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\data\typol\typology
NUMBER: 1
LANGUAGE: Hadza
LOCATION: N Tanzania (Kondoa)
POPULATION: 1,000
CLASSIFICA: Khoisan
TEXTBOOKS: Bleek, D. F. 1931. "The Hadzapi or Watindega of Tanganyika Territory," Africa 4, ??
OTHERSOURC:

   Sands, Bonny, Ian Maddieson and Peter Ladefoged. 1996. "The Phonetic Structures of Hadza," Studies in African Linguistics 25: 171-?.
Sands, Bonny. 1998. Eastern and Southern African Khoisan. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
Tucker, A. N., M. A. Bryan and James Woodburn. 1977. "The East African Click Languages: A Phonetic Comparison," in Zur Sprachgeschicte und Ethnohistorie in Africa, ed. by W. Möhlig, F. Rottland and B. Heine, Berlin, Dietrich Reimer, 300-22.

CONSONANTS:

   p ph (pʔ) mph t th nth k kh kʔ ŋkh kʷ khʷ kʔʷ ʔ
b mb d nd ɡ ŋɡ ɡʷ
    ts t nts tl t č čʔ
    dz ndz ɡ̌ ɡ̌
f s š ɦ
m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ
    l ɬ

STOPS: p ph (pʔ) mph b mb t th nth d nd k kh kʔ ŋkh ɡ ŋɡ kʷ khʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ ʔ
AFFRICATES: ts t nts dz ndz tl t č čʔ ɡ̌ ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: f s š ɦ
NASALS: m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ
LATERALS: l ɬ
CLICKS:

   (ʘʔ)
/ /ʔ /h n/ n̥/
|| ||ʔ ||h n|| n̥||
! !ʔ !h n! n̥!
Woodburn describes (ʘʔ) as "archaic, very rare and replaceable by /."

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   i u
e o
    a

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
LONGVOWELS: ē ō
SYLLABLE: (C)V
TONES: hi mid lo fall ris
NOUNNUMBER: s p
GENDER: m f
PRONOUNS:

   1 4mfc
2mfc 5mf
3mf 6mf
c=common

SYNTAX: VSO
NUMBER: 2
LANGUAGE: Sandawe
LOCATION: N Tanzania (Kondoa)
POPULATION: 40,000
CLASSIFICA: Khoisan
OTHERSOURC:

   Dempwolff, Otto. 1916. Die Sandawe, linguistisches und ethnographisches Material aus Deutsch-Ostafrika. Hamburg.
Tucker, A. N., M. A. Bryan and James Woodburn. 1977. "The East African Click Languages: A Phonetic Comparison," in Zur Sprachgeschicte und Ethnohistorie in Africa, ed. by W. Möhlig, F. Rottland and B. Heine, Berlin, Dietrich Reimer, 300-22.
Kagaya, Ryohei. 1993. A Classified Vocabulary of the Sandawe Language. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.
Sands, Bonny. 1998. Eastern and Southern African Khoisan. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.

CONSONANTS:

   p ph t̪ t̪h k kh kʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t tl t č čh
    dl ɡ̌
f s̪ x h
m n̪ ŋ
    l ɬ
    r

STOPS: p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh kʔ ɡ ʔ
AFFRICATES: tsʔ tl tlʔ dl č čh ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: f s̪ x h
NASALS: m n̪ ŋ
LATERALS: l ɬ
VIBRANTS: r
CLICKS:

   / /h /ʔ n/ ɡ/
|| ||h ||ʔ n|| ɡ||
! !h !ʔ n! ɡ!

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   i u
e o
    a

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all
NASALVOWEL: v̄̃ all
MODIFIEDVO: i̥ u̥
SYLLABLE: (C)V(C) [no VC]
TONES: hi lo ris fall
STRESS: usually root initial
NOUNNUMBER: s p
GENDER: m f n
DEMONSTRAT: 2
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3mf 6

SYNTAX: SOV NA GN DN POSS-N
PREPPOST: POST
NUMBER: 3
LANGUAGE: Qxû
ALTERNATEN: !Kung
LOCATION: NE Namibia
POPULATION: 30,000
CLASSIFICA: Khoisan: Northern
GRAMMAR:

   Snyman, J. W. and ||Wãnasi /X'aeše. 1969. !Xʋ̃. Namibia: Admistration of South West Africa.
Snyman, J. W. 1970. An Introduction to the !Xũ (!Kung) Language. Cape Town: A. A. Balkema.

CONSONANTS:

   p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ
b d ɡ
    ts tsh tsx t tx t č čh čx k
d dɣ ɡɣ
    s š x ɦ
β z ž
m mʔ n ŋ
    ɾ̣

STOPS: p ph pʔ b t th tʔ d k kh kʔ ɡ
AFFRICATES: ts tsh tsx t d tx t dɣ č čh čx ɡɣ k
FRICATIVES: β s z š ž x ɦ
NASALS: m mʔ n ŋ
VIBRANTS: ɾ̣
CLICKS:

    / /h /ʔ /ʔh ɡ/ ɡ/x ɡ/k ɡ/ʔh /x / n/ n̥/h n/ʔh
ǂ ǂh ǂʔ ǂʔh ɡǂ ǂx ɡǂk ɡǂʔh ǂx ǂ nǂ n̥ǂh ʔh
|| ||h ||ʔ ||ʔh ɡ|| ɡ||x ɡ||k ɡ||ʔh ||x || n|| n̥||h n||ʔh
! !h !ʔ !ʔh ɡ! ɡ!x ɡ!k ɡ!ʔh !x ! n! n̥!h n!ʔh

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   i u
e o
    a

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all but e
NASALVOWEL: ṽ all but e (v̄̃)
MODIFIEDVO:

   v̰ æ ɔ
v̰̄ æ ɔ
ṽ̰ æ ɔ
(ṽ̰̄)
(v̰ are 'pressed' vowels produced with pharyngeal friction.)

DIPHTHONGS: diphthongs
TONES: hi-lev mid-lev lo-lev ris fall
DEMONSTRAT: 2
PRONOUNS:

   1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3mfn 6dmfn 6mfn

SYNTAX: SVO NA
NUMBER: 4
LANGUAGE: Qxû
ALTERNATEN: !Kung
DIALECT: Dz̪u/'oãsi
LOCATION: NE Namibia
POPULATION: 30,000 (400)
CLASSIFICA: Khoisan: Northern
TEXTBOOKS: Maingard, L. F. 1958. "Three Bushman Languages," African Studies 16: 37-71 & 17: 100-15.
OTHERSOURC: NBL
CONSONANTS:

    t k kh ʔ
b d ɡ
    t čʔ k
d
β s š x h
    z ž
m n ñ ŋ
    ɾ̣

STOPS: b t d k kh ɡ ʔ
AFFRICATES: t d čʔ k
FRICATIVES: β s z š ž x h
NASALS: m n ñ ŋ
VIBRANTS: ɾ̣
CLICKS:

   / /h /ʔ ɡ/ /x / n/
ǂ ǂh ǂʔ ɡǂ ǂx ǂ
|| ||h ||ʔ ɡ|| ||x || n||
! !h !ʔ ɡ! !x ! n!

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   i u
e o
    a

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
LONGVOWELS:
NASALVOWEL:
TONES: tones
PRONOUNS:

   1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

SYNTAX: SVO
NUMBER: 5
LANGUAGE: Qxû
ALTERNATEN: !Kung
DIALECT: Ju/'hoan
LOCATION: NE Namibia
POPULATION: 30,000
CLASSIFICA: Khoisan: Northern
DICTIONARY: Dickens, Patrick. 1994. English-Ju/'hoan Ju/'hoan-English Dictionary. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
CONSONANTS:

   p ph bph t th tx t dth k kh kxʔ ɡkh ʔ
b d ɡ
    ts tsh tsx dtsh dt č čh čx čʔ dčʔ ɟčʔ ɟčh
f s š x
v z dzx ž džh džx ɦ
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: p ph b bph t th tx t dth d k kh kxʔ ɡkh ɡ ʔ
AFFRICATES: ts tsh tsx dtsh dt č čh čx čʔ dčʔ ɟčʔ ɟčh
FRICATIVES: f v s z dzx š ž džh džx x ɦ
NASALS: m n
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
CLICKS:

   / /h /x ɡ/ ɡ/x ɡ/k / n/ n̥/h /ʔ
ǂ ǂh ǂx ɡǂ ɡǂx ɡǂk ǂ nǂ n̥ǂh ǂʔ
! !h !x ɡ! ɡ!x ɡ!k ! n! n̥!h !ʔ
|| ||h ||x ɡ|| ɡ||x ɡ||k || n|| n̥||h ||ʔ

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   i u
e o
   a

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all
NASALVOWEL: ṽ all
MODIFIEDVO:

   v̤ (breathy) all
v̰ (creaky) all
ṽ̤ all
ṽ̰ all

SYLLABLE:
TONES: (very-hi) hi lo very-lo
NOUNCLASSE: 5
SYNTAX: SVO
NUMBER: 6
LANGUAGE: Qxû
ALTERNATEN: !Kung
DIALECT: Dikundu
LOCATION: NE Namibia
POPULATION: 30,000
CLASSIFICA: Khoisan: Northern
GRAMMAR: Köhler, Oswin. 1981. "Les langues khoisan," in Les langues dans le monde ancien et moderne, ed. by Jean Perrot, Paris, Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 455-615.
CONSONANTS:

   p ph pɦ t th tɦ tx t k kh ʔ
b d ɡ
    ts tsh ttsx tč čh čx čʔ k
    dz d
    s sh š šh x h
β z zɦ ž žɦ ɦ
m mɦ mɒ ʔm mb n nɦ ñ ŋ ʔŋ
    ṛ

STOPS: p ph pɦ b t th tɦ tx t d k kh ɡ ʔ
AFFRICATES: ts tsh ttsx t dz dč čh čx čʔ k
FRICATIVES: β s sh z zɦ š šh ž žɦ x h ɦ
NASALS: m mɦ mɒ ʔm mb n nɦ ñ ŋ ʔŋ
VIBRANTS:
CLICKS:

   / /ʔ /ɦ /h /x / ɡ/ n/ɦ ɡ/n
ǂ ǂʔ ǂɦ ǂh ǂx ǂ ɡǂ nǂɦ ɡǂn
! !ʔ !ɦ !h !x ! ɡ! n!ɦ ɡ!n
|| ||ʔ ||ɦ ||h ||x || ɡ|| n||ɦ ɡ||n

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   i u
e o
    a

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
NASALVOWEL: ı̃ ã ũ
MODIFIEDVO:

   ḭ ḛ a̰ ṵ o̰
i̤ a̤ ṳ o̤
aɒ oɒ
ɒɒ
ã̰ õ̰

DIPHTHONGS:

   ia ei au ao ai ae oi oe oa ui ua
ḛḭ a̰ṵ a̰o̰ a̰ḛ o̰ḛ o̰a̰ ṵḭ
aoɒ aeɒ oiɒ
ãũ ãı̃ õã ũã ũı̃
ã̰ṵ̃ ã̰ı̰̃ õ̰ã̰
ãũɒ ãı̃ɒ õı̃ɒ

SYLLABLE: (C)V(N)
TONES: hi mid lo lo-ris mid-ris mid-fall
NOUNNUMBER: s p
NOUNCLASSE: 4
DEMONSTRAT: 2
PRONOUNS:

   1 4die 4mie 4fie 4cie
2 5d 5mfc
3 6dmfc 6mfc

SYNTAX: SVO NA GN(inalienable)/NG(alienable) ND POSS-N(inalienable)/N-POSS(alienable)
PREPPOST: POST
NUMBER: 7
LANGUAGE: ǂAu.||eı̂
ALTERNATEN: Auen
LOCATION: Namibia
POPULATION: 5,000
CLASSIFICA: Khoisan: Northern
OTHERSOURC: NBL
CONSONANTS:

   




PRONOUNS:

   1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3fc 6dfc 6fc
c=common

SYNTAX: SVO
NUMBER: 8
LANGUAGE: Maligo
LOCATION: South Angola
CLASSIFICA: Khoisan: Northern
CONSONANTS:

   




SYNTAX: SVO
NUMBER: 9
LANGUAGE: Ekoka
LOCATION: Namibia
POPULATION: 5,000
CLASSIFICA: Khoisan: Northern
CONSONANTS:

   




SYNTAX: SVO
NUMBER: 10
LANGUAGE: Proto-Central Khoisan
LOCATION: Southern Africa
CLASSIFICA: Khoisan: Central
OTHERSOURC: Baucom, Kenneth L. 1974. "Proto-Central Khoisan," in Third Annual Conference on African Linguistics, ed. by E. Voeltz, Bloomington, Indiana University Publications, pp. 3-37.
CONSONANTS:

   p t th k kh
b d ɡ
    ts
dz
    s x h
m n
    r

STOPS: p b t th d k kh ɡ
AFFRICATES: ts dz
FRICATIVES: s x h
NASALS: m n
VIBRANTS: r
CLICKS:

   / /ʔ /x /h /k n/
! !ʔ !x !k n!
+ +ʔ +x +k n+
|| ||ʔ ||x ||k n||
ǂ ǂʔ ǂx ǂk
+ is a front lateral click; || is a back lateral click. According to Baucom, "it should be noted that the distinction between front lateral and back lateral clicks does not occur in any modern Central languae. But the evidence demands a fifth click position in the proto-language. The Southern languages have a fifth labial position, and a few of the Northern languages appear to have the front lateral/back lateral contrast given here. The choice of a front lateral position over a labial position is somewhat arbitrary. It might well be that the empty front lateral with pharyngeal release will prove to be filled by the aspirated dental click." (pp. 4-5) There is no IPA symbol for a front lateral click.

MODIFIEDCO: cɒ t d h kx m
VOWELS:

   i u
e o
    a

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all ṽ all
SYNTAX: SOV
NUMBER: 11
LANGUAGE: Nama
ALTERNATEN: Khoekhoe
LOCATION: South Africa
POPULATION: 234,000
CLASSIFICA: Khoisan: Central: Nama
GRAMMAR: Hagman, R. 1977. Nama Hottentot Grammar. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
OTHERSOURC:

   Beach, D. M. 1938. The Phonetics of Hottentot Language. Cambridge: W. Heffer and Sons.
DKS

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ (c) k ʔ
    t̪sh kxh
(f) s x h
(v)
m n̪
    (l)
    r

STOPS: p t̪ (c) k ʔ
AFFRICATES: sh kxh
FRICATIVES: (f) (v) s x h
NASALS: m n̪
LATERALS: (l)
VIBRANTS: r
CLICKS:

   / /h /ʔ /x n/
ǂ ǂh ǂʔ ǂx
! !h !ʔ !x n!
|| ||h ||ʔ ||x n||

VOWELS:

   i u
e (ǝ) o
    a

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: (ǝ) a
BACKVOWELS: u o
NASALVOWEL: ı̃ ã ũ
DIPHTHONGS:

   ai ae ao au oe oa ui
ãı̃ ãũ õã ũı̃

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C) Nˈ
TONES: hi-ris hi-fall mid-ris mid-fall lo-mid-lev lo-ris
PRONOUNS:

   1 4dmie 4dfie 4dcie 4mie 4fie 4cie
2mf 5dmfc 5mfc
3mfc 6dmfc 6mfc
c=common

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
PREPPOST: POST
NUMBER: 12
LANGUAGE: Dama
ALTERNATEN: Damara
LOCATION: Namibia
POPULATION: 105,000
CLASSIFICA: Khoisan: Central: Nama
CONSONANTS:

   




SYNTAX: SOV
NUMBER: 13
LANGUAGE: !Ora
ALTERNATEN: Korana
LOCATION: S South Africa
POPULATION: extinct
CLASSIFICA: Khoisan: Central: Nama
GRAMMAR: Maingard, L. F. 1962. Korana Folktales. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand Univ. Press.
TEXTBOOKS: Beach, D. M. 1938. The Phonetics of the Hottentot Language. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons.
OTHERSOURC: DKS
CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ t̪h k kh ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    (t) k
    s x h
m n̪
    ɾ

STOPS: p b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ ʔ
AFFRICATES: (t) k
FRICATIVES: s x h
NASALS: m n̪
VIBRANTS: ɾ
CLICKS:

   / /h /ʔ /x n/
ǂ ǂh ǂʔ ǂx
! !h !ʔ !x n!
|| ||h ||ʔ ||x n||

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   i u
e (ǝ) o
    a

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: (ǝ) a
BACKVOWELS: u o
NASALVOWEL: Ĩ ã ʋ̃ õ
DIPHTHONGS: ai ei au oa ou oe ue
SYLLABLE: (C)V(C) Nˈ
TONES: hi-lev hi-ris mid-lev lo-mid-fall
NOUNNUMBER: s d p
GENDER: m f c (common)
DEMONSTRAT: 3
PRONOUNS:

   1mf 4dmie 4dfie 4dcie 4mie 4fie 4cie
2mf 5dmfc 5mfc
3mfc 6dmfc 6mfc

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D-Num+A+N
PREPPOST: POST
NUMBER: 14
LANGUAGE: Xiri
LOCATION: South Africa
POPULATION: extinct
CLASSIFICA: Khoisan: Central: Nama
CONSONANTS:

   




SYNTAX: SOV
NUMBER: 15
LANGUAGE: Hai.n||um
LOCATION: Namibia
POPULATION: 16,000
CLASSIFICA: Khoisan: Central: Hai.n||um
CONSONANTS:

   




SYNTAX: SOV
NUMBER: 16
LANGUAGE: Kwadi
LOCATION: South Angola
POPULATION: 15,000
CLASSIFICA: Khoisan: Central: Kwadi
CONSONANTS:

   




SYNTAX: SOV
NUMBER: 17
LANGUAGE: G||abake
DIALECT: Kua
LOCATION: EC Botswana
POPULATION: 9,360
CLASSIFICA: cKhoisan: Central: Tshu-Khwe: Northeast
GRAMMAR: DKS
OTHERSOURC:

   CTIL 7, 404.
CBH

CONSONANTS:

   p t th tʔ tx c ch cʔ cx k kh kʔ kj q ʔ
b d dj ɟ ɡ ŋɡ
    ts tsh t tsx
    dz
    s x h
m n ñ ŋ

STOPS: p b t th tʔ tx d dj c ch cʔ cx ɟ k kh kʔ kj ɡ ŋɡ q ʔ
AFFRICATES: ts tsh t tsx dz
FRICATIVES: s x h
NASALS: m n ñ ŋ
CLICKS:

   / ɡ/ n/ ɡ/n /x ɡ/x /h /ʔ n/x
ǂ ɡǂ ǂh
! n! !x !h !ʔ
|| ɡ|| n|| ɡ||n ||x ɡ||x ||h ||ʔ n||x
[n/x is prenasalized]

GLIDES: j ʔj w
VOWELS:

   i u
e o
    a

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
NASALVOWEL: ı̃ ã ũ
DIPHTHONGS:

   ai ae ao au oi oe oa ui ue ua
ãı̃ãũ õã ũı̃

TONES: hi-lev lo-lev hi-fall lo-ris
PRONOUNS:

   1 4dmfc 4mfc
2mf 5dmfc 5mfc
3mfc 6dmfc 6mfc

SYNTAX: SOV
NUMBER: 18
LANGUAGE: G||abake
DIALECT: Tsua
LOCATION: EC Botswana
POPULATION: 9,360
CLASSIFICA: Khoisan: Central: Tshu-Khwe: Northeast
GRAMMAR: DKS
OTHERSOURC:

   CTIL 7, 404.
CBH

CONSONANTS:

   p t th tʔ tx c cʔ cx k kh kʔ kj q ʔ
b d dj ɟ ɡ
    ts tsh t tsx
    dz
    s x h
m n ñ ŋ

STOPS: p b t th tʔ tx d dj c ch cʔ cx ɟ k kh kʔ kj ɡ ŋɡ q ʔ
AFFRICATES: ts tsh t tsx dz
FRICATIVES: s x h
NASALS: m n ñ ŋ
CLICKS:

   / ɡ/ ɡ/n q/ /x ɡ/x /h /ʔ
ǂ ǂx ǂh
! !x !h !ʔ
|| ɡ|| n|| ɡ||n ||x ɡ||x ||h ||ʔ

GLIDES: j ʔj w
VOWELS:

   i u
e o
    a

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
NASALVOWEL: ı̃ ã ũ
DIPHTHONGS:

   ai ae ao au oi oe oa ui ue ua
ãı̃ãũ õã ũı̃

TONES: hi-lev lo-lev hi-fall lo-ris
PRONOUNS:

   1 4dmfc 4mfc
2mf 5dmfc 5mfc
3mf 6dmfc 6mfc

SYNTAX: SOV
NUMBER: 19
LANGUAGE: G||abake
DIALECT: Cua
LOCATION: EC Botswana
POPULATION: 9,360
CLASSIFICA: Khoisan: Central: Tshu-Khwe: Northeast
GRAMMAR: DKS
OTHERSOURC:

   CTIL 7, 404.
CBH

CONSONANTS:

    t c ch cʔ cx k kh kʔ
b d ɡ
    ts t tsx
    s h
    z
m n nj ŋ
    r

STOPS: b t d c ch cʔ cx k kh kʔ ɡ
AFFRICATES: ts t tsx
FRICATIVES: s z h
NASALS: m n nj ŋ
VIBRANTS: r
CLICKS:

   / ɡ/ /x /ʔ
|| ||x ||ʔ

GLIDES: j
VOWELS:

   i u
e o
    a

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
NASALVOWEL: ı̃ ã ũ
DIPHTHONGS:

   ai ao au oe ui
õã ũı̃

TONES: hi-lev lo-lev hi-fall lo-ris
PRONOUNS:

   1 4dmfc 4mfc
2mf 5dmfc 5mfc
3mf 6dmfc 6mfc

SYNTAX: SOV
NUMBER: 20
LANGUAGE: Kwee
LOCATION: South Africa
CLASSIFICA: Khoisan: Central: Tshu-Khwe: Northeast
CONSONANTS:

   




SYNTAX: SOV
typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-textbooks,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-clicks,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-nounnumber,typology-gender,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-clicks,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-modifiedvo,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-gender,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-clicks,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-modifiedvo,typology-diphthongs,typology-tones,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-textbooks,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-clicks,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-tones,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-clicks,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-modifiedvo,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-nounclasse,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-clicks,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-modifiedvo,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-nounnumber,typology-nounclasse,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-clicks,typology-modifiedco,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-clicks,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-textbooks,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-clicks,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-nounnumber,typology-gender,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-clicks,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-diphthongs,typology-tones,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-clicks,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-diphthongs,typology-tones,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-clicks,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-diphthongs,typology-tones,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,
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