| ▴ Proto-Turkic | ▴ Altaic etymology | ▴ Meaning | ▴ Russian meaning | ▴ Old Turkic | ▴ Karakhanid | ▴ Turkish | ▴ Tatar | ▴ Middle Turkic | ▴ Uzbek | ▴ Uighur | ▴ Sary-Yughur | ▴ Azerbaidzhan | ▴ Turkmen | ▴ Khakassian | ▴ Shor | ▴ Oyrat | ▴ Halaj | ▴ Chuvash | ▴ Yakut | ▴ Dolgan | ▴ Tuva | ▴ Tofalar | ▴ Kirghiz | ▴ Kazakh | ▴ Noghai | ▴ Bashkir | ▴ Balkar | ▴ Gagauz | ▴ Karaim | ▴ Karakalpak | ▴ Salar | ▴ Kumyk | ▴ Comments |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"*K(i)aja | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 rock 2 mountain 3 slope | face="Times New Roman Star"1 ñêàëà 2 ãîðà 3 ñêëîí | face="Times New Roman Star"qaja (Orkh., OUygh.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaja (MK, KB) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"kaja 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyja 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaja (Houts., AH, Ettuhf., Pav. C.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qo|je| 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"dial. qija 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gaja 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"dial. Ga:ja, Gaja 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"xaja 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaja 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaja 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"xaja 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"kaja 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"xaja 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"xaja 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaja 1, qyja 3 ('oblique slope' - through contamination with *kyj- 'oblique') |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaja 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaja 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaja 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaja 1, 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyja 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 221, TMN 3, 565, EDT 674-5, ÝÑÒß 5, 198-199, Ëåêñèêà 96, Stachowski 133. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*KAk- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"to hit, knock, tear | face="Times New Roman Star"áèòü, ñòó÷àòü, ðâàòü |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"kak- | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- (Houts., AH, Qutb, MA) | face="Times New Roman Star"qo|q- | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gax- | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq-, qaqyl- | face="Times New Roman Star"xax- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"kakryj- 'break into small pieces' | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- | face="Times New Roman Star"qa'q- | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- | face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaq- | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 223, ÝÑÒß 5, 221-222, Stachowski 135. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*K(i)aly- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 sky 2 to clear up (of sky) | face="Times New Roman Star"1 íåáî 2 ïðîÿñíÿòüñÿ (î íåáå) | face="Times New Roman Star"qalyq (OUygh.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"(ko"k) qalyq 1 (MK) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"? júl- 'to shine, glitter' | face="Times New Roman Star"kilej-xalaj 'shining', xalyn- 2, xalla:n 'clear sky, good weather' | face="Times New Roman Star"kalla:n 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 226, Ëåêñèêà 60-61, Stachowski 135. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kiam | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 shaman 2 to shamanize, come into movement | face="Times New Roman Star"1 øàìàí 2 êàìëàòü, ïðèõîäèòü â äâèæåíèå | face="Times New Roman Star"qam 1, qamla- 2 (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qam (MK, KB) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"kam 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qam 1 (Sib.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qam 1 (AH, IM, Pav. C.), qamla- 2 (Sangl.) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"xam 1, xamna- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qam 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qam 1, qamda- 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"jomús/, jumúz/@ 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"xam-na:- (xam-sa:-) 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"kamna:- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"xam 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"xam 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qamz|y 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 228, TMN 3, 402-406, ÝÑÒß 5, 240-241, Åãîðîâ 348-349, Ôåäîòîâ 1, 486, Stachowski 136. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Ka:n- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"to be satisfied | face="Times New Roman Star"áûòü óäîâëåòâîðåííûì | face="Times New Roman Star"qan- (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qan- (MK, KB, IM) | face="Times New Roman Star"kan- | face="Times New Roman Star"qan- | face="Times New Roman Star"(OKypch.) qan- (AH) | face="Times New Roman Star"qo|n- | face="Times New Roman Star"qan- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gan- | face="Times New Roman Star"Ga:n- | face="Times New Roman Star"xan- | face="Times New Roman Star"qan- | face="Times New Roman Star"qan- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"xan- | face="Times New Roman Star"kan- | face="Times New Roman Star"xan- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qan- | face="Times New Roman Star"qan- | face="Times New Roman Star"qan- | face="Times New Roman Star"qan- | face="Times New Roman Star"qan- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qan- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qan- | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 632, VEWT 230, ÝÑÒß 5, 251-252, Stachowski 136. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Ka:j- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to slide 2 to swim 3 skis | face="Times New Roman Star"1 ñêîëüçèòü 2 ïëàâàòü 3 ëûæè |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"kaj-, dial. kajp- 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qaj- 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Ga:j- 1, 2 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qaj- 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"xajyhar 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"kan/yhar, ka:n/yhar, xa:har 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"xaj- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qajpy- 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 233, ÝÑÒß 5, 197-198, Stachowski 137 (nasalization in Dolg. is unclear). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kap- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 cover (n.) 2 gate, door 3 to close | face="Times New Roman Star"1 êðûøêà 2 âîðîòà, äâåðü 3 çàêðûâàòü | face="Times New Roman Star"qapag|, qapyg| (Orkh., OUygh.) 2, qapg|y (Orkh.) 2, qapaq (OUygh.) 1, qap- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qapug| (MK, KB), qapg|aq (MK) 1, qapug| (MK) 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"kapak 1, kapy 2, kapa- 3, kap- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"dial. qapqaq 1, qapqa 2, qapla- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qabag| (Qutb.) 1, qapu (Houts., Pav. C.) 2, qabug| (Qutb.) 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qo|pe|qo|q 1, qo|pqe| 2, qo|ple|- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qap(q)aq 1, dial. qobug| 2, qapla- 3 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"GapaG 1, Gapy 2, Gapa- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"Gapaq 1, Gapy 2, dial. Gap- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"xaxpax 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qabaq 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaqpaq 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xobú 1, xop(la)- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"xappax 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"kappakta:- 'to cover' | face="Times New Roman Star"qaqpaq 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qapqaq 1, qapqa 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaqpaq 1, qapy 2, qaqpa 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qapaq 1, qapy 2, qap(l)a- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qapqa 2, qapla- 3 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qabaq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaqpaq 1, qapy 2, qaqpa 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qa:vu 2 (ÑÑß) | face="Times New Roman Star"qapu 2, qabaq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 203, TMN 3, 369, ÝÑÒß 5, 160, 263-264, 274-275, Ëåêñèêà 510, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 358-359, Stachowski 138 (there is also a variant *Ka:p- - due to merger with another root *Ka:p-, v. sub *k[a:]p`a/; the meaning 'cover' here is probably secondary). Turk. > Mong. qabqag| 'cover' (whence Evk. kapkak, see Doerfer MT 125), qabqa 'gate', see TMN 3, 371, 415, Hung. kapu 'gate', see Gombocz 1912. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kara | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"black | face="Times New Roman Star"÷åðíûé | face="Times New Roman Star"qara (Orkh., Yen., OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qara (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"kara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara (MA, IM, Pav. C., AH, Áîð. Áàä.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qo|re| | face="Times New Roman Star"qara, dial. qare | face="Times New Roman Star"Gara | face="Times New Roman Star"Gara | face="Times New Roman Star"Gara | face="Times New Roman Star"xara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"xora | face="Times New Roman Star"xara | face="Times New Roman Star"kara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"Gara | face="Times New Roman Star"qara | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 235, TMN 3, 426-432, EDT 643-4, ÝÑÒß 5, 286-289, 299-100, Ëåêñèêà 592-593, Stachowski 138, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 362. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Karak | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 eye-ball 2 eye 3 a gentle address ("my dear") | face="Times New Roman Star"1 çðà÷îê 2 ãëàç 3 ëàñêîâîå îáðàùåíèå | face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 1 (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 2 (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"ko"z karasy 1, Osm. (XV) qaraq 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq (Pav. C., Áîð. Áàä., Sangl.) 1, (Abush.) 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qo|re|c?iq 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qar(i)c?uq 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"go"z Garasy 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"Garaq 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"xarax 2, dial. xarac?y 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 1, 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"kos/ xori 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"xarax 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"karak 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 3, dial. qareq 1, 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 3, qaras?yq 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaras?yq 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 3, qaras?yq 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 235-236, TMN 3, 434-436, EDT 652, ÝÑÒß 5, 295-296, Àøì. VII, 36, Ëåêñèêà 210, Stachowski 138. Deriving *Karak from *Kara 'black' (see also TMN 1, 401) is highly dubious both for semantic and morphological reasons; forms like Tur. go"z karasy result from secondary reanalysis. Cf. also the forms *Kara-la- 'to stare' (Az. qarala-, Uygh. qarala-, see ÝÑÒß 5, 289), *Karaj- 'to watch, preserve' (Yak. xaraj-, Dolg. karaj-; Yak. xarys 'care, wariness', Dolg. karysta:- 'to care, beware', see Stachowski 138, 140) - which, in contrast to qara- 'look' ( < Mong.) are unlikely to be borrowed. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*K(i)arba- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to grope (for smth.) 2 to grasp (with hands or teeth) 3 to swim (grope through water with hands and feet) 4 to rake up | face="Times New Roman Star"1 íàùóïûâàòü 2 õâàòàòü (ðóêàìè èëè çóáàìè) 3 ïëàâàòü (õâàòàòüñÿ çà âîäó ðóêàìè è íîãàìè) 4 ñãðåáàòü | face="Times New Roman Star"qarva- (OUygh.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qarva- (MK) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"kavra- 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qarba- (Qutb) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"Gabra- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"xarba- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qarba- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qarba- 2 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"xarba:- 2,3,4 | face="Times New Roman Star"karba:- 'to row, swim' | face="Times New Roman Star"qarban- 3 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 646, VEWT 243, ÝÑÒß 5, 302-303, Ìóäðàê 103 (with a wrong attribution of Tuva xyr-). Despite Kal/. MEJ 42, Stachowski 139, forms like Yak. xarba:- are hardly borrowed < Mong. qarma- (on which see under *k`ar/a). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kar- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 opposite 2 be opposite, meet 3 bandit | face="Times New Roman Star"1 ïðîòèâîïîëîæíûé 2 âñòðå÷àòüñÿ 3 ðàçáîéíèê | face="Times New Roman Star"qars?y (OUygh.) 1; qaraqc?y (OUygh.) 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qars?u (MK, KB), qars?y (KB) 1, qaraqc?y (KB) 3, qaraqla- (MK) 'to rob' |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq (Pav. C., Abush.) 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qe|re|qc?i 3 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"Gars?y- 2; Garaq 3 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"xir@s/- 2; xorax 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"xar, xa:r 1 (Ïåê.); xar-da 'retaliation'; xarys- 'to fight (with each other)' | face="Times New Roman Star"kar-da 'retaliation', karys- 'to fight' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qaraqc?y 3 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 3 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qaraqs?y 3 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaraq 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 235, ÝÑÒß 5, 294-295, 326-327, Àøì. XVI, 219-220, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 365-366, Stachowski 139, 140. Chuv. xir@s/- may actually reflect a different root (see *geru"l/-), or a contamination. Turk. qars?y > Mong. qarsi (Clark 1980, 41). Cf. also *Karma 'robbery'. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kar/- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to dig 2 to scrape, scratch 3 plane | face="Times New Roman Star"1 êîïàòü 2 ñêðåñòè, öàðàïàòü 3 ðóáàíîê | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- (OUygh.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- (KB), qazy- (MK) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"kaz- 1,2, kazy- 2, kazag|y 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qazy- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- (AH, Houts., MA, IM, Pav. C.) 1, (Pav. C.) 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1, qazi- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gaz- 1,2, Gazy- 1,2 | face="Times New Roman Star"Gaz- 1, Gaza- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"dial. xas- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qas- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qas- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xyr- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"xas- 1,2 | face="Times New Roman Star"kas- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qas- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qazy- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qad|y- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 243, ÝÑÒß 5, 185-186, Ìóäðàê 103, Stachowski 140. Chuv. -y- is not quite clear here. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kar/, *Kar/-dyr/ | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 bark 2 scales 3 dandruff 4 to peel bark 5 to husk nuts | face="Times New Roman Star"1 êîðà 2 ÷åøóÿ 3 ïåðõîòü 4 ñäèðàòü êîðó 5 ëóùèòü îðåõè | face="Times New Roman Star"qadyz 1 (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz, qad|yz 1 (MK) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qajry 1, dial. qajyz 1; qajyzla- 4 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qazg|o|q 3 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qazdyq 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"xastyryx 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"xujúr 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qatyryk 1; xasta:- 'to skin' | face="Times New Roman Star"kasta:- 'to skin' | face="Times New Roman Star"qazyryq 2, qazy- 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"qa's- 5 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qajyzg|aq 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyzg|aq 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qajry, dial. qajyd| 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qajyzg|aq 3 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 218, 243, EDT 608, 665, ÝÑÒß 5, 211-212, 328, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 352, Ëåêñèêà 107. The original form here is *Kar/; a suffixed form was *Kar/dy(r/), later simplified to *Kadyr/. This can be clearly seen from forms like SUygh. and Khak. Another possible explanation could be an early dissimilation (*Kar/-yr/ > *Kadyr/ = *Kad|yr/, or already after the zetacism, *Kazyz > *Kad|yz). There is some confusion between *Kar/ and *Kas, *Kasuk in Old Turkic, but MK definitely spells the word as qaz. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kat- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"to mix, add, tie to | face="Times New Roman Star"ñìåøèâàòü, äîáàâëÿòü | face="Times New Roman Star"qat- (Orkh., OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qat- (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"kat- | face="Times New Roman Star"qat- | face="Times New Roman Star"qat- (Sangl., MA, Pav. C., Qutb.) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qat- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gat- | face="Times New Roman Star"Gat- | face="Times New Roman Star"xat- | face="Times New Roman Star"qat- | face="Times New Roman Star"qat- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xodús? 'mixture' | face="Times New Roman Star"xat- (but kytar- 'to mix') | face="Times New Roman Star"kat- | face="Times New Roman Star"qa't- | face="Times New Roman Star"qa't- | face="Times New Roman Star"qat- | face="Times New Roman Star"qat- | face="Times New Roman Star"qat- | face="Times New Roman Star"qat- | face="Times New Roman Star"qat- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qat- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qat- | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 594-595, VEWT 241, ÝÑÒß 5, 336, 337-338, Stachowski 141, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 373-374. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kat | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"layer | face="Times New Roman Star"ñëîé | face="Times New Roman Star"qat (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qat (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"kat | face="Times New Roman Star"qat | face="Times New Roman Star"qat (Houts., AH, IM, MA) | face="Times New Roman Star"qo|t, dial. qe|t | face="Times New Roman Star"qat |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gat | face="Times New Roman Star"Gat | face="Times New Roman Star"xat |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qat |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xut | face="Times New Roman Star"xat 'double, X times' | face="Times New Roman Star"kat 'X times' | face="Times New Roman Star"qa't |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qat |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qat |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qat |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qat | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 241, ÝÑÒß 5, 335-336, TMN 3, 419, Stachowski 140, Àøì. XVI, 250-255, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 371-372. The original meaning must have been "one of two layers" - as witnessed by the Yak. meaning and by external evidence. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Ka:ta- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to stick into 2 nail | face="Times New Roman Star"1 âîíçàòü(ñÿ) 2 ãâîçäü |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"kada- 1, kadak 2 (dial.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qada- 1, qadaq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qada- (Abush., Pav. C., MA) | face="Times New Roman Star"qada- 1, qado|q 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qada- 1, qadaq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qatag| 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"GadaG 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"Gadaq 2 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qada- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xudav 2 (Anatri) | face="Times New Roman Star"xata:- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"kata:- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qada- 1, qadag| 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qada- 1, qado: 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qada- 1, qadaq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qada- 1, qadaq 2 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qada- 1, qadaq 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qada- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 217-8, ÝÑÒß 5, 180-182, TMN 3, 420-422, Àøì. XIV, 257, Stachowski 141. Because of the lack of ancient attestation one cannot exclude a borrowing < Mong. (although the variant qadag|a is very poorly represented there, and may itself be borrowed < Turk.). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kadyn| | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"birch tree | face="Times New Roman Star"áåðåçà |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qad|yn| (MK), qajyn| (KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"kajyn 'beech tree' | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyn | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyn (Houts.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qe|jin | face="Times New Roman Star"qejin |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gajyn 'maple tree' | face="Times New Roman Star"Gajyn| | face="Times New Roman Star"xazyn| | face="Times New Roman Star"qazyn| | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyn| |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xorún | face="Times New Roman Star"xatyn| | face="Times New Roman Star"katyn| | face="Times New Roman Star"xadyn| | face="Times New Roman Star"qadyn| | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyn| | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyn| | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyn| | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyn |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qajyn| |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 218, TMN 3, 183, ÝÑÒß 5, 214-215, Ëåêñèêà 122, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 366, Stachowski 141. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kia:l- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"to stay behind, remain | face="Times New Roman Star"îñòàâàòüñÿ | face="Times New Roman Star"qal- (Orkh., OUygh., Yenis.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qal- (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"kal- | face="Times New Roman Star"qal- | face="Times New Roman Star"qal- (Sangl., Qutb., Houts., AH, IM, MA, Pav. C.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qo|l- | face="Times New Roman Star"qal- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gal- | face="Times New Roman Star"Ga:l- | face="Times New Roman Star"xal- | face="Times New Roman Star"qal- | face="Times New Roman Star"qal- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"jol- | face="Times New Roman Star"xa:l- | face="Times New Roman Star"ka:l- | face="Times New Roman Star"qal- | face="Times New Roman Star"qal- | face="Times New Roman Star"qal- | face="Times New Roman Star"qal- | face="Times New Roman Star"qal- | face="Times New Roman Star"qal- | face="Times New Roman Star"qal- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qal- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qal- | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 615-616, VEWT 224, ÝÑÒß 5, 226-227, Åãîðîâ 347, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 483, Stachowski 142. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Ka:m- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to throw, strike down 2 to move, walk | face="Times New Roman Star"1 êèäàòü 2 äâèãàòüñÿ, õîäèòü | face="Times New Roman Star"qam- (OUygh.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qam- 'to lower' (MK) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qam- 'to lower' (MN) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"xúw|m- 'ìàõàòü, çàìàõèâàòüñÿ' | face="Times New Roman Star"xa:mp- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"ka:m- 2 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 228, EDT 625; Stachowski 142. The connection of OT qam- and Yak. qa:mp- is rather problematic, but possible (we are not aware of other etymologies). For the Yak. word cf. perhaps Bur. xamby 'packtrain, caravan'. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kia:n | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"blood | face="Times New Roman Star"êðîâü | face="Times New Roman Star"qan (Orkh., OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qan (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"kan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan (MA, Pav. C.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qo|n | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"Gan | face="Times New Roman Star"Ga:n | face="Times New Roman Star"xan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"qa:n | face="Times New Roman Star"jon | face="Times New Roman Star"xa:n | face="Times New Roman Star"ka:n | face="Times New Roman Star"xan | face="Times New Roman Star"xan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"Ga(:)n | face="Times New Roman Star"qan | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 230, TMN 3, 360-361, EDT 629-630, ÝÑÒß 5, 251, Åãîðîâ 349, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 486, Stachowski 142. Turk. > WMong. qana- 'to let bleed' (KW 166, TMN 3, 361, Ùåðáàê 1997, 133). |
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