contaminations).
Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯ŏba(kV) (~*k`i̯ăbu(kV))
Meaning: bladder, scrotum
Russian meaning: мочевой пузырь, мошонка
Turkic: *KAbuk
Mongolian: *kuwkan
Tungus-Manchu: *xubgu
Comments: Poppe 1974, 132 (Turk.-Mong.). A Western isogloss.
Proto-Altaic: *k`i̯óbarV ( ~ -i̯u-)
Nostratic: Nostratic
Meaning: dry
Russian meaning: сухой, сохнуть
Turkic: *Kūrɨ-k,-gak
Mongolian: *kawra-
Tungus-Manchu: *(x)ur-
Korean: *kobār-
Japanese: *káwá(ra)-k-
Comments: Ozawa 197, KW 204; АПиПЯЯ 19, 50-51, 70, 102, 274; SKE 133, Цинциус 1984. Here, as in some other cases, Turkic length apparently goes back to a contraction.
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Total of 2805 records 141 page

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