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 Proto-Turkic Altaic etymology Meaning Russian meaning Old Turkic Karakhanid Turkish Tatar Middle Turkic Uzbek Uighur Sary-Yughur Azerbaidzhan Turkmen Khakassian Shor Oyrat Halaj Chuvash Yakut Dolgan Tuva Tofalar Kirghiz Kazakh Noghai Bashkir Balkar Gagauz Karaim Karakalpak Salar Kumyk Comments
face="Times New Roman Star"*d(i)a:rface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"narrowface="Times New Roman Star"óçêèéface="Times New Roman Star"tar (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"tar (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"darface="Times New Roman Star"tarface="Times New Roman Star"tar (Abush., Sangl.)face="Times New Roman Star"to|rface="Times New Roman Star"tarface="Times New Roman Star"tarface="Times New Roman Star"darface="Times New Roman Star"da:rface="Times New Roman Star"tarface="Times New Roman Star"tarface="Times New Roman Star"tarface="Times New Roman Star"ta:%r
face="Times New Roman Star"ta:r
face="Times New Roman Star"tarface="Times New Roman Star"dar (Ðàñ. ÔèË), tarface="Times New Roman Star"tarface="Times New Roman Star"tarface="Times New Roman Star"tarface="Times New Roman Star"tarface="Times New Roman Star"tarface="Times New Roman Star"darface="Times New Roman Star"tarface="Times New Roman Star"tarface="Times New Roman Star"darface="Times New Roman Star"tarface="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 463, EDT 528, ÝÑÒß 3, 146-147, 159-160; cf. Ôåäîòîâ 2, 179.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ta:t (/*to:t)face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 rust 2 rashface="Times New Roman Star"1 ðæàâ÷èíà 2 ïÿòíà íà ëèöå
face="Times New Roman Star"tat 1 (totyq- 'to get rusty') (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"tatu 1 (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"tut 1, 2, tat (ÊÑÒÒ) 'spot'face="Times New Roman Star"tot (Pav. C.), (MKypch.) tat 1 (At-Tuhf.)

face="Times New Roman Star"dad 1

face="Times New Roman Star"tat 1face="Times New Roman Star"tat 1face="Times New Roman Star"tot 'sun-tan', tat 1
face="Times New Roman Star"tut, tudú 2, todúx 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"tata:r 2
face="Times New Roman Star"dat 1face="Times New Roman Star"tadaryq 1face="Times New Roman Star"dat 1face="Times New Roman Star"tot 1, 'suntan'face="Times New Roman Star"tot 1, 2, tat 'spot'face="Times New Roman Star"tut 1, 2, dial. tat 'scurf in a bucket'face="Times New Roman Star"tot 1
face="Times New Roman Star"tot, tut 1face="Times New Roman Star"tat 1
face="Times New Roman Star"tot 1face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 466, EDT 449, Åãîðîâ 262, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 256, Ëåêñèêà 411-412. Length may be reconstructed because of the lack of pharyngealization in Tuva-Tof.
face="Times New Roman Star"*de.g-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to touch, to reachface="Times New Roman Star"äîòðàãèâàòüñÿ, äîñòèãàòüface="Times New Roman Star"teg- (Orkh., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"teg- (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"dej-face="Times New Roman Star"tij-face="Times New Roman Star"teg- (Sangl., Abush.)face="Times New Roman Star"deg-face="Times New Roman Star"ta"g-
face="Times New Roman Star"da"j-face="Times New Roman Star"deg-face="Times New Roman Star"tig-face="Times New Roman Star"teg-face="Times New Roman Star"tij-face="Times New Roman Star"ta"j-face="Times New Roman Star"tiv-face="Times New Roman Star"ti:-j-face="Times New Roman Star"ti:j-face="Times New Roman Star"deg-face="Times New Roman Star"deg-face="Times New Roman Star"tij-face="Times New Roman Star"tij-face="Times New Roman Star"tij-face="Times New Roman Star"tej-face="Times New Roman Star"tij-face="Times New Roman Star"di-face="Times New Roman Star"tij-face="Times New Roman Star"tij-
face="Times New Roman Star"tij-face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 468-469, EDT 476, ÝÑÒß 3, 173-175, Stachowski 224. Sal. des?-, dial. tes?-, tejis?- 'to burn' must be derived from the same root ("to reach fire"). A very complicated issue is the relationship of this root to PT *de:k, *de:ki- 'to, up to' (usually acting as a postposition) - see ÝÑÒß 2, 182-185, EDT 477 (added should be also Yak. dieki 'in the direction of', Dolg. diek, diegi 'side', see Stachowski 79). The phonology here is quite puzzling: one would be tempted to regard the medial -k- as an archaism (see below on the irregularity of *-g- in Turkic), but the open long *-e:- presents great difficulties (since the verbal root itself most definitely has a short closed *-e.-). A possible solution is to correct the reconstruction *de:k(i) to *de.ge-ki and regard the *-k(i) as an original locative suffix; this seems plausible because another attested form of the postposition is *de.gi-n (cf. especially reflexes like Tat. dial. tin|, KKalp. dejin, Kaz. deji>n, Nogh. dejim).
face="Times New Roman Star"*dyl / *dilface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"tongue; languageface="Times New Roman Star"ÿçûêface="Times New Roman Star"tyl (Orkh., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"tyl (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"dilface="Times New Roman Star"telface="Times New Roman Star"til (Abush., Sangl.)face="Times New Roman Star"tilface="Times New Roman Star"tilface="Times New Roman Star"dylface="Times New Roman Star"dilface="Times New Roman Star"dilface="Times New Roman Star"t@lface="Times New Roman Star"tilface="Times New Roman Star"tilface="Times New Roman Star"tilface="Times New Roman Star"c?@lg|e; c?@l@x 'ïèùèê â ãàðìîøêå'face="Times New Roman Star"tylface="Times New Roman Star"tylface="Times New Roman Star"dylface="Times New Roman Star"dyl, tylface="Times New Roman Star"tilface="Times New Roman Star"tilface="Times New Roman Star"tilface="Times New Roman Star"telface="Times New Roman Star"tilface="Times New Roman Star"dil/face="Times New Roman Star"tyl, tilface="Times New Roman Star"tilface="Times New Roman Star"cilface="Times New Roman Star"tilface="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 478, EDT 489-90, ÝÑÒß 3, 228-229, Åãîðîâ 323, Ëåêñèêà 227, Stachowski 237.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Togface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"a k. of fishface="Times New Roman Star"âèä ðûáû


face="Times New Roman Star"tog|y 'sturgeon' (ÊÑÒÒ)






face="Times New Roman Star"tog| 'perch'face="Times New Roman Star"tu:ly 'êóñêó÷'
















face="Times New Roman Star"*tut-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to graspface="Times New Roman Star"äåðæàòü, õâàòàòüface="Times New Roman Star"tut- (Orkh., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"tut- (MK, KB, IM)face="Times New Roman Star"tut-face="Times New Roman Star"tot-face="Times New Roman Star"tut- (Sangl., Abush., MA)face="Times New Roman Star"tut-face="Times New Roman Star"tut-face="Times New Roman Star"tut-face="Times New Roman Star"tut-face="Times New Roman Star"tut-face="Times New Roman Star"tut-face="Times New Roman Star"tut-face="Times New Roman Star"tut-face="Times New Roman Star"tut-face="Times New Roman Star"tyt-face="Times New Roman Star"tut-face="Times New Roman Star"tut-face="Times New Roman Star"tu't-face="Times New Roman Star"tu't-face="Times New Roman Star"tut-face="Times New Roman Star"tut-face="Times New Roman Star"tut-face="Times New Roman Star"tot-face="Times New Roman Star"tut-face="Times New Roman Star"tut-face="Times New Roman Star"tut-face="Times New Roman Star"tut-face="Times New Roman Star"tut-face="Times New Roman Star"tut-face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 502, EDT 451, Åãîðîâ 268-269, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 268-269, Stachowski 233.
face="Times New Roman Star"*u:c?face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"end, edgeface="Times New Roman Star"êîíåö, êðàéface="Times New Roman Star"uc? (Orkh., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"uc? (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"uc?face="Times New Roman Star"u>c?face="Times New Roman Star"uc? (AH)face="Times New Roman Star"uc?
face="Times New Roman Star"uc?face="Times New Roman Star"uz?|face="Times New Roman Star"u:c?face="Times New Roman Star"usface="Times New Roman Star"uc?face="Times New Roman Star"uc?
face="Times New Roman Star"v@w|s/face="Times New Roman Star"uhukface="Times New Roman Star"uhukface="Times New Roman Star"us?
face="Times New Roman Star"uc?face="Times New Roman Star"u>s?face="Times New Roman Star"us?face="Times New Roman Star"u>s
face="Times New Roman Star"uc?face="Times New Roman Star"uc?face="Times New Roman Star"us?

face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 17-18, ÝÑÒß 1, 611-612, Stachowski 241. The derived *u:c?-yk 'end (of thread etc.)' (ÝÑÒß 1, 615-616) > Mong. uc?ig 'end of thread') (despite TMN 2, 135).
face="Times New Roman Star"*urface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"growth, excrescenceface="Times New Roman Star"íàðîñò, îïóõîëü

face="Times New Roman Star"urface="Times New Roman Star"u>ry



face="Times New Roman Star"ur

face="Times New Roman Star"urface="Times New Roman Star"ur

face="Times New Roman Star"ur
face="Times New Roman Star"uru
face="Times New Roman Star"urface="Times New Roman Star"u>raface="Times New Roman Star"uryface="Times New Roman Star"u>ru>





face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 1, 598-599. Turk. > Mong. ur id.
face="Times New Roman Star"*u:r/face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"master, craftsmanface="Times New Roman Star"ìàñòåðface="Times New Roman Star"uz (Orkh., OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"uz (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"uz
face="Times New Roman Star"uz (Pav. C.)
face="Times New Roman Star"us

face="Times New Roman Star"u:zface="Times New Roman Star"usface="Times New Roman Star"usface="Times New Roman Star"us

face="Times New Roman Star"u:sface="Times New Roman Star"u:sface="Times New Roman Star"us
face="Times New Roman Star"uz



face="Times New Roman Star"uz



face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 277, ÝÑÒß 1, 569-570, Stachowski 248.
face="Times New Roman Star"*sarykface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 sheep 2 a k. of tailless sheepface="Times New Roman Star"1 îâöà 2 ðóññêàÿ îâöà (áåç êóðäþêà)


face="Times New Roman Star"saryq 1





face="Times New Roman Star"sara-dax 'a 2-year-old maral', sar-tax 'young of a roe' (Áîðã.)face="Times New Roman Star"{sartak 'reindeer' (UEW)}face="Times New Roman Star"{sardak '1-year-old maral' (UEW)}
face="Times New Roman Star"sorúx 1

face="Times New Roman Star"sara-daq 'a 2-year-old maral'

face="Times New Roman Star"saryq 2
face="Times New Roman Star"haryq 1


face="Times New Roman Star"saryq 2

face="Times New Roman Star"Ëåêñèêà 432, ÝÑÒß 7, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 66. {Turk. > WMo. sarlug|, Kh. sarlag| 'yak'?}
face="Times New Roman Star"*ysyr-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to biteface="Times New Roman Star"êóñàòü
face="Times New Roman Star"ysyr- (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"ysyr-
face="Times New Roman Star"ysyr-, ysur- 'to bite, to eat' (Abush., Sangl.)




face="Times New Roman Star"yzyr-



face="Times New Roman Star"ytyr-, ysta:-face="Times New Roman Star"ytyr-, ysta:-face="Times New Roman Star"yzyr-face="Times New Roman Star"y'syr-face="Times New Roman Star"ysyr-




face="Times New Roman Star"ysyr-

face="Times New Roman Star"ysyr-face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 167, EDT 251, ÝÑÒß 1, 671-672, Stachowski 262, 263.
face="Times New Roman Star"*kEmu"kface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 bone 2 spongy bone 3 cartilageface="Times New Roman Star"1 êîñòü 2 ãóá÷àòàÿ êîñòü 3 õðÿù

face="Times New Roman Star"kemik 1face="Times New Roman Star"kimek 2face="Times New Roman Star"kemu"k (MA) 3, ko"mu"k (Pav. C.) 1face="Times New Roman Star"ko|mik, ge|mik (dial.) 2





face="Times New Roman Star"ke:mik 3





face="Times New Roman Star"kemik 2face="Times New Roman Star"kemik 2face="Times New Roman Star"kemik 2face="Times New Roman Star"kimek 2face="Times New Roman Star"gemik 2face="Times New Roman Star"kemik 1face="Times New Roman Star"kemyk 1face="Times New Roman Star"kemik 2
face="Times New Roman Star"gemik 3face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 251, EDT 722, ÝÑÒß 5, 36-38, Ëåêñèêà 261-262. Turk. > Mong. kemik 'cartilage' (see Ùåðáàê 1997, 126; but the derivation of the Turk. form from *gemu"r- 'to gnaw' (v. sub *ke>\ma) is a folk etymology, although some contaminations were possible: Yak. ko"mu"ru"o" 'spongy bone' semantically continues *kemu"k, but formally is derived from *gemu"r-. MK has kemdi- 'to cut meat from the bones' and kemdu"k 'bone with meat cut off' - forms that may be related both to *kemu"k and *gemu"r-.
face="Times New Roman Star"*me:me (*be:me)face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 breast (fem.) 2 nipple 3(poet.) breastface="Times New Roman Star"1 ãðóäü (æ.) 2 ñîñîê 3 ãðóäü (ïîýò.) 4 ñîñêà

face="Times New Roman Star"meme 1, Old Osm. memek (17th c.)face="Times New Roman Star"me|mi, me|me|j 1

face="Times New Roman Star"ma"ma" 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ma"ma" 2face="Times New Roman Star"ma":me 3


face="Times New Roman Star"ma":ma"k
face="Times New Roman Star"me:me: 4




face="Times New Roman Star"ma"ma"j 1face="Times New Roman Star"ma"ma"j 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ma"ma" 1face="Times New Roman Star"ma"ma" 2face="Times New Roman Star"ma"mma" 1

face="Times New Roman Star"An onomatopoetic root. See VEWT 333, ÝÑÒß VII.
face="Times New Roman Star"*jak-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to burn (tr.) 2 light, ray 3 to produce fireface="Times New Roman Star"1 æå÷ü 2 ñâåò, ëó÷ 3 âûñåêàòü îãîíü
face="Times New Roman Star"jaq- 1 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"jak- 1face="Times New Roman Star"jag|- 1, jaqty 2face="Times New Roman Star"jaq- 1 (Abush.)face="Times New Roman Star"jo|q- 1, jo|g|du 2face="Times New Roman Star"jaq- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"jax- 1face="Times New Roman Star"jaq- 1, jag|ty 2


face="Times New Roman Star"ja:q- 1face="Times New Roman Star"s/ot- 1, s/o-dú 2face="Times New Roman Star"saq- 1

face="Times New Roman Star"c?a'q- 3face="Times New Roman Star"z?|aq- 1face="Times New Roman Star"z?aq- 1face="Times New Roman Star"jaq- 1face="Times New Roman Star"jaq- 1, jaqty 2
face="Times New Roman Star"jaq- 1face="Times New Roman Star"jaq- 1face="Times New Roman Star"z?aq- 1, z?aqty 2
face="Times New Roman Star"jaq- 1face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 180, TMN 4, 201-202, EDT 897, ÝÑÒß 4, 62, 81-82, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 146, Ëåêñèêà 362. This stem should be distinguished from *jan- 'to burn (intr.)'.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ko"pek
face="Times New Roman Star"1 dog 2 hound 3 sheep-dog 4 yard dog 5 puppyface="Times New Roman Star"1 ñîáàêà 2 îõîòíè÷èé ïåñ 3 îâ÷àðêà 4 äâîðîâàÿ ñîáàêà 5 ùåíîê
face="Times New Roman Star"ko"pek 1 (KB)face="Times New Roman Star"ko"pek 1, go"belek 5
face="Times New Roman Star"ko"pek (Pav. C., AH) 1, ko"belek 2 (OKypch.)face="Times New Roman Star"ko.ppa"k 1; ko"pa"k 1 (dial.)

face="Times New Roman Star"ko"pa"k 1face="Times New Roman Star"ko"pek 1

face="Times New Roman Star"ko"bo"k 'ethnonym; name of a hero'






face="Times New Roman Star"ko"pek 1


face="Times New Roman Star"ko"pek 1face="Times New Roman Star"ko"pe 1 (K)face="Times New Roman Star"ko"pek 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ko"belek 3, go"ben it 4face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 291, TMN 3, 646-647, ÝÑÒß 5, 111-112, Ëåêñèêà 189. Basically an Oghuz word, but cf. also Kum. go"ben, OKypch. ko"belek 'shepherd's dog' (Bulgat, ad-Durr., Houts., AH) = Tur. dial. go"belek 'puppy' (possibly < Kypch.), see ÝÑÒß ibid. Despite ÝÑÒß, Kirgh. qara ko"bo"lo"k 'evil spirit appearing as a girl dressed in black and with a black greyhound' is rather = ko"bo"lo"k 'butterfly' (cf. the archaic mythological motive of evil spirit appearing as a butterfly), but a contamination with the word for dog attested in Old Kypchak also cannot be excluded. However, Kalm. ko"wl@g 'greyhound' is not < Kirgh., but from Old Kypchak. The same source is probable for Russ. êîáåëü, dimin. êîáåëå'ê (a re-analysis?) - the word is absent in other Slavic languages, the list of absolutely hopeless etymological attempts can be found in Ôàñìåð II 267. It was attested for the first time in 1599 as a term for a hounting hound: ó ãîñóäàðåâû öàðåâû îõîòû ó êîáåëåé ó ìåäåëÿíñêèõú; the form êîáåëåê (attested in 1673) see in ÑÐß XI-XVIII, 7, 208. Turk. > Hung. kopo/ 'bloodhound', see Gombocz 1912 (Doerfer in TMN 3, 647 objects, but the word has no Finno-Ugric etymology).
face="Times New Roman Star"*ed, *ed-gu"face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 thing, goods 2 good, excellent 3 good action, benefitface="Times New Roman Star"1 âåùü, äîáðî, èìóùåñòâî 2 õîðîøèé, îòëè÷íûé 3 áëàãîäåÿíèåface="Times New Roman Star"ed 1 (OUygh.), edgu" 2face="Times New Roman Star"ed| 1, ed|gu" 2 (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"iji 2face="Times New Roman Star"ige, ijge




face="Times New Roman Star"ejgi-lik 3




face="Times New Roman Star"u"tu"o" 2face="Times New Roman Star"o"tu"o" 2face="Times New Roman Star"eki 2face="Times New Roman Star"e'kki 2face="Times New Roman Star"ijgi-lig 3
face="Times New Roman Star"ijgi 1
face="Times New Roman Star"igi,izgi 1


face="Times New Roman Star"i: 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 1, 245-247, 248-249, 329-330, VEWT 35-36, EDT 33, 51, Stachowski 201. PT *ed-gu" is derived from PT *ed 'thing, goods' (Ëåêñèêà 326) ( > Mong. ed, MMong. (SH etc.) ed, see Ùåðáàê 1997, 113). Mong. edege- 'to feel better, recover' (Dag. edge-) is also possibly < Turkic.
face="Times New Roman Star"*e.l/it-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to hearface="Times New Roman Star"ñëûøàòüface="Times New Roman Star"es?id- (Orkh.), es?it- (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"es?it- (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"is?it-face="Times New Roman Star"is?et-; dial. (Mishar) is?- 'hear' (ÒÒÄÑ 156), (Bar.) is?e|n- 'listen' (ßÁÒ 140)face="Times New Roman Star"es?it- (Abush. 63)face="Times New Roman Star"es?it-face="Times New Roman Star"es?et- (Kashg., ÓÍÑ 109)
face="Times New Roman Star"es?it-, pass. es?idil-face="Times New Roman Star"es?it-, pass. es?idil-face="Times New Roman Star"is- / ist-

face="Times New Roman Star"is?u"t-face="Times New Roman Star"ilt-face="Times New Roman Star"ihit-, pass. ihilin-face="Times New Roman Star"ihit-, pass. ihilin-

face="Times New Roman Star"es?it-face="Times New Roman Star"est-face="Times New Roman Star"esit-face="Times New Roman Star"is?et-face="Times New Roman Star"es?t-face="Times New Roman Star"is?it-face="Times New Roman Star"s?it-face="Times New Roman Star"esit-face="Times New Roman Star"is?ti-face="Times New Roman Star"es?it-face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 51, EDT 257-8, ÝÑÒß 1, 318-319, Åãîðîâ 69, Stachowski 123. Note -d- in Runic and the voicing of -t before a vowel in Az. and Turkm. Khak. has two forms of stem (is- and iste-, morphonologically distributed, so that is- < iste-; the same historical process could have occurred with. Ku"a"r. a"s?-, Kach. es?- (R 1, 905); so the only clear evidence for the stem *el/- are Tatar dialectal reflexes (in which case -t may be a causative suffix, see Bang 1925, Zaja,czkowski 1932). Shor este- 'to hear', estel- 'to be heard' do not belong here, being derived from *es > is 'mind, memory', like Mod. Uygh. an|la- 'to hear' < an| 'mind'.
face="Times New Roman Star"*japur-gakface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"leafface="Times New Roman Star"ëèñòface="Times New Roman Star"japyrg|aq (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"japurg|aq (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"japrakface="Times New Roman Star"jafraqface="Times New Roman Star"japyrg|an (Abush.), j[a]praq (MA)face="Times New Roman Star"japro|qface="Times New Roman Star"jopurmaq
face="Times New Roman Star"jarpaGface="Times New Roman Star"japraq

face="Times New Roman Star"d/albyraq

face="Times New Roman Star"sebirdexface="Times New Roman Star"hebirdekface="Times New Roman Star"c?o"vu"ree 'bark'face="Times New Roman Star"c?o"'pra"a" 'bark'face="Times New Roman Star"z?|albyraqface="Times New Roman Star"z?apyraqface="Times New Roman Star"japyraqface="Times New Roman Star"japraqface="Times New Roman Star"c?apraqface="Times New Roman Star"japraqface="Times New Roman Star"japraxface="Times New Roman Star"z?apyraqface="Times New Roman Star"ja"rfyx|face="Times New Roman Star"japraqface="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 188, EDT 879-80, ÝÑÒß 4, 130-132, Ëåêñèêà 111-112, Stachowski 100. Clauson derives *japur-gak from *japur- 'to smoothe, level', which is an obvious contamination - just as the contamination with *jalpy- 'flat' (v. sub *de>\lp`a\) in some languages.
face="Times New Roman Star"*e.r-kekface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 man 2 husband 3 maleface="Times New Roman Star"1 ìóæ÷èíà 2 ìóæ 3 ñàìåö
face="Times New Roman Star"erkek 1 (MK, KB)face="Times New Roman Star"erkek 1face="Times New Roman Star"irke|k 3
face="Times New Roman Star"erkak 1

face="Times New Roman Star"erka"k 1face="Times New Roman Star"erkek 1

face="Times New Roman Star"erkek 1, 2face="Times New Roman Star"hi.rka"k 1
face="Times New Roman Star"irgex 3face="Times New Roman Star"irgek 3face="Times New Roman Star"irgek 3face="Times New Roman Star"i'rxek 3face="Times New Roman Star"erkek 1face="Times New Roman Star"erkek 1face="Times New Roman Star"erkek 1face="Times New Roman Star"irka"k 3face="Times New Roman Star"erkek 1face="Times New Roman Star"erkek 1face="Times New Roman Star"erkek 1face="Times New Roman Star"erkek 1face="Times New Roman Star"a"rkex 1face="Times New Roman Star"erkek 1face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 46, TMN 2, 178-9, EDT 192, ÝÑÒß 1, 297-298, 321-322, Ëåêñèêà 303, 561, Åãîðîâ 30, Stachowski 46, 128. We follow Clauson (EDT 223-4) in separating *e:r from *e.r-kek.
face="Times New Roman Star"*c?okface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 many, very 2 vile, hooligan 3 to gather, multiply 4 group, crowdface="Times New Roman Star"1 ìíîãî, î÷åíü 2 äóðíîé, õóëèãàí, áàëîâíèê 3 ñîáèðàòü(ñÿ), ðàçìíîæàòü(ñÿ) 4 òîëïà, ìíîæåñòâî
face="Times New Roman Star"c?oq 1 (ÄÒÑ - KB), c?o:q 2 (MK - Oghuz), c?og|-al- 3face="Times New Roman Star"c?ok (-g|u) 1, c?og|al- 3
face="Times New Roman Star"c?oq 1 (Sangl., Oghuz-nama, AH), c?oq- 3 (Abush.)


face="Times New Roman Star"c?ox 1, c?oxal- 3face="Times New Roman Star"c?oq (-qu) 4face="Times New Roman Star"sox 2
face="Times New Roman Star"c?oq- 3



face="Times New Roman Star"s?og| 2
face="Times New Roman Star"c?oq 1face="Times New Roman Star"s?og|yr 4face="Times New Roman Star"s?oq 'äðóæíî'

face="Times New Roman Star"c?oju 4, c?oq-la-n- 3face="Times New Roman Star"c?oq 1, c?og|y 4 (K)face="Times New Roman Star"s?oq 2, 4

face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 113, EDT 405, 406. The Oghuz adverb 'much', in the 12th c. (KB) 'very, extremely', is probably the same word as c?oq 'bad, vile'(Ogh. 11) (cf. also the Tuva parallel). Turk. > Mong. (Khalkha) cox in cox xara 'very black'. The identification of c?oq-(la-) 'gather, collect' with c?og|-la- 'to bind, pack' (ÄÒÑ) or c?oq- 'to bend' (EDT) is rather dubious. Vocalic length is unclear (cf. the voicing of -k- in Western Oghuz).
,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,
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