Tamil meaning :West Indian pea-tree, Sesbania grandiflora
Malayalam :akatti
Malayalam meaning :Sesbania grandiflora
Kannada :akace, agace, agase, agise
Kannada meaning :tree with large scarlet flowers, Sesbania (or Aeschynomene) grandiflora Poir.
Tulu :agase-mara
Tulu meaning :Agati grandiflora
Notes :Only an old inlaut cluster can account for the correspondences between Tamil and Kannada; the cluster is clearly seen in the Old Indian borrowing agasti-. Some of the Kannada forms (or even all of them) may actually be borrowed from Telugu, which would still leave us with the same correspondence, but between Tamil and Telugu.
Kannada derivates :agaẓ what has been dug; agaẓte digging, pit, ditch; agaẓata, agaẓate digging, ditch, moat; agalte ditch, moat; agi, age to dig, burrow, make a hole in the ground
Tulu :agarụ, agaḷụ
Tulu meaning :ditch, trench, moat
Tulu derivates :(B-K.) agate overturning the soil by spade
Tamil derivates :ai adj. in some cpds.; aim-patu, am-patu fifty; aiñ-ñūr_u, ain-nūr_u 500; aivar five persons, the five Pāṇḍavas; aiy-aintu, aiv-aintu by fives; five fives
Malayalam :añcu
Malayalam meaning :five
Malayalam derivates :am-patu fifty; añ-ñūr_u 500; ai adj. in some cpds.; aiy-āyiram 5000; aiy-āṇṭu five years; aivar five persons; aiy-añcu by fives
Kannada :ay(i)du
Kannada meaning :five
Kannada derivates :ay adj. in some cpds.; ay-vattu fifty; ay-nūr_u 500; ayvar, aybaru five persons
Kodagu :añji
Kodagu meaning :five
Kodagu derivates :añjane fifth; aym-badɨ fifty; añ-ñūrɨ 500; ayy āṇḍɨ five years; ayy-añji by fives; ayvë five persons (in songs); ayyak ëttɨ five pairs of bullocks
Tulu :ainụ
Tulu meaning :five (things)
Tulu derivates :ainane fifth; ai adj. in some cpds.; ai-nūdu 500; aiva fifty; aiverụ, aiyerụ five persons; aikoḷu, aivoḷu five times
Notes :A Tamil-Malaylam isogloss. Connection with *ā̆m- 'water' is hardly likely (unless Tam. ām is a contraction from ayam, which is hardly a common development).
Number in DED :0188
Proto-South Dravidian :*ajil- (< *ar_ir-?)
Meaning :javelin
Tamil :ayil
Tamil meaning :javelin, lance, surgical knife, lancet
Malayalam :ayil
Malayalam meaning :javelin, lance
Malayalam derivates :ayiri surgical knife, lancet
Notes :A Tamil-Malayalam isogloss; quite possibly the exact same stem as *ar_ir- 'iron' (= 'iron blade').
Tamil meaning :father, sage, priest, teacher, brahman, superior person, master, king
Tamil derivates :ayyā father, respectable man; aiyar men worthy of respect, sages, brahmans, title of smārta brahmans, etc.; tam-aiyan_ elder brother or parallel male cousin; numaiyan_ your elder brother; ai lord, master, husband, king, guru, priest, teacher, father
Malayalam :ayyan
Malayalam meaning :father, lord
Malayalam derivates :tamayan elder brother
Kannada :ayya, aya
Kannada meaning :father, grandfather, master, lord, teacher
Kodagu :ayyë
Kodagu meaning :father's brother or parallel male cousin, mother's sister's husband
Notes :Just like *t-and-, this root commonly refers to 'father' as an honourable mention. The original meaning differentiation may have been preserved in Kodagu, where appë = 'father', while ayyë = 'father's brother, male cousin'; none of the other languages present an equally clear picture. The only common PSDR stem is the one in *-n (*ajja-n, pl. *ajja-r).
Tamil derivates :ayirppu doubt, suspicion; aiyam doubt, uncertainty, scepticism
Malayalam :ayyam
Malayalam meaning :doubt
Kannada :ǝyb
Kannada meaning :(Gul.) doubt, suspicion
Kannada derivates :naccu, nasa doubt (Kitt.) (?)
Notes :Kittel's forms with initial n- do not fit into the picture at all from a strictly phonetic point of view (the fact that *ń- is regularly eliminated in some positions in some Dravidian languages does not mean that we can easily correlate any two Kannaḍa dialectal variants with and without the initial nasal). They are rather to be compared with similar Tamil roots like naccu 'tease, vex, trouble'.
Number in DED :0190
Proto-South Dravidian :*ajjā
Meaning :exclamation
Tamil :aiya
Tamil meaning :excl. of wonder; excl. of pity, concern
Tamil derivates :aiyakō excl. of pity, sorrow; ai wonder, astonishment; aiy-en_al uttering ai expressive of wonder, of distress or mental suffering, of assent; aiyaiyō excl. of pity or grief; aiyō excl. of wonder; excl. of pity, concern; excl. of poignant grief
Malayalam :ayyā
Malayalam meaning :interj. of derision
Malayalam derivates :ayyō, ayyayyō interj. of pain, grief
Notes :Expressive interjection, for some reason grouped together with *ajja- 'father' in DEDR.
Number in DED :0196
Proto-South Dravidian :*ajkaḷai
Meaning :cockroach
Kannada :akkaḷe
Kannada meaning :cockroach
Tulu :ekkale, ekkalu
Tulu meaning :cockroach
Miscellaneous :Also KOR hakkaḷa id.
Notes :Inlaut *-jk- is provisionally reconstructed on the basis of initial e- in Tulu, unexplainable otherwise.
Number in DED :0022
Proto-South Dravidian :*akakāj
Meaning :asunder
Tamil :akkakkāy
Tamil meaning :asunder
Tulu :akkakka, akkoḷu
Tulu meaning :n. part; adv. asunder
Notes :Onomatopoeic.
Number in DED :0019
Proto-South Dravidian :*akar_ai (?)
Meaning :necessity
Tamil :akkar_ai, akkarai
Tamil meaning :concern, interest, need, necessity
Kannada :akkar_e
Kannada meaning :want, necessity, need
Notes :Burrow & Emeneau give this root a separate entry in DEDR but it is almost certainly the same as Kan. aẓkar_, akkar_e, akkar_a "love, affection" (DEDR 281). The Tamil form is then Kannaḍa in origin.
Number in DED :0021
Proto-South Dravidian :*akaǯa
Meaning :wonder
Kannada :akkaja, aẓkaja
Kannada meaning :wonder, surprise; a wonderful thing
Notes :An expressive root, also found in Telugu and Kui but certainly not reliable.
Notes :Burrow & Emeneau suggest borrowing from Skt. agni-.
Number in DED :0026
Proto-South Dravidian :*akil-
Meaning :confusion, fear
Tamil :akkili-pikkili
Tamil meaning :confusion, confusion of mind (loc.)
Kannada :akkuḷisu
Kannada meaning :to fear, flinch, withdraw
Notes :An expressive root.
Number in DED :0025
Proto-South Dravidian :*akir_-
Meaning :dandruff
Tamil :acar_u
Tamil meaning :dandruff, scurf; scab in sheep and goats
Tamil derivates :ayar_u excrescence resulting from a sore; akir a kind of scurf
Kannada :agaru, hagaru, adaru, aduru
Kannada meaning :dandruff
Notes :An interesting case of inlaut palatalisation in Tamil (the original variant is still seen in the dial. form akir). The original vowel in the 2nd syllable is obviously *-i-, otherwise there would be no reason for palatalisation in Tamil; variants with -a- are secondary by assimilation with the anlaut a-.
Tamil meaning :(1 sg. allē̆ṇ, 1 pl. allēm, 2 sg. allai, 2 pl. allir, 3 sg. m. allan_, 3 pl. m. allar, 3 sg. f. allaḷ, 3 sg. neut. an_r_u, 3 pl. neut. alla; alla is used in mod. Tamil for all persons and numbers) to be not so-and-so
Tamil derivates :allatu evil, sin; or, if not, or else; allavai sin, evil, uselessness; allāta which is not, different from; allāmal, allāl, an_r_i, an_r_iyil except, besides; an_mai negation of identity, reciprocal negation; evil
Malayalam :alla
Malayalam meaning :is not that, not thus
Malayalam derivates :allātē else, otherwise, except; allāykil if not
Kannada :alla
Kannada meaning :(for all persons and numbers; also 3 sg. neut. alladu,altu) to be not so-and-so, be not fit or proper
Kannada derivates :allada being not so or that, being not proper
Kodagu :alla
Kodagu meaning :(for all persons and numbers) to be not so-and-so
