| ▴ Proto-Turkic | ▴ Altaic etymology | ▴ Meaning | ▴ Russian meaning | ▴ Old Turkic | ▴ Karakhanid | ▴ Turkish | ▴ Tatar | ▴ Middle Turkic | ▴ Uzbek | ▴ Uighur | ▴ Sary-Yughur | ▴ Azerbaidzhan | ▴ Turkmen | ▴ Khakassian | ▴ Shor | ▴ Oyrat | ▴ Halaj | ▴ Chuvash | ▴ Yakut | ▴ Dolgan | ▴ Tuva | ▴ Tofalar | ▴ Kirghiz | ▴ Kazakh | ▴ Noghai | ▴ Bashkir | ▴ Balkar | ▴ Gagauz | ▴ Karaim | ▴ Karakalpak | ▴ Salar | ▴ Kumyk | ▴ Comments |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kar/- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to dig 2 to scrape, scratch 3 plane | face="Times New Roman Star"1 êîïàòü 2 ñêðåñòè, öàðàïàòü 3 ðóáàíîê | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- (OUygh.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- (KB), qazy- (MK) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"kaz- 1,2, kazy- 2, kazag|y 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qazy- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- (AH, Houts., MA, IM, Pav. C.) 1, (Pav. C.) 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1, qazi- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gaz- 1,2, Gazy- 1,2 | face="Times New Roman Star"Gaz- 1, Gaza- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"dial. xas- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qas- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qas- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xyr- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"xas- 1,2 | face="Times New Roman Star"kas- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qas- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qazy- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qad|y- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 243, ÝÑÒß 5, 185-186, Ìóäðàê 103, Stachowski 140. Chuv. -y- is not quite clear here. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kar/gan- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"to earn wages by labour, to gain profits by trade, to strive for success | face="Times New Roman Star"ïðèîáðåòàòü, õðàíèòü, âûèãðûâàòü | face="Times New Roman Star"qazg|an- (Orkh., Yeniss., OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qazg|an- (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"kazan- | face="Times New Roman Star"qazan- | face="Times New Roman Star"qazan- (Sangl., Houts., Ettuhf., IM, Pav. C., MA), Kypch. qazan- (CCum.) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qazan- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gazan- | face="Times New Roman Star"Gazan- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"xúrg|ún 'ñêóïåö, ñêðÿãà, ñêàðåä' | face="Times New Roman Star"xaha:n- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qazan- | face="Times New Roman Star"qazan- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qazan- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qazan- | face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 5, 188-189. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Ka:dyn | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"relative-in-law | face="Times New Roman Star"ñâîéñòâåííèê | face="Times New Roman Star"qadyn (Yenis., OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qad|yn (MK, KB), qadyn (KB), qajyn (IM) | face="Times New Roman Star"kajyn | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyn | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyn (Pav. C., MA, Houts.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qe|jin | face="Times New Roman Star"qejin |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gajyn | face="Times New Roman Star"Ga:jyn | face="Times New Roman Star"xazyn/ xasty | face="Times New Roman Star"qazyn | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyn |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xon/ |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qaty | face="Times New Roman Star"xatty | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyn | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyn | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyn | face="Times New Roman Star"qajny |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qajyn | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 218, ÝÑÒß 5, 215-216, Ëåêñèêà 309, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 358. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kadyn| | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"birch tree | face="Times New Roman Star"áåðåçà |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qad|yn| (MK), qajyn| (KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"kajyn 'beech tree' | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyn | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyn (Houts.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qe|jin | face="Times New Roman Star"qejin |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gajyn 'maple tree' | face="Times New Roman Star"Gajyn| | face="Times New Roman Star"xazyn| | face="Times New Roman Star"qazyn| | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyn| |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xorún | face="Times New Roman Star"xatyn| | face="Times New Roman Star"katyn| | face="Times New Roman Star"xadyn| | face="Times New Roman Star"qadyn| | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyn| | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyn| | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyn| | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyn |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qajyn| |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 218, TMN 3, 183, ÝÑÒß 5, 214-215, Ëåêñèêà 122, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 366, Stachowski 141. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*K(i)aj-guk | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"boat, oar | face="Times New Roman Star"ëîäêà, âåñëî |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qajg|uq, qajg|yq (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"kajyk | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyq | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyq (MA, Pav. C.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qe|jiq | face="Times New Roman Star"qejiq |
| face="Times New Roman Star"GajyG | face="Times New Roman Star"Gajyq |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qajyq |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"xajyk, dial. xoju:k |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qajyq | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyq | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyq | face="Times New Roman Star"qajyq |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qajyq |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qajyq |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qajyq | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 233, ÝÑÒß 5, 212-213, TMN 3, 408-409 (derivation from *Kaj- 'slide' is probably folk-etymological, cf. the external evidence). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kalyn| | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 thick, stiff 2 numerous | face="Times New Roman Star"1 òîëñòûé, ãóñòîé 2 ìíîãî÷èñëåííûé | face="Times New Roman Star"qalyn (Orkh.) 1, qalyn (OUygh.) 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qalyn (MK) 1, (MK, KB) 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"kalyn 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qalyn 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qalyn| (Qutb.) 1, qalyn (MA, Houts., Abush., AH, Pav. C.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qe|lin 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qelin 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Galyn 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"Galyn| 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"xalyn 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qalyn| 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xulún, xolúm 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"xalyn| 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qylyn, dial. Todzh. 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"xylyn 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qalyn| 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qalyn| 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qalyn 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qalyn 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qalyn| 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qalyn 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 226, ÝÑÒß 5, 238-239, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 354-355. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kamyc? | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"scoop, ladle | face="Times New Roman Star"÷åðïàê | face="Times New Roman Star"qamyc? (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qamyc? (MK) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qamyc? (IM) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qemic? |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"xamys |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"(Bulg.) xumz?|a (< *kamc?a(h)) | face="Times New Roman Star"xamyas, xomuos | face="Times New Roman Star"komuos | face="Times New Roman Star"xymys? |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 626, VEWT 229, ÝÑÒß 5, 248-249, Stachowski 152. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Ka.ry | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 old 2 old woman or man 3 to become old | face="Times New Roman Star"1 ñòàðûé 2 ñòàðóõà, ñòàðèê 3 ñòàðåòü | face="Times New Roman Star"qary 1, qary- 3 (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qary (MK, KB) 1, qary- (MK, KB) 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"kary, kart 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qary, qart 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qary (MA, Abush.) 1, qary- (MA, Abush.) 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qari 1, qari- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qeri 1,2, qeri- 3 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gary, Gart 2,1 | face="Times New Roman Star"Garry 1, Garra- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"kir@ 1, kir@- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qary 1, qary- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qary 1, qary- 3 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"kyryj- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"kyryj- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyry- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyry- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qary, qart 1, qary- 3, qart 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qary ? qe|ri, qart 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qart 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qary, qart 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qary 1,2 (also 'woman') |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qary, g|arry 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qart 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 644, TMN 3, 440, ÝÑÒß 5, 311-312, 314-316, Ëåêñèêà 84-85, Stachowski 169, 170. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kar | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 arm 2 forearm 3 shin-bone of animal 4 various measures of length | face="Times New Roman Star"1 ðóêà (âåðõíÿÿ ÷àñòü) 2 ïðåäïëå÷üå 3 ãîëåííàÿ êîñòü æèâîòíîãî 4 ðàçëè÷íûå ìåðû äëèíû | face="Times New Roman Star"qar 1, qary 2 (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qary (MK) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"karu-z?|a 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qary 1, qara 4 (dial.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qar 1 (Vam.), qary 1 (Abush.), 2 (Houts.), 4 (in all sources) | face="Times New Roman Star"qari 1,4, qara 3 (dial.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qeri 4, qaja 3 (dial.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qar 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"gari 3 (dial.) | face="Times New Roman Star"Gary 3,4 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qary 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qary 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qary 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"xor 2, 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"xary, xara 2, 3 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyry 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyry 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qar 1, qary 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qar 2, qary 2, 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qary 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"qar 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qary 4 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qar 2, qary 2, 4 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"TMN 3, 461-2, ÝÑÒß 5, 278-283, Äûáî 160-164, Äûáî 1989, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 361, Ëåêñèêà 246-247. The usage of *Kary as a measure ('cubit') may seem natural, but in fact reflects a merger with a different root, see under *K(i)aryl/. Turk. > Hung. kar 'arm', see Ligeti 1933, MNyTESz 2, 369. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*KAr- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to overflow 2 moat, ditch | face="Times New Roman Star"1 ïåðåëèâàòüñÿ ÷åðåç êðàé 2 êàíàâà | face="Times New Roman Star"qarym ? qaram (OUygh.) 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qar- (MK) 1, qarym (KB) 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"kar- (of water) 'to pile up behind an obstacle', dial. karym 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qar- (IM) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qa:rym (dial.) 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qerim 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Garym 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"Garym 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xaral | face="Times New Roman Star"qaranty 'thawed spot' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"xara:lc?a 'ice-hole' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qarym 2 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 643, ÝÑÒß 5, 320. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Ka.ryn | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"belly | face="Times New Roman Star"æèâîò | face="Times New Roman Star"qaryn (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qaryn (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"karyn | face="Times New Roman Star"qaryn | face="Times New Roman Star"qaryn (Sangl., Houts., AH, MA, IM) | face="Times New Roman Star"qo|rin | face="Times New Roman Star"qerin | face="Times New Roman Star"qaryn | face="Times New Roman Star"Garyn | face="Times New Roman Star"Garyn | face="Times New Roman Star"xaryn | face="Times New Roman Star"qarny | face="Times New Roman Star"qaryn | face="Times New Roman Star"qa:ryn | face="Times New Roman Star"xyrúm | face="Times New Roman Star"xaryn 'rumen; belly' |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xyryn | face="Times New Roman Star"xyryn | face="Times New Roman Star"qaryn | face="Times New Roman Star"qaryn | face="Times New Roman Star"qaryn | face="Times New Roman Star"qaryn | face="Times New Roman Star"qaryn | face="Times New Roman Star"qaryn | face="Times New Roman Star"qaryn | face="Times New Roman Star"qaryn | face="Times New Roman Star"qaryn-tas? 'a relative' (ÑÑß) | face="Times New Roman Star"qaryn | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 238, EDT 661, ÝÑÒß 5, 321-322, Ëåêñèêà 277. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Ka.t | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"hard | face="Times New Roman Star"òâåðäûé | face="Times New Roman Star"qatyg| (Orkh., OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qatyg| (MK, KB, IM) | face="Times New Roman Star"kat (dial.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qaty | face="Times New Roman Star"qatyg| (MA) | face="Times New Roman Star"qo|tiq | face="Times New Roman Star"qetiq |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gaty | face="Times New Roman Star"Gat, Gaty | face="Times New Roman Star"xatyg| | face="Times New Roman Star"qadyg| | face="Times New Roman Star"qatu: |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xydú | face="Times New Roman Star"kyta:nax | face="Times New Roman Star"kyta:nak | face="Times New Roman Star"qa'dyg| |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qatu: | face="Times New Roman Star"qatty | face="Times New Roman Star"qat | face="Times New Roman Star"qaty |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qatty |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaty | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 597-598, VEWT 241, ÝÑÒß 5, 334-335, Stachowski 170. Yak. xat-, Dolg. kat- 'to dry up' (Stachowski 140) < Mong. qata- id. Khak. xatyg| also probably has -t- under Mong. influence. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kiar/y | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"inner fat | face="Times New Roman Star"áðþøíîé æèð |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qazy (MK) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"dial. qazy |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qe|zi | face="Times New Roman Star"qezi |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"xazy |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qazy |
| face="Times New Roman Star"jor-var 'ñêîðîìíàÿ ïèùà' | face="Times New Roman Star"qaha |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qazy | face="Times New Roman Star"qazy | face="Times New Roman Star"qazy | face="Times New Roman Star"qazy | face="Times New Roman Star"qazy | face="Times New Roman Star"qad|y |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qazy |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 243, ÝÑÒß 5, 189-190, Ìóäðàê Äèññ. 193-194, TMN 3, 359, EDT 681, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 491. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kajyra- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to whet, sharpen 2 to rub teeth | face="Times New Roman Star"1 òî÷èòü, çàîñòðÿòü 2 òåðåòü çóáàìè |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"kajra- (dial.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qajra- 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qajra- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qe|jre|- 2 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"Gajra- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"xajyra- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaira- 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xújra- 2 (Anatri) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qajra- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qajra- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qajra- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qajra- 2 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qajra- 2 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 5, 205. The Turk. derivative *kajyrak 'whetstone' > Mong. qajirag|, see TMN 3, 568-569. Cf. also Kaz., Tat. qajau 'notch', Tur. qajag|an 'whetstone' (R 2, 90) and Yak. xajgya, xojguo 'notch'; Yak. xaja, Dolg. kaja '(to tear) apart', Yak. xajyt- 'to break, tear apart', Dolg. kajyt- id., kajyn- (itr.) (see Stachowski 133, 134, 135). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyc?- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"to scratch, scrape; to itch | face="Times New Roman Star"ñêðåñòè, öàðàïàòü; ÷åñàòüñÿ |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qyc?y- | face="Times New Roman Star"qyc?- | face="Times New Roman Star"qic?i- | face="Times New Roman Star"qic?i- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"xyc?y- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyc?y- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"k@z/@ '÷åñîòêà' | face="Times New Roman Star"kyhyj-; kyhyax 'scraper' | face="Times New Roman Star"kyhyak 'scraper' | face="Times New Roman Star"kiz?|i- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyc?ys?- | face="Times New Roman Star"qys?y- | face="Times New Roman Star"qys?y- | face="Times New Roman Star"qysy- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qys?y- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 260, ÝÑÒß 6, 186-187, Stachowski 167. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyc?-gyr- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"to shout, cry | face="Times New Roman Star"êðè÷àòü |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qyc?qyr- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qic?qir- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gys?Gyr- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xysxyr- | face="Times New Roman Star"qys?yr- | face="Times New Roman Star"qyc?yr- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"kyskyj- 'to whistle' |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qys?qyr- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyc?qyr- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qysqyr- | face="Times New Roman Star"qyc?yr- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qyc?yr- | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 261. Turk. > WMong. qaskira-, Kalm. xa"s?kr- (KW 178). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyr- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 hoar-frost 2 thin snow | face="Times New Roman Star"1 èíåé 2 òîíêèé ñíåã | face="Times New Roman Star"qyrag|u 1 (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qyrag|u 1 (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"kyrag|u 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyraw 1, qyrpaq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyraw (Áîð. Áàä., Abush.), qirau, qirag|u (Pav. C.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qiro|w 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qija, qira, qiro 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gyrow 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"Gyraw 1, Gyrpaq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"xro 1, xyrbyx 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyra: 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"quru 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyraw 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"x@rb@x 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"kyrya 1, ky:rpax, kyrpaj 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"kyrya 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"xyra: 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyro: 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyraw 1, qyrpaq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyraw 1, qyrpaq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyraw 1, qyrpaq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qrau 1, qyrpaq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qra: 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyraw, qoruw 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyraw 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyraw 1, qyrpaq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 265-266, 267, EDT 656, ÝÑÒß 6, 230-231, 241, Stachowski 169. Turk. > MMong. (HY) kira'u, WMong. kirag|u, Khalkha x/aru: 'hoar-frost' etc. (see Doerfer TMN 3, 569, Ùåðáàê 1997, 138, Clark 1977, 147, although the latter's derivation of *kyragu < *kyr 'grey' is hardly acceptable). Cf. also PT *Kyr-lac? 'the coldest time of winter' (see ÝÑÒß 6, 237-238). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyj(g)ak | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"sedge | face="Times New Roman Star"îñîêà |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"kyjak (dial.) 'marsh' | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjaq 'leaves of cereals' | face="Times New Roman Star"qijag| (Pav. C.) 'cut dried grass' | face="Times New Roman Star"qijo|q | face="Times New Roman Star"qijaq 'grass' |
| face="Times New Roman Star"gijax (dial.) 'grass name' | face="Times New Roman Star"Gyjaq 'ïûðåé âîëîñàòûé' | face="Times New Roman Star"xyjg|anax |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyjg|aq | face="Times New Roman Star"qija:q 'soft plants as animal food' | face="Times New Roman Star"xúja (ÝÑÒß: xújax) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qyjaq 'îñòðåö', qyjg|aq 'sedge' | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjaq 'grass name' | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjaq | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjaq 'leaves of cereals'; dial. qyjg|aq id., 'ïûðåé' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qyjaq 'bulb' | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjaq 'reed leaves' |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyjaq | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 262, ÝÑÒß 6, 201-202. Turk. > Mong. kijag id. (Kalm. ka:g, KW 222, Khalkha xiag, Bur. x/a:g, Ord. ka:g, cf. TMN 3, 566). Cf. also Karakh. (MK) qajac?uq 'a fragrant mountain grass'. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Ky:jn | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 punishment, fine, guilt 2 to punish 3 cruelty, tyranny 4 to condemn 5 hard, difficult 6 to torture 7 insult, offence 8 to offend 9 harm, torture 10 sin 11 to annoy, anger 12 to beat | face="Times New Roman Star"1 íàêàçàíèå, øòðàô, âèíà 2 íàêàçûâàòü 3 æåñòîêîñòü, òèðàíèÿ 4 îñóæäàòü, ïîðèöàòü 5 òðóäíûé, òÿæåëûé 6 ìó÷èòü 7 îáèäà 8 îáèæàòü 9 áåäà, ìó÷åíèå 10 ãðåõ 11 ñåðäèòü, ðàçäðàæàòü 12 áèòü | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjnyg| (acc.) (Orkh.), qyjn, qyn (OUygh.) 1, qyna- 2 (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qyn, qyjyn (KB) 1, qyna- 2 (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"kyjyn, kyjync? 3, kyna- 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 5, qyjyna- 'to make difficult, hard' | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn (Abush., Áîð. Áàä., MA), qyn (Pav. C.), qyna- 2 (Sangl.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qijin 5, qijna- 6 | face="Times New Roman Star"qijin 5, qijna- 6 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyn 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"Gyna- 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"qy:n 5, qy:na- 'to make difficult, torture' | face="Times New Roman Star"xyjyx 7, xyjal 9 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjal 9, 10, qyjyq-ta- 8, qyjnag| 9 (*qyn/-lag|) | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn, qyjna- 6, qyjal 10, dial. (Áàñê. Òóáà) qyj- 6 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"x@n 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"ky:nn/a:-, kyjaxa:- 11, kyj- 'to pain, ache' | face="Times New Roman Star"kyjn|a- 11, kyj- 'to kill' | face="Times New Roman Star"xyjna- 6 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjyt- 'to make difficult, troublesome', qyjna- 6 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 6, qynz?-yl- 'to be distressed' | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 6 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 12 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 12 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn, qejin 1, qyjna- 6 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 6 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 6 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 264. EDT 631, ÝÑÒß 6, 218-219, Stachowski 168. Turk. *Ky:jna- > MMong. qina- 'to torture' (Ùåðáàê 1997, 165). Nasalless forms (like Yak. kyjaxa:- etc.) may result from a reanalysis of the form *Ky:jn as *Kyjyn, interpreted as a deverbative noun. Turk. > Hung. ki/n 'torture, suffering' (Gombocz 1912). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyjl/- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"to bow, bend | face="Times New Roman Star"ãíóòüñÿ, êðèâèòüñÿ |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qys?- (MK) 'to deviate' | face="Times New Roman Star"kys?- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qyjs?aj- | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjsaqta- | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjsaj- | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjs?anda- | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjsaj- < Nogh. |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 670, VEWT 268, TMN 3, 571-573. |
,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,tur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