Notes :The palatal nasal in Tamil is possibly due to expressive character of the word; anyway, given the extremely scarce representation of the form and the abundance of other terms for (fe)male relatives, it is dubious that we are dealing with a specific PDR or even PSDR root here.
Tamil meaning :to suffer, be distressed, be slain; to afflict; n. pain, affliction, killing
Tamil derivates :an_uŋku (an_uŋki-) to suffer pain, be in distress, fade, droop; an_ukku (an_ukki-) to distress, cause to suffer, ruin; an_ukkam suffering, distress, pain, weakness
Kannada :aṇaku
Kannada meaning :to press into a narrower compass, subdue, control
Kannada derivates :aṇacu to depress, humble; aṇaka closeness, compactness, firmness, state of being in good repair; aṇakuve humbleness, modesty; aṇagu to hide, disappear, be humbled, crouch; aṇuŋku to depress, humble, abate, ruin, destroy; aṇuŋgu to be depressed, etc.
Tulu :aṇaka
Tulu meaning :narrowness, closeness; narrow, small
Notes :The root is met in monosyllabic form as well as with *-a- in the second syllable; both variants are always accompanied with a derivative nasal velar suffix. The alternation between -ṇa- and -n_u- in Tamil is strange, since Kannada clearly points to PSDR *-ṇ-, yet no regular development *-ṇu- > -n_u- in Tamil is known. A possible explanation is that the original form *aṇ-ŋ- underwent partial assimilation (*an-ŋ-) only after which the epenthetic vowel -u- was added. On the other hand, this explanation is completely invalid if all of these forms are historically derived from *aṇai- 'to be extinguished, die' q.v..
Number in DED :0112
Proto-South Dravidian :*an-p-
Meaning :love, affection
Tamil :an_pu
Tamil meaning :love, attachment, friendship, benevolence, devotion, piety
Tamil derivates :aṇṭai thing attached, annexed as a plug to stop a hole, patch
Malayalam :aṭṭuka
Malayalam meaning :to join, stick, adhere
Kannada :aṇṭu
Kannada meaning :to stick, adhere to; n. adhesion, that adheres, an impurity, that is sticky, gum, paste, that is viscous
Kannada derivates :aṇṭaru to stick to; aṇke, aṇpu act of smearing or anointing; aṭṭu state of being joined
Tulu :aṇṭuni
Tulu meaning :to adhere, stick; to paste (tr.), attract
Tulu derivates :aṇṭụ gum, paste, adhesion; aṇṭụpattu adhesive, attractive; aṇṭāvuni to paste; aṇarụ moss, lichen, mould, green stuff on stagnant water
Notes :The Tamil-Malayalam forms with -ṭṭ- are due to the weak cluster *-nṭ- (expected dialectal variations with -ṇṭ- are also seen in Tam. aṇṭai).
Kannada derivates :aŋgalārcu, aŋgalācu to cry from grief, grieve, sorrow; aŋgalāpu lamentation, grief
Tulu :aŋgalappu, aŋgalāpa
Tulu meaning :covetousness
Tulu derivates :aŋgụ greed; aŋgiḍpini to be greedy, covetous; aŋgipuni to wish, be greedy of; aŋgele a greedy person, glutton; aŋŋaṇyuni to be greedy of, covet
Notes :Some of the Tulu forms may look as if they are preserving a monosyllabic form of the root. However, external parallels (Telugu, Kurukh) also show a bisyllabic form, which means that in Tulu some of the forms without -l- may have dropped it secondarily (aŋgipuni < *aŋal-puni) while others, like aŋgụ, represent back formations from aŋgipuni, etc.
Notes :The stem is almost always of a compound nature; the second component is often (but not always) PSDR *paḍi "step". The first component is unclear; maybe it should be compared with IA aŋká- "hook"? (PSDR *-ŋk- is reconstructed despite Kan. -ŋg-; the voiced cluster in Kan. is unique and possibly due to assimilation with the following -v-).
Tamil meaning :to stick with the hand (as sandal paste), plaster with a trowel (as mortar), apply repeatedly (as a fomentation), press against (as in wrestling), thrust in the mouth
Tamil derivates :appaḷi (-pp-, -tt-) to remove unevenness in the wall by placing pieces of brick or tile with chunam when plastering
Malayalam :appi, appu
Malayalam meaning :plaster
Malayalam derivates :appuka to stick to, attach to, press against (as plaster), press in
Kannada :appige, apige, appaḍe, appuge
Kannada meaning :act of joining, cementing, soldering, etc.; a patch
Kannada derivates :appaḷisu to strike against, stroke, flap, slap; apparisu to stroke
Tulu :appaḷipuni
Tulu meaning :to strike anything with the open hand, squash
Tamil meaning :father; term of endearment used to little children or inferiors
Tamil derivates :appacci father; appāttai elder sister; appi mistress of house; elder sister; appappa, appappā excl. of pity or surprise; appā excl. of surprise, grief, or pain; appāṭā excl. of surprise or relief
Malayalam :appan
Malayalam meaning :father
Malayalam derivates :appu affectionate appellation of boys; appā̆, appappā, appaṭā interj. of pain or surprise
Kannada :appa
Kannada meaning :father; frequently added to the proper names of men as a term of common respect; used endearingly to children by their elders
Kannada derivates :apa father; appu affectionate appellation of boys; apa, appā̆, appappā̆ interj. denoting surprise, pain, or grief; appāḍa interj. of pain or surprise
Kodagu :appë
Kodagu meaning :father
Tulu :appa, appè
Tulu meaning :affix of respect added to proper names of men
Tulu derivates :appè mother; appa a mode of calling a mother; appa interj. of surprise; appappā interj. of surprise or sorrow
Notes :The stem *apa-n is obviously of PSDR origin; everything else (Tulu appè, Tam. appi, etc.) is isolated, has little or no external parallels and probably represents later independent formations.
