Комментарии: Av. paradigm B (harčí-l,harčá-l). Cf. also Kar. Tok. ʕanča 'stone'. An old verbal derivate may be PA *čan- ( ~ -o-) 'to plane, hew' ( = 'make smth. look as a flat stone') > Cham. šan- (Gig. čan-), Tind. čan- (also with reduplication Cham. šanšʷ-).
Комментарии: There is some confusion in records as to the strength of *ʎ : Bokarev has -ʎ- in Cham. (U.-Gakv.), and Magomedbekova - in Akhvakh, whereas the MSU records have -ʎ:- in both cases. On the other hand, the Tind. form in the MSU recording is ãʎi - but Inkhokvari in a form, obviously borrowed from Tindi, has ãʎʎi. In general, it seems that evidence rather favours strong *ʎ:.
Комментарии: Cf. also Kar. Anch. ãh-, Akhv. Tseg., Tlan. ãʎ-, Bagv. Tlond. alhã-; Cham. Gig. ruʎ- (Cham. Gig. r-, Gakv. w- < *r- is an historical prefix). The Cham. form suggests that the original root was *-uƛ- (with class prefixation), and all other Andian languages reflect actually a compound *ʔan-uƛ-, where the first component is most probably a distorted PA *han- 'ear' (with a weakened initial laryngeal) q.v. Chamalal, however, had also possessed the stem *ʔanƛV- > anʎ-, as seen from the nominal derivate ãʎ, Gig. anʎi 'word, speech' ("smth. heard").
Комментарии: Av. paradigm C (gen. haʕ-dál, cf. also Chad. gen. ʕu-dúl). Cf. also Cham. Gig. aj id. The Akhv. form is a metathesis: q̇ā < q̇aʔV < ʔaq̇V.
Комментарии: Av. paradigm B (ʕošṭó-l,ʕašṭá-l,Chad.ʕoždó-l,ʕaždá-l). The word contains a dental suffix (because of a specific cluster development it is hard to reconstruct it precisely); the only suffixless form is recorded by Khaidakov in an And. dialect (anǯi). Cf. also Akhv. Tseg., Tlan. ʕanžir, Kar. Tok. ʕanžit.
Комментарии: Changing class infixes are attested only in Andian (cf. aor. abaχo / araχo), and it is not quite clear whether it is an archaism or an innovation. In any case, the structure of this verbal stem is quite exceptional. There also exists a reflex of stem II *χʷV- in Tind. χʷē- 'to swell; to rise (of dough)'.
Комментарии: In Av. a secondary meaning development (*spirit > moral, dignity); note that this root has moral/religious connotations also in other languages.
Комментарии: Av. paradigm A (erg. ʕárš:i-c:a, pl. ʕárš:a-l; but Chad. C - ʕarsí-l,ʕársa-l). Medial -r- in Avar is secondary (in Chadakolob it may be omitted).
