Comments:See note to *a=gor̄. The original distinction seems to have been *ei=har̄ [animate] / *lei=hor̄ 'imanimate'.
Proto-Basque:*-eka
Meaning:one
Bizkaian:amaika, amaka
Gipuzkoan:amaika
High Navarrese:amaika
Low Navarrese:hameka
Lapurdian:hameika, hameka, amaika
Zuberoan:hãmẽ́ka
Roncalese:améka
Comments:The morpheme exists only in the Bsq word for 'eleven', *hama-eka, if this originally meant '10+1'. Cf. *hama-bi '12' ('10+2'), etc. Trombetti and Chirikba match it with PWC *ḳǝ [singulative] > Abkhaz a-ḳǝ́ 'one', Abaza za-ḳǝ 'one', etc.
Comments:Bsq does not tolerate two aspirates in the same word, usually keeping the last, so *elhi < *helhi = PEC *kwīlʡɨ 'hand'. Underlying *l is supported by the BZK and GIP allomorph el- and by the soft /r/ of erhi, eri,, though some forms have secondarily developed a trilled /r̄/ in composition: GIP erraztun, LAB erreztun 'ring' (Michelena 1961: 331). Comparison of Bsq *elhi with PEC *kwīlʡɨ 'hand' is also possible, though phonetically somewhat less probable.
Comments:For the first element see *ema- 'female'. According to Trask (1997: 271) emazte means 'woman' in three Pyrenean dialects (RNC, AZK, SAL), 'wife' elsewhere. A traditional etymology (since Schuchardt) derives *emaste from *ema- + *gaste 'young', though the actual Bsq meanings do not support the idea of 'young'.
Bizkaian:eme 1, emakume, emakuma 2, emazte 4, ama 5
Gipuzkoan:eme 1, emakume 2, emazte 4, ama 5
High Navarrese:eme 1, emazte 4, ama 5
Low Navarrese:emazte 4, ama 5, (Baigorri) emakume 6
Salazarese:emazte 2, emakume 6
Lapurdian:emakume 2, emazte 4, ama 5
Baztanese:emakume 2
Aezkoan:emazte 2
Zuberoan:emazte 3, ama 5
Roncalese:emakume 2, emazte 4, ama 5
Comments:For *ema-ste see *-ste. Trask (1995) mentions the supposed derivation from Romance (Occitan heme 'female'), but *eme seems to be deeply imbedded in Bsq and is thus of a much older origin (PSC *HV̆mV́).
Comments:The initial d- in some forms is thought to be secondary “reversal of palatalization" (Michelena). Some forms (with final -tsi) show contamination with *e=aući ‘to go down’ (q.v.). Some dialects use the causative eraitsi ‘to milk’. For the initial of SAL saitsi, see the parallel development of *e=aući ‘to go down’ in Pyrenean dialects. Bsq *sesen ‘bull’ (q.v.) = Chamali, Bagwali zin ‘cow’, etc. are thought to be related to this verb (see NCED).
Meaning:1 to leave, go out 2 carry off, remove 3 take out 4 adapt, comply
Gipuzkoan:jalki 1, 3, 4
High Navarrese:jalki 1, 3, 4
Low Navarrese:ilkhi 1, 2, jalgi, jelgi 1
Salazarese:elki, ilki 1
Lapurdian:ilki, ilkhi 1, 2
Zuberoan:élkhi 1, 2, jálkhi 1
Roncalese:érkin 1, 2
Comments:It is also possible that -ki (-khi, -gi) is the common verbal suffix. A suffixless form jali 'to go out, leave' is attested in LAB-arc, BNV-Hazparren, BNV-Mugerre. This jali < *e=ali may be related to a different PEC verb such as *=Vmƛ̣V 'to go, to come'.
Comments:According to Michelena ZBR 'to borrow' is a partial calque from Romance (cf. Catalan manllevar 'to borrow' < manum levare 'raise one's hand [to swear]').
Comments:Cf. PNC *=ić̣wĔ 'to come; to return' (Lak =u=č̣a-n- 'to go down', etc.). Pyrenean forms (xatxi, sautsi, sauntsi) are by sibilant assimilation after the change of /j/ > /ž/ > /š/ (> /ś/).
Comments:This verb, in the form jaugin (or inflections thereof) was used by early writers such as Etxepare (16th c.) and Pouvreau (17th c.). Per Azkue, the full form jaugin is now restricted to Baigorri. (See Trask 1997: 294.) Western dialects prefer *e=tor̄i 'to come' (q.v.).
