| ▴ Proto-Turkic | ▴ Altaic etymology | ▴ Meaning | ▴ Russian meaning | ▴ Old Turkic | ▴ Karakhanid | ▴ Turkish | ▴ Tatar | ▴ Middle Turkic | ▴ Uzbek | ▴ Uighur | ▴ Sary-Yughur | ▴ Azerbaidzhan | ▴ Turkmen | ▴ Khakassian | ▴ Shor | ▴ Oyrat | ▴ Halaj | ▴ Chuvash | ▴ Yakut | ▴ Dolgan | ▴ Tuva | ▴ Tofalar | ▴ Kirghiz | ▴ Kazakh | ▴ Noghai | ▴ Bashkir | ▴ Balkar | ▴ Gagauz | ▴ Karaim | ▴ Karakalpak | ▴ Salar | ▴ Kumyk | ▴ Comments |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"*Ka.t | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"hard | face="Times New Roman Star"òâåðäûé | face="Times New Roman Star"qatyg| (Orkh., OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qatyg| (MK, KB, IM) | face="Times New Roman Star"kat (dial.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qaty | face="Times New Roman Star"qatyg| (MA) | face="Times New Roman Star"qo|tiq | face="Times New Roman Star"qetiq |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gaty | face="Times New Roman Star"Gat, Gaty | face="Times New Roman Star"xatyg| | face="Times New Roman Star"qadyg| | face="Times New Roman Star"qatu: |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xydú | face="Times New Roman Star"kyta:nax | face="Times New Roman Star"kyta:nak | face="Times New Roman Star"qa'dyg| |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qatu: | face="Times New Roman Star"qatty | face="Times New Roman Star"qat | face="Times New Roman Star"qaty |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qatty |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaty | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 597-598, VEWT 241, ÝÑÒß 5, 334-335, Stachowski 170. Yak. xat-, Dolg. kat- 'to dry up' (Stachowski 140) < Mong. qata- id. Khak. xatyg| also probably has -t- under Mong. influence. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Ka:r/ | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"goose | face="Times New Roman Star"ãóñü | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"kaz | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz (Houts., AH, Pav. C.) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"g|az |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gaz | face="Times New Roman Star"Ga:z | face="Times New Roman Star"xas | face="Times New Roman Star"qas | face="Times New Roman Star"qas |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xor | face="Times New Roman Star"xa:s | face="Times New Roman Star"ka:s | face="Times New Roman Star"qas |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaz | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz | face="Times New Roman Star"qad| |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qa:z |
| face="Times New Roman Star"g|az |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaz | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 679, VEWT 243, ÝÑÒß 5, 184, Ëåêñèêà 171, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 361, Stachowski 143. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kar/- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to dig 2 to scrape, scratch 3 plane | face="Times New Roman Star"1 êîïàòü 2 ñêðåñòè, öàðàïàòü 3 ðóáàíîê | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- (OUygh.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- (KB), qazy- (MK) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"kaz- 1,2, kazy- 2, kazag|y 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qazy- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- (AH, Houts., MA, IM, Pav. C.) 1, (Pav. C.) 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1, qazi- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gaz- 1,2, Gazy- 1,2 | face="Times New Roman Star"Gaz- 1, Gaza- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"dial. xas- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qas- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qas- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xyr- 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"xas- 1,2 | face="Times New Roman Star"kas- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qas- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qazy- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qad|y- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qaz- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 243, ÝÑÒß 5, 185-186, Ìóäðàê 103, Stachowski 140. Chuv. -y- is not quite clear here. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kar/gan- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"to earn wages by labour, to gain profits by trade, to strive for success | face="Times New Roman Star"ïðèîáðåòàòü, õðàíèòü, âûèãðûâàòü | face="Times New Roman Star"qazg|an- (Orkh., Yeniss., OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qazg|an- (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"kazan- | face="Times New Roman Star"qazan- | face="Times New Roman Star"qazan- (Sangl., Houts., Ettuhf., IM, Pav. C., MA), Kypch. qazan- (CCum.) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qazan- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gazan- | face="Times New Roman Star"Gazan- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"xúrg|ún 'ñêóïåö, ñêðÿãà, ñêàðåä' | face="Times New Roman Star"xaha:n- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qazan- | face="Times New Roman Star"qazan- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qazan- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qazan- | face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 5, 188-189. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*K[a]r/guk | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"pole, peg | face="Times New Roman Star"ïàëêà, êîëûøåê | face="Times New Roman Star"qazg|uq (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qazn|uq (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"kazyk | face="Times New Roman Star"qazyq | face="Times New Roman Star"qazuq (Áîð. Áàä., Pav. C.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qo|ziq | face="Times New Roman Star"qozuq | face="Times New Roman Star"quzuq | face="Times New Roman Star"gazyx (dial.) | face="Times New Roman Star"GazyG |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qazyq |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*karuH > Hung. karo/ (see Gombocz 1912, MNyTESz 2, 387). |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qazyq | face="Times New Roman Star"qazyq | face="Times New Roman Star"qad|a- 'to stick into', qad|aq, qad|yq 'nail' | face="Times New Roman Star"qazyq | face="Times New Roman Star"qazyq | face="Times New Roman Star"qazyq | face="Times New Roman Star"qazyq |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qazyq | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 682 (derivation from *Kar/- 'dig' is highly dubious, although the vocalism could have been influenced by the verbal root), VEWT 243, ÝÑÒß 5, 190-191. Because of its consonant the Bashk. form belongs rather here than to PT *Ka:ta- (v. sub *ka:/jta). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyc?-gyr- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"to shout, cry | face="Times New Roman Star"êðè÷àòü |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qyc?qyr- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qic?qir- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gys?Gyr- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xysxyr- | face="Times New Roman Star"qys?yr- | face="Times New Roman Star"qyc?yr- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"kyskyj- 'to whistle' |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qys?qyr- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyc?qyr- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qysqyr- | face="Times New Roman Star"qyc?yr- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qyc?yr- | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 261. Turk. > WMong. qaskira-, Kalm. xa"s?kr- (KW 178). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Ky:tyr- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"to walk, go round | face="Times New Roman Star"õîäèòü, îáõîäèòü âîêðóã |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"kydyr- (dial.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qydyr- (dial.) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qidir- |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"Gydyr- (dial.) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"kytygyras 'ïðîâîðíûé, áûñòðûé, ðåçâûé (î çâåðå), ñêîðîõîä' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qydyr-; qydyn| 'ñåìåíÿùèé ïðè áåãå (î æèâ.)' | face="Times New Roman Star"qydyr- | face="Times New Roman Star"qydyr- | face="Times New Roman Star"qyd|yr- | face="Times New Roman Star"qydyr- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qydyr- | face="Times New Roman Star"qydyr- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qydyr- | face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 6, 185. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyj(g)ak | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"sedge | face="Times New Roman Star"îñîêà |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"kyjak (dial.) 'marsh' | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjaq 'leaves of cereals' | face="Times New Roman Star"qijag| (Pav. C.) 'cut dried grass' | face="Times New Roman Star"qijo|q | face="Times New Roman Star"qijaq 'grass' |
| face="Times New Roman Star"gijax (dial.) 'grass name' | face="Times New Roman Star"Gyjaq 'ïûðåé âîëîñàòûé' | face="Times New Roman Star"xyjg|anax |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyjg|aq | face="Times New Roman Star"qija:q 'soft plants as animal food' | face="Times New Roman Star"xúja (ÝÑÒß: xújax) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qyjaq 'îñòðåö', qyjg|aq 'sedge' | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjaq 'grass name' | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjaq | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjaq 'leaves of cereals'; dial. qyjg|aq id., 'ïûðåé' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qyjaq 'bulb' | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjaq 'reed leaves' |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyjaq | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 262, ÝÑÒß 6, 201-202. Turk. > Mong. kijag id. (Kalm. ka:g, KW 222, Khalkha xiag, Bur. x/a:g, Ord. ka:g, cf. TMN 3, 566). Cf. also Karakh. (MK) qajac?uq 'a fragrant mountain grass'. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Ky:jn | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 punishment, fine, guilt 2 to punish 3 cruelty, tyranny 4 to condemn 5 hard, difficult 6 to torture 7 insult, offence 8 to offend 9 harm, torture 10 sin 11 to annoy, anger 12 to beat | face="Times New Roman Star"1 íàêàçàíèå, øòðàô, âèíà 2 íàêàçûâàòü 3 æåñòîêîñòü, òèðàíèÿ 4 îñóæäàòü, ïîðèöàòü 5 òðóäíûé, òÿæåëûé 6 ìó÷èòü 7 îáèäà 8 îáèæàòü 9 áåäà, ìó÷åíèå 10 ãðåõ 11 ñåðäèòü, ðàçäðàæàòü 12 áèòü | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjnyg| (acc.) (Orkh.), qyjn, qyn (OUygh.) 1, qyna- 2 (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qyn, qyjyn (KB) 1, qyna- 2 (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"kyjyn, kyjync? 3, kyna- 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 5, qyjyna- 'to make difficult, hard' | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn (Abush., Áîð. Áàä., MA), qyn (Pav. C.), qyna- 2 (Sangl.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qijin 5, qijna- 6 | face="Times New Roman Star"qijin 5, qijna- 6 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyn 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"Gyna- 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"qy:n 5, qy:na- 'to make difficult, torture' | face="Times New Roman Star"xyjyx 7, xyjal 9 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjal 9, 10, qyjyq-ta- 8, qyjnag| 9 (*qyn/-lag|) | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn, qyjna- 6, qyjal 10, dial. (Áàñê. Òóáà) qyj- 6 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"x@n 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"ky:nn/a:-, kyjaxa:- 11, kyj- 'to pain, ache' | face="Times New Roman Star"kyjn|a- 11, kyj- 'to kill' | face="Times New Roman Star"xyjna- 6 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjyt- 'to make difficult, troublesome', qyjna- 6 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 6, qynz?-yl- 'to be distressed' | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 6 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 12 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 12 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn, qejin 1, qyjna- 6 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 6 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 6 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 264. EDT 631, ÝÑÒß 6, 218-219, Stachowski 168. Turk. *Ky:jna- > MMong. qina- 'to torture' (Ùåðáàê 1997, 165). Nasalless forms (like Yak. kyjaxa:- etc.) may result from a reanalysis of the form *Ky:jn as *Kyjyn, interpreted as a deverbative noun. Turk. > Hung. ki/n 'torture, suffering' (Gombocz 1912). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyd- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 edge, border, seashore, frontier 2 margin, edging | face="Times New Roman Star"1 êðàé, ãðàíèöà, áåðåã 2 îïóøêà, êàéìà | face="Times New Roman Star"qydyg| (OUygh.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyd|yg| (MK) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"kyjy, kyj 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qyzyg| 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyg| 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"quju 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"x@r@ 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"kyty: 1, 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qydyg| 1, 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyju: 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyw 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyjuw 2 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyw 2 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyw 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 598, VEWT 261, Ëåêñèêà 94, ÝÑÒß 6, 196-197, 203. The root is also attested in verbal function (*Kydy- 'to border, hem'), see ÝÑÒß 6, 196. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyl(k) | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"hair | face="Times New Roman Star"âîëîñ | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"kyl | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl (IM) | face="Times New Roman Star"qil | face="Times New Roman Star"qil | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl | face="Times New Roman Star"Gyl | face="Times New Roman Star"Gyl | face="Times New Roman Star"xyl | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl (R.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl | face="Times New Roman Star"x@l@x | face="Times New Roman Star"kyl | face="Times New Roman Star"kyl 'sealine' | face="Times New Roman Star"xyl | face="Times New Roman Star"xyl | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyl | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 262, TMN 3, 574-5, EDT 614, Ëåêñèêà 196, ÝÑÒß 6, 204-205, Stachowski 168. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyl- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"to do, to make | face="Times New Roman Star"äåëàòü | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl- (Orkh., OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl- (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"kyl- | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl- | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl- (Pav. C., MA) | face="Times New Roman Star"qil- | face="Times New Roman Star"qil- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gyl- | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl- | face="Times New Roman Star"xyl- | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl- | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"@s/-x@l 'äåëà/' | face="Times New Roman Star"kyn- | face="Times New Roman Star"gyn- | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyl- | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl- | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl- | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl- | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyl- | face="Times New Roman Star"qyl- |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyl- | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 616, VEWT 263, ÝÑÒß 6, 205-206, Stachowski 88. Turk. *kyl-ync? 'deed' > Mong. kilinc?e 'sin' (see Clark 1980, 43). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyla-gu | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 snow-flakes in windless weather 2 hoar-frost 3 first snow | face="Times New Roman Star"1 ñíåæèíêè, ïàäàþùèå ïðè òèõîé ïîãîäå 2 èíåé, èçìîðîçü 3 ïåðâàÿ ïîðîøà |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qylamyq 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qylaw 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qylaw 2 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qylaw 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"ÝÑÒß 6, 207. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyly:c? | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"sword | face="Times New Roman Star"ìå÷ | face="Times New Roman Star"qylyc? (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qylyc? (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"kylyc?, kylyz?| | face="Times New Roman Star"qylyc? | face="Times New Roman Star"qylyc? (Pav. C.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qilic? | face="Times New Roman Star"qilic? | face="Times New Roman Star"qylys? | face="Times New Roman Star"Gylyz?| | face="Times New Roman Star"Gylyc? | face="Times New Roman Star"xylys | face="Times New Roman Star"qylys? | face="Times New Roman Star"qylyc? | face="Times New Roman Star"Gyli:c? | face="Times New Roman Star"x@s/ | face="Times New Roman Star"kylys, kyly:s |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qylyc? | face="Times New Roman Star"qylys? | face="Times New Roman Star"qylys? | face="Times New Roman Star"qylys | face="Times New Roman Star"qylyc? | face="Times New Roman Star"qylyc? | face="Times New Roman Star"qylyc? | face="Times New Roman Star"qylys? |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qylyc? | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 618, VEWT 263, Ëåêñèêà 570, ÝÑÒß 6, 212-214. Cf. also *Kyla-gu 'blade' (VEWT 263, ÝÑÒß 6, 207-208). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Ky:n | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"sheath, scabbard | face="Times New Roman Star"íîæíû, ÷åõîë |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyn (MK, KB) | face="Times New Roman Star"kyn | face="Times New Roman Star"qyn | face="Times New Roman Star"qyn (Pav. C.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qin, (Khorazm dial.) qyjn | face="Times New Roman Star"qin | face="Times New Roman Star"qyn (ßÆÓ) | face="Times New Roman Star"Gyn | face="Times New Roman Star"Gy:n | face="Times New Roman Star"xyn | face="Times New Roman Star"qyn | face="Times New Roman Star"qyn |
| face="Times New Roman Star"j@n@, dial. @n@ | face="Times New Roman Star"ky:n |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xyn |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyn | face="Times New Roman Star"qyn | face="Times New Roman Star"qyn | face="Times New Roman Star"qyn | face="Times New Roman Star"qyn | face="Times New Roman Star"qyn | face="Times New Roman Star"qyn | face="Times New Roman Star"qyn |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyn | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 264, EDT 630-631, Åãîðîâ 79, Ëåêñèêà 571, ÝÑÒß 6, 217-218. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyn|- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"bent, oblique | face="Times New Roman Star"ñîãíóòûé, êîñîé | face="Times New Roman Star"qyn|yr (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qyn|yr (MK) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyn|g|yr | face="Times New Roman Star"qyn|yr (Ettuhf.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qin|g|ir | face="Times New Roman Star"qin|i(r) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"Gyn|yr |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"kyn|nar 'êðèâî, êîñî' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qyn|yr | face="Times New Roman Star"qyn|yr |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyn|yr (dial.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qyn|yr |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyn|g|yr | face="Times New Roman Star"qyn|yr |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyn|yr | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 264-265, EDT 639, ÝÑÒß 6, 220-221. OT qyn|raq 'curved dagger' > WMong. kig|ira, kin|gara (Kalm. ki:r@, Khalkha x/an|gar). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyr- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 to break, demolish 2 small 3 to scrape, shave | face="Times New Roman Star"1 ëîìàòü, ðàçðóøàòü 2 ìàëåíüêèé 3 ñêðåñòè, áðèòü |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyr- 3 'to scrape; to tear out' | face="Times New Roman Star"kyr- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr- 1, 3 (Pav. C.), 1, 'to cut off' (Áîð. Áàä.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qir- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qi(r)- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"Gyr- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"Gyr- 1, 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"xyr- 3, 'to cut' | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr- | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"x@r- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"kyryj- 'to shear, cut'; kyra 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"kyryj- 'to shear, cut'; kyra 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr- 1, 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr- | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr- 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr- 1, 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr- 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr- 1, 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 265; EDT 643; TMN 3, 567, Ëåêñèêà 382, ÝÑÒß 6, 227-229, Stachowski 168, 170. The Yak. form kyra 'small' is a rather transparent semantical derivative, although it is not usually listed among the reflexes of PT *Kyr-. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyr | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 isolated mountain 2 mountain top, mountain ridge 3 steppe, desert, level ground 4 edge | face="Times New Roman Star"1 îòäåëüíî ñòîÿùàÿ ãîðà 2 âåðøèíà ãîðû, ãðåáåíü ãîðû, âîçâûøåííîñòü 3 ñòåïü, ïóñòûíÿ, ðàâíèíà 4 êðàé |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyr 1 (MK, KB), 'rising ground' (IM,14 c.) | face="Times New Roman Star"kyr 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr 3, 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr (Sangl.), qir (Pav. C.) 2, 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qir 2, 3, 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"qir 3, 4 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"Gyr 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"xyr 2, 'roof' | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr 2, 3, 4 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"xir 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"kyrtas 2; kyrdal 'hill' | face="Times New Roman Star"kyrdal 'hill' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qyr 2, 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr 2, 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr 3, 4 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyr 2, 4 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyr 3 | face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 641, VEWT 265, Ëåêñèêà 95-96, ÝÑÒß 6, 225, Stachowski 169. Derived is PT *Kyran 'edge, ridge' (ÝÑÒß 6, 226); but note that modern forms like Turkm. Gyra, Tuva qyra etc. are borrowed < Mong. kira. |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyr- | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 hoar-frost 2 thin snow | face="Times New Roman Star"1 èíåé 2 òîíêèé ñíåã | face="Times New Roman Star"qyrag|u 1 (OUygh.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qyrag|u 1 (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"kyrag|u 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyraw 1, qyrpaq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyraw (Áîð. Áàä., Abush.), qirau, qirag|u (Pav. C.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qiro|w 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qija, qira, qiro 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gyrow 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"Gyraw 1, Gyrpaq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"xro 1, xyrbyx 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyra: 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"quru 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyraw 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"x@rb@x 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"kyrya 1, ky:rpax, kyrpaj 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"kyrya 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"xyra: 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyro: 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyraw 1, qyrpaq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyraw 1, qyrpaq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyraw 1, qyrpaq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qrau 1, qyrpaq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"qra: 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyraw, qoruw 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyraw 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyraw 1, qyrpaq 2 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 265-266, 267, EDT 656, ÝÑÒß 6, 230-231, 241, Stachowski 169. Turk. > MMong. (HY) kira'u, WMong. kirag|u, Khalkha x/aru: 'hoar-frost' etc. (see Doerfer TMN 3, 569, Ùåðáàê 1997, 138, Clark 1977, 147, although the latter's derivation of *kyragu < *kyr 'grey' is hardly acceptable). Cf. also PT *Kyr-lac? 'the coldest time of winter' (see ÝÑÒß 6, 237-238). |
| face="Times New Roman Star"*Kyr/-, *Kyrguj, *Kyragan | face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology | face="Times New Roman Star"1 hawk, falcon 2 faultless (of a bird of prey) | face="Times New Roman Star"1 ÿñòðåá, ñîêîë 2 ëîâêèé, áüþùèé áåç ïðîìàõà (î ëîâ÷åé ïòèöå) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyrg|uj 1 (MK) | face="Times New Roman Star"kyrg|aj, kyrg|y 1, kuran (dial.) 'hawk', kyrkaw (dial., R.) 'a k. of hawk' | face="Times New Roman Star"qyrg|yj 1 (dial.) | face="Times New Roman Star"qirg|u (Pav. C.), qyrg|y (Ettuhf.) 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qirg|ij 1, qiro|nqara 'îðåë-ìîãèëüíèê' | face="Times New Roman Star"g|urg|uj, qarg|aj 1 (dial.) |
| face="Times New Roman Star"Gyrg|y 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"Gyrg|y 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"xyza 1, xyrg|yjax 'young hawk' |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"x@rxi 1, x@re|n 'kite' | face="Times New Roman Star"kyrbyj 'ñåðûé ñîêîë, ñîêîë-÷åãëîê, ÿñòðåá' (?) |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qyra:n, qyran 1, 2, qyrg|yj, qyjg|yr 1, qyrg|yjek 'young hawk' | face="Times New Roman Star"qyran 2, qyrg|yj 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyjg|yr (dial.) 1 |
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| face="Times New Roman Star"qyrg|yj, qyrqyn, qyrxyn 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"qyran 2, qyrg|yj 1 |
| face="Times New Roman Star"qyrg|yj 1 | face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 266, 269, EDT 654-655, ÝÑÒß 6, 231, 232-235. Turk. *Kyrguj 'falcon' > Mong. kirg|ui, see Ùåðáàê 1997, 139. |
,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,tur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