арабский:ɣafr- 'poil follet sur les cuisse et au front (chez les femmes)' [BK 2 483], ɣafar- 'poil, cheveux du cou, du derrière de la tête et des mâchoires; poil aux cuisses (chez les femmes)', ɣifrāt- 'toupet, poil au front (chez le lion)', ɣufār- 'poil du cou et des mâchoires' [ibid.]
NOTES:Scarce but reliable attestation: only AKK and ARB.
Vocalic reconstruction based on AKK and part of the ARB forms
NUMBER:2081
NUMBER:2082
PROTO:*ɣarVb/p-
MEANING:occiput, back of the neck
аккадский:arūb/pu 'part of neck' SB [CAD a2 323].
In [AHw 72] the word is transсribed as aruppu and translated as 'etwas Oberlippe'
еврейский (иврит):ʕōräp 'top of the head, neck' [KB 888]
иудейский арамейский:ʕorpā 'hind part of the head with the neck, neck' [Ja 1122]
арабский:ɣārib- 'garrot du chameau, la partie située entre le cou et la bosse' [BK 2 451]
мехри:ɣarb, ɣōrǝb 'camel's back and neck in front of the hump' [JM 140]
джиббали:ɣarb do. [JJ 88]
харсуси:ɣōreb do. [JH 45]
сокотри:ʕárib 'nuque' [LS 325]; also 'arrière du cou (haut)' and 'dos (de la main)', cf. [SSL LS 1452]
NOTES:From *ɣarVṗ- ?
Usually compared is not ARB ɣārib- (above), which is semantically preferable, but ARB ʕurf- 'crinière du cheval; crête du coq' [BK 2 226] (a variant root?); note that SYR ʕurpā 'crista galli' [Brock 549] is considered a borrowing of the latter.
All MSA examples are suspicious of being Arabisms, both phonetically and semantically, except SOQ, with its different scope of meanings. Cf. also MHR mɛ̄rī́m 'back of the neck' [SSL 1 269], probably < *ma-ʕrim, which may be compared as a variant root (with -b/-m) or a result of assimilation of *-b > -m under the influence of m- of the prefix.
Note the meaning 'shirt-pocket (safe place for keeping things)' in HBR BIB (hap. in Job); compared in [KB 284] indiscriminately to ARM forms in ḥ- and ʕ-
NOTES:As a nominal anatomic term, C. SEM only. Cf. TNA ḥabḥabä 'avere il ventre rigonfio e rialzato in alto verso il petto' [Bass 52]; a reduplicated verbal stem semantically quite likely to have derived from 'chest' (cf. also TGR ḥabbät 'round swelling' [LH 80]).
Cf. *ɣa/ub(a)b- 'bosom, chest; dewlap', No.
[KB 284]: HBR, ARM (both with ʕ and ḥ), ARB (MALT ḥob and, strangely enough, CLASS ǧubb-)
NUMBER:2084
PROTO:*ḥVbVl-
MEANING:foetus; umbilical cord
еврейский (иврит):ḥēbel 'foetus; labour pains' [KB 286]; cf. ḥbl (piʕ) 'to be pregnant' [ibid.]
иудейский арамейский:ḥäblā 'writhing, troes of birth, agony' [Ja 420]
Cf. ḥabl- 'veine, artère, tendon' [ibid.]. Cf. also metathetic ḥālib- 'veine du fémur', du. 'les deux veines autour du nombril' [ibid. 477]
современные арабские языки:DAT_ maḥbalah 'utérus' [GD 342]
мехри:ḥǝblēt 'umbilical cord' [JM 164]
джиббали:EAST ḥablɛ́t do. [JM 164]
харсуси:ḥebelēt do. [JH 55]
NOTES:Rather scarce but reliable attestation.
'Foetus' is possibly the original meaning, the other meaning 'umbilical cord' having developed through contamination with SEM *ḥabl- 'cord, rope' (cf. [LGz 223], [KB 286]).
Cf. AKK abunnatu 'navel; umbilical cord (?); center (of a country, etc.)' OB on [CAD a1 89], [AHw 9]; related with an unususal phonetic development. An alternative etymology of the AKK word is a rather obscure SEM *ʔVban-at-: HBR PB ʔōbän 'the passage of the embryo, vagina' [Ja 7] (note the meaning 'testicles' given for this word in the Addenda to this dictionary [ibid. 1706]), JUD ʔăbantā, ʔōbantā 'the fat surrounding the heart' [Ja 8] (not quite certain), and possibly ARB ʔubnat- 'noeud, nodosité dans une tige d'arbre' [BK 1 6] (to the JUD example cf. also ARB binn- 'graisse, morceau de graisse' [ibid. 166]).
Cf. ETH *ḥǝn/mbǝr-t 'navel' (a variant root with l/r variation?): GEZ ḥǝnbǝrt [LGz 236], TGR ḥǝnbǝr(t), ḥǝnbǝrra, ḥǝmbǝr, ḥǝmbǝrra [LH 83], TNA ḥǝmbǝrti [Bassano 39], AMH ǝnbǝrt, ǝmbǝrt [K 1220], ARG ǝmbǝrt [LGur 45], EAST: HAR ḥambūrṭi, ZWY ǝmbǝrbiṭ [ibid.] (-ṭ remains enigmatic; Leslau suggests the ETH root may be related to C. CUSH: QUARA gumbera do. > GAFAT gumbǝrä [ibid.]).
NOTES:Very limited attestation: only in HBR and ARM. Note, however, the forms likely related, with different shifts of meaning, in various SEM languages: (1) ARB ḥad_w-, ḥid_w-, ḥud_w-, ḥid_āʔ- 'vis-à-vis, en face de' [BK 1 399] used both as a noun and a preposition (lit. 'breast to breast'?); (2) ESA: MIN ḥd_yt 'conformément' [LM 46] (compared in [Brock 216]); (3) ETH (semantic development debatable): GEZ ḥazaza 'to cough, swallow a liquid that chokes and causes coughing' [LGz 254], ʔaḥzaza 'come out of the nose (food) while one is asleep, have heartburn' [ibid]; AMH anäzzäzä 'to come out of the nose (food or drink) due to a spasm in the trachea' [K 1228] (<*ḥzz with a secondary nasalization?).
[KB 301]: HBR, ARM, ARB, ESA; [Brock 216]: SYR, HBR, ARM, ARB, ESA (incl. AKK irtu < *iztu which is impossible)
сокотри:(?) QALAN-V ḥanṣ̌ǝ̄ḳɔh d-rhɛy (d-ṭā́deʕ) 'haut de la colonne vertébrale' [SSL 4 95].
<*ḥanḳVḳ-at- with a secondary -n-? Note that rhɛy is 'head', ṭā́deʕ is 'back'
NOTES:Otherwise *ḥayḳʷ-.
Of interest is -n- in ETH EAST (SEL and ZWY) and SOQ; may it imply -n- in the proto-form?
Note ETH *ḥaḳʷay with metathesis.
While MHR ḥāḳǝw 'taille' may be an Arabism, JIB ḥaḳḥéḳ 'hip(s), hip-bone(s)' looks genuine; both MHR ḥāḳǝw [JM 176] and JIB ḥɔ́ḳɛ 'belt' [JJ 108] are clearly Arabisms.
See prepositions and adverbs likely derived from this anatomic term in ETH and MSA: TGR ḥaḳo 'after, behind' [LH 76], EAST: SEL anč̣ä, ZWY anč̣i 'backwards' [LGur 56], GUR: anḳ'ä and related words forming part of prepositions 'after, behind' [LGur 72]; MSA: MHR mǝn ḥǝḳ 'inside (prep.)' [JM 175], HRS men ḥeḳ 'inside' [JH 58].
Cf. AMH ǝḳ, euphemism for genitalia; also 'things, objects, baggage, household furniture' [K 1183]. The meaning 'genitalia' may be derived from 'things, objects', but a reverse development is also possible, with 'genitalia' to have derived from non-attested 'hip, loin, lap'; see a parallel meaning shift in *ga/ibr-.
аккадский:h_allu 'crotch, region between the thighs; the hind legs of animals' OB on [CAD h_ 45], [AHw 312].
On AKK h_- < *ḥ- see Introduction
еврейский (иврит):PB ḥulyā 'limb; vertebra of the spinal column; link' [Ja 434]
арабский:ḥāl- 'dos du cheval' [BK 1 518]; maḥāl-, maḥālat- 'milieu du dos, vertèbre' [ibid. 520]
NOTES:Semantically and phonetically not without difficulties
NUMBER:2089
PROTO:*ḥil(Vl)-
MEANING:urethra (?)
сирийский арамейский:ḥeltā 'vagina' [Brock 232]
арабский:ʔiḥlīl- 'canal du pis ou de la verge' [BK 1 474].
With ʔa- prefix > ʔi- under the influence of -ī-?
тигре:ḥǝlil 'orifice of the teat; the urethra' [LH 53] (< ARB?); ḥǝlelät 'penis' [ibid.]
NOTES:A difficult case with scarce attestation.
A very specified anatomic meaning in ARB and TGR may be alternatively explained by an Arabism in TGR, in which case the ARB term, possibly with an original meaning 'orifice' or 'canal' without any anatomic connotations, should be compared to AKK h_ālilu (h_alīlu) 'a kind of canal or ditch' SB [CAD h_ 42] and SYR ḥǝlīlā 'rima; caverna; tubus' [Brock 232]. On the other hand, SYR 'vagina' and TGR 'penis' (hardly an Arabism, cf. difference in meaning) can be as well compared to each other and to ARB 'canal of the penis' still making a SEM anatomical term with a possible meaning 'canal of the genital organ'
NUMBER:2090
PROTO:*ḥalaʔ-
MEANING:mole, pimple(s)
аккадский:h_alû 'black mole (on the face and body); black spot (a disease of barley)' OB on [CAD 53], [AHw 314] (according to Soden, also h_ālu).
On h_ < *ḥ see Introduction
арабский:ḥalaʔ- 'boutons aux lèvres à la suite de la fièvre' [BK 1 476]
NOTES:Scarce attestation: only AKK and ARB
NUMBER:2091
PROTO:*ḥalḳ-, *ḥalḳū/um-
PRNUM:PRNUM
MEANING:Adam's apple, throat
аккадский:(?) *a/elī/āḳu in līḳ (laḳ, aliḳ, elaḳ) pî 'palate' OB on [CAD l 205], [AHw 555] (lit. "the l. of the mouth")
угаритский:(?) ḥlḳ 'parte, miembro' [DLU 176].
See discussion where various possibilities of translation are quoted, 'cuello, garganta' among them
Cf. QADHUB ḥɛnṣ̌ǝ́ḳɔh 'creux sous la pomme d'Adam; pomme d'Adam' <*ḥnḳḳ [ibid.]; see in *ʕVnḳ-, No.
NOTES:AKK *līḳ/laḳ may be alternatively compared to ARB laḳlaḳ- 'langue' [BK 2 1016].
Cf. HBR malḳōḥayim (dual) 'gums' [KB 594]; metathesis *ḥlḳ > lḳḥ due to folk etymology linking it with lḳḥ 'to take, to grasp'?
Note the forms in -m in ARB, TGR (unless an Arabism) and MSA, where the feminine ending in all the languages rather speaks against the Arabic borrowing.
Leslau considers it a transcription of HBR ḥäläṣ; this word, however, is not attested in HBR other than in the dual
сокотри:ṣaḥl-o 'os'
NOTES:With AKK and GEZ examples problematic, scarce attestation in HBR and ARM only.
Note the meaning development 'hip' > 'girdle' > (1) 'to gird oneself, to be equipped (for war), to set out' > 'warrior', and > (2) 'to surround, fortify, strengthen' > 'strong': PHO ḥlṣ 'chief warrior' [T 106], HBR ḥālūṣ 'equipped (for war)' [KB 322], PB ḥlṣ 'to surround, fortify; to gird, arm' [Ja 472]; SYR ḥǝlīṣā 'fortis' [Brock 237]. Note SYR ḥaṣṣā 'lumbus' [Brock 250] and MND haṣa 'hip, back, middle' [DM 122], which may be from either *ḥalṣ-, i.e. belong to this root, or *ḥarṣ- (cf. *ḥVrṣ- {} ḥVrc̣-, No. ), or *h_am/nṣ- (cf. *h_am/nṣ- {} *h_am/nc̣- 'waist', No. ), or make a separate ARM root *ḥaṣṣ-.
[KB 322]: HBR, AKK, MND (also forms with -r- in ARM and ARB, and AKK h_anṣatu); [DM 122]: MND, HBR (also ARM forms with -r-)
NUMBER:2093
PROTO:*ḥVmm(-at)-
MEANING:breast, stomach, entrails
аккадский:(?) umandu 'ein Teil des Leibesinneren' SB [AHw 1412].
<*ḥum(a)m-t-? (-nd- < -mt- is not uncommon for this period [GAG 29], cf. pēnd/tu < pēmtu <*paḥm-at- 'carbon' and many other examples)
арабский:ḥammām-at- 'milieu de la poitrine, du poitrail, sternum, etc.' [BK 1 487].
Cf. two other anatomical terms, however, difficult to compare for semantic reasons: ḥammāʔ- 'fesses' [ibid. 486] and ḥamm-, ḥammat- 'queue grasse de mouton fondue' [ibid. 486] (an original meaning likely to be 'fat tail of a sheep', the meaning 'melted' acquired through contamination with the homonymous verb ḥmm 'chauffer' [ibid. 485])
тигре:ḥǝmmǝto 'a dish of entrails cut to pieces' [LH 62]
тиграй (тигринья):ḥǝmmǝto 'una pietanza fatta d'interiori di capra, pecora etc.' [Bass 40]
сокотри:QALAN-V ḥɛ́ym 'bas-ventre' [SSL LS 1460]
NOTES:Reconstruction, both vocalic and semantic, is rather amorphous
NUMBER:2094
PROTO:*ḥVm(aw)t-
MEANING:venom, poison
аккадский:imtu 'saliva, poisonous foam' OB [CAD i 139], [AHw 379]
угаритский:ḥmt 'veneno' [DLU 178]
еврейский (иврит):ḥēmā 'poison, venom' [KB 326]
сирийский арамейский:ḥemtā 'venenum' [Brock 242]
арабский:ḥumat- 'venin du scorpion' [BK 1 498] (another meaning, 'ardeur', may go back to ḥmy 'brûler' [ibid. 497]); ḥummat- 'venin du scorpion' [ibid. 486] (also 'fièvre', rather from ḥmm 'chauffer' [ibid. 485])
ŝ points to *ŝ {} *ĉ unless a graphic variant of s (this and other examples of SEM *t_ > GEZ ŝ are treated in [Voigt 105-6 et passim])
тигре:ḥǝms 'pubes, abdomen' [LH 61]
амхарский:ǝms 'vulva, vagina' [K 1126]
мехри:ḥamt_ 'belly from the navel down' [JM 182]
джиббали:ḥamt_ 'lower belly' [JJ 112]
харсуси:ḥamt_ 'lower belly, pubes' [JH 60]
сокотри:ḥánt 'ventre' [LS 183] (n < *m before -t)
NOTES:Phonetically a difficult case: only MSA forms definitely point to *-t_ as a third radical while reflexes in other language are either not indicative (AKK, HBR, MOD ETH) or irregular (ARM, GEZ).
Cf. ARB ḥamīš- 'graisse; obésité' [BK 1 492], with a plausible semantic shift, but with -š instead of the expected -t_.
Note MND himṣa 'belly, entrails' [DM 146] possibly related to AKK h_imṣu 'fatty tissue around the intestines; a growth on the skin' OB on [CAD h_ 192], [AHw 346].
арабский:ḥirṣiyān- 'paroi intérieure de la peau du ventre' [BK 1 409].
<*ḥirṣ-iy-ān- (old dual?)
NOTES:C. SEM only; one wonders whether a more specified ARB term may convey the primary meaning.
Note SYR ḥaṣṣā 'lumbus' [Brock 250] and MND haṣa 'hip, back, middle' [DM 122], which may be from either *ḥarṣ-, i.e. belong to this root, or *ḥalṣ- (cf. *ḥVl(a)ṣ- {} *ḥVl(a)c̣- '(part of the) hip, loin', No. ), or *h_am/nṣ- (cf. *h_am/nṣ- {} *h_am/nc̣- 'waist', No. ), or make a separate ARM root *ḥaṣṣ-.
Cf. ARB h_aṣr- 'milieu du corps' [BK 1 581] and TGR ḥač̣č̣aro 'the lower part of the back' [LH 101] likely to make another SEM root *h_aṣr- (variant of the present one, with metathesis and h_/*ḥ ?).
[Fron 46] (*h_arṣ- 'lombo' /SOQ monḥeṣ, ARB h_aṣr-, SYR ḥaṣṣō, HBR ḥălāṣayim, AKK h_imṣu/); [KB deutsch 1712]: BIB, ARM (incl. forms with -l-, -r- and -ṣṣ-), HBR (ḥălāṣayim), ARB (h_aṣr-); [Brock 250]: JUD (ḥarṣā), MND (hʔlṣʔ), HBR (ḥălāṣayim), ARB (h_aṣr-), AKK (h_imṣu)
NUMBER:2098
PROTO:*ḥasīs- {} *ḥacīc-
MEANING:helix, cartilages of ear
аккадский:h_asīsu 'aperture of the ear, ear; (faculty of) hearing' OB on [CAD h_ 126], [AHw 330] (translated as 'Ohr; Weisheit').
Note AKK h_ <*ḥ
еврейский (иврит):PB ḥisḥūs 'the cartilages forming the ear, helix, etc.' [Ja 486-7]
иудейский арамейский:ḥăsīsā, ḥasḥāsūt 'the system of cartilages of the ear, helix and antihelix' [Ja 487], ḥisḥūs 'the cartilages forming the ear' [ibid.]
арабский:ʔal-ḥasīs-āni (dual) 'les deux artères derrière les oreilles' [BK 1 423]
NOTES:Cf. SEM *ḥ/h_ss {} *ḥcc 'to hear, to perceive': AKK h_asāsu 'to think of; to be mindful of, to listen to' [CAD h_ 122]; UGR h_ss 'recordar' [DLU 200]; ARB ḥss 'écouter, être aux écoutes; sentir' [BK 1 423]; MHR ḥǝs 'to have feeling, be conscious of' [JM 188], HRS ḥes 'to feel, perceive, notice' [JH 62], JIB ḥess 'to feel, notice', s̃ḥsɛsés 'to sense, hear' [JJ 116]. A current point of view on the nominal root as derived from the verbal one is to be questioned in view of a very specified meaning of the former. The reverse formation of the verbal root from the nominal is more plausible (though the anatomic perception implied by the meaning shift 'helix, cartilages of ear' > 'to hear' seems too sophisticated for the Proto-Semitic period); another possible explanation is contamination of the two roots. Note, in this connection, h_ in AKK vs. ḥ in ARB in the nominal root, and h_ in AKK and UGR vs. ḥ in ARB and MSA in the verbal one.
Note a reduplicated form of HBR PB and part of ARM examples precluding their interpretation as AKK loan-words.
